scholarly journals Individual Differences in Decisions on Physical Distancing during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-286
Author(s):  
Maria Zirenko ◽  
Tatiana Kornilova
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Implicit Theories ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Verbal Tasks ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
Theories Of Emotions

During the COVID-19 pandemic decisions on physical distancing including decisions on wearing face masks in public may depend on a number of individual characteristics, representations of threats and the degree of personal responsibility for complying with the imposed requirements.. This study on a Russian sample (N = 308) took placeduring April-May 2020. We used verbal tasks on social distancing to test the hypotheses that individual differences in empathy, implicit theories of emotions, the Dark Triad traits, rationality, and risk readiness predict decisions on whether or not to wear a mask. We developed five verbal tasks – situations where decisions on whether to wear a mask or not were made by choosing from several given reasons. Among the reasons for wearing a mask, Care for Self was chosen by 46% of participants who received this as a reason, the Law-abidingness reason was chosen by 44%, and 31% selected Care for Others. Regarding the reasons for not wearing a mask, 16% of participants chose Autonomy for Oneself, 11% – Risk Underestimation and 5% – Autonomy for Others. Logistic regressions identified that empathy, rationality, and narcissism were significant predictors of a decision to wear a face mask, while risk readiness and psychopathy were predictors of a decision not to wear a mask. Implicit theories of emotions and problem-solving self-efficacy were significant predictors only for choices between the reasons for wearing a mask. Personality variables of empathy, rationality, risk readiness, and the Dark Triad traits influence decisions on adhering to physical distancing.

scholarly journals Psychological Profile and Consumption of Healthcare Resources in Actively Employed People, Pre-Retirees, and Retirees

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4415
Author(s):  
Antonio Taboada-Vazquez ◽  
Ruben Gonzalez-Rodriguez ◽  
Manuel Gandoy-Crego ◽  
Miguel Clemente
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Personality Tests ◽  
Healthcare Resources ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Promotion Policies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Logistic Regressions

Research on personality variables and consumption of health services in actively employed people or retirees has been extensive, but the group of pre-retirees has hardly been studied. This work attempts to determine the mental health and use of health resources of the three groups, hypothesizing that, as the group of pre-retirees does not receive the social stigma of work exclusion, it will present better mental health. A sample of 1332 Spanish participants aged between 51 and 69 years was randomly chosen, and various personality tests were applied, and consumption of healthcare resources was determined. Pairwise analysis of the three work situations using binary logistic regressions showed that pre-retirees present better mental health, although there were no differences in the consumption of healthcare resources. The implications of this study for the creation of health promotion policies targeting older people, depending specifically on their employment status, are discussed.

Female lens in urban mobility: technology-use behavior and individual differences

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia Cassitas Hino ◽  
Maria Alexandra Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
Adoption Of Technology ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mobility Service ◽  
Use Behavior

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate how women's individual differences influence urban mobility service technology-use behavior. The reduction in urban mobility is a major problem in countries with emerging economies, thus affecting both the economy and quality of life.Design/methodology/approachThe theoretical approach follows the individual differences theory of gender and information technology (IDTGIT). This research combines structured interviews to understand how the use of urban mobility service technology in daily routines is perceived, questionnaires to map individual differences and user demonstrations to capture how participants used mobility applications on their cell phones.FindingsThis study shows the influence of individual characteristics on the use of mobile apps and presents five behavioral profiles of women. This article goes beyond gender segregation to also show intragender differences.Practical implicationsThis study explains women's behavior regarding urban mobility mobile applications through the generation of five profiles. These profiles can inform public policy managers on urban mobility and provide opportunities for improving the services of companies in the urban transport service chain.Originality/valueWith an intragender perspective, this study identifies the influence of individual characteristics on the use of technology and suggests that contextual identity, a novel dimension of characteristics that influence technology-use behavior, is relevant in the adoption of technology by its users.

Individual Differences in Behavioral Reactions of Psychiatric Patients to Brief Partial Sensory Deprivation

1972 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry B. Adams ◽  
G. David Cooper ◽  
Richard N. Carrera
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Sensory Deprivation ◽  
Intellectual Functioning ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Behavioral Reactions ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Therapeutic Procedures ◽  
Complex Relationships

30 hospitalized psychiatric in-patients exposed to a few hours of partial sensory deprivation (SD) showed a wide range of individual differences in their reactions. Reduced symptoms and improved intellectual functioning after SD were the predominant group trends, but some individuals showed substantial changes in opposite directions. Individual differences in behavioral reactions during and after SD were significantly related to MMPI personality characteristics. Symptom reduction after SD was a function of characteristics quite different from those usually associated with prognosis for conventional verbal psychotherapy. The results suggested that many persons unlikely to benefit from traditional therapeutic procedures might show improved personality and intellectual functioning after a brief exposure to SD. There were many other complex relationships between personality variables and reactions to SD.

scholarly journals Finding the key to successful L2 learning in groups and individuals

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wander Lowie ◽  
Marijn Van Dijk ◽  
Huiping Chan ◽  
Marjolijn Verspoor
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Second Language Learning ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Learner Characteristics ◽  
Complex Dynamic ◽  
Over Time

A large body studies into individual differences in second language learning has shown that success in second language learning is strongly affected by a set of relevant learner characteristics ranging from the age of onset to motivation, aptitude, and personality. Most studies have concentrated on a limited number of learner characteristics and have argued for the relative importance of some of these factors. Clearly, some learners are more successful than others, and it is tempting to try to find the factor or combination of factors that can crack the code to success. However, isolating one or several global individual characteristics can only give a partial explanation of success in second language learning. The limitation of this approach is that it only reflects on rather general personality characteristics of learners at one point in time, while both language development and the factors affecting it are instances of complex dynamic processes that develop over time. Factors that have been labelled as “individual differences” as well as the development of proficiency are characterized by nonlinear relationships in the time domain, due to which the rate of success cannot be simply deduced from a combination of factors. Moreover, in complex dynamic systems theory (CDST) literature it has been argued that a generalization about the interaction of variables across individuals is not warranted when we acknowledge that language development is essentially an individual process (Molenaar, 2015). In this paper, the viability of these generalizations is investigated by exploring the L2 development over time for two identical twins in Taiwan who can be expected to be highly similar in all respects, from their environment to their level of English proficiency, to their exposure to English, and to their individual differences. In spite of the striking similarities between these learners, the development of their L2 English over time was very different. Developmental patterns for spoken and written language even showed opposite tendencies. These observations underline the individual nature of the process of second language development.

Measuring Human Detection Performance in Aircraft Visual Inspection

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 304-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin G. Drury ◽  
Floyd W. Spencer ◽  
Donald L. Schurman
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Human Detection ◽  
Field Independence ◽  
Multiple Fault ◽  
Industrial Inspection ◽  
Inspection Tasks ◽  
Non Destructive

In airworthiness assurance, while there is a long tradition of measuring inspection reliability for machine-aided Non-Destructive Inspection (NDI), the more common visual inspection has received little attention. Yet inspection reliability measurements are needed if we are to set appropriate inspection intervals for airframe components. Visual inspection of aircraft is characterized as using multiple senses (despite its name) and having to inspect for multiple fault types, in contrast to NDI which is used for single specific fault types. The study here used 12 professional inspectors to perform nine visual inspection tasks on a long-service Boeing 737 aircraft. Each inspector worked over two days. Measures were taken of performance, strategy and individual differences. Only a fraction of the results are presented here, with a major finding that aircraft visual inspection has approximately the same reliability as industrial inspection. Individual differences were found, as well as correlations between certain aspects of performance and individual characteristics such as Field Independence and Peripheral Visual Acuity. However, there was little correlation between an individual inspector's performance on the different tasks, showing the difficulty of designing selection and placement procedures for such a wide-ranging job.

Individual Differences in Social Comparison

2019 ◽  
pp. 77-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham P. Buunk ◽  
Frederick X. Gibbons ◽  
Pieternel Dijkstra ◽  
Zlatan Krizan
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Social Comparison ◽  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Work And Organizations ◽  
Comparison Information

Individuals differ considerably in their social comparison orientation (SCO), that is, the extent to which and the frequency with which they compare themselves with others. In this chapter, the major findings with the scale assessing SCO are discussed. After presenting the basic psychometric properties of the scale and the relationships with various personality variables, the authors discuss how SCO is related to, among others, seeking upward and downward social comparison information, to establishing one’s risk, and to assessing one’s future prospects. Next, we present particularly the role of SCO in moderating the effects of upward and downward social comparison information with respect to a variety of contexts and dimensions, including close relationships, ageing, work and organizations, depression, health, and physical attractiveness. Special attention is paid to the question if SCO fosters identification and assimilation rather than contrast.

scholarly journals Opposites Attract: Assortative Mating and Immigrant–Native Intermarriage in Contemporary Sweden

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 675-709
Author(s):  
Annika Elwert
Keyword(s):  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Marriage Market ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Country Of Birth ◽  
Swedish Population ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Mating Patterns ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
Immigrant Men

AbstractThis paper studies how immigrant–native intermarriages in Sweden are associated with individual characteristics of native men and women and patterns of assortative mating. Patterns of educational- and age-assortative mating that are similar to those found in native–native marriages may reflect openness to immigrant groups, whereas assortative mating patterns that indicate status considerations suggest that country of birth continues to serve as a boundary in the native marriage market. The study uses Swedish register data that cover the entire Swedish population for the period of 1991–2009. The results from binomial and multinomial logistic regressions show that low status of natives in terms of economic and demographic characteristics is associated with intermarriage and that intermarriages are characterized by educational and age heterogamy more than are native–native marriages. The findings indicate that immigrant women as well as immigrant men become more attractive marriage partners if they are considerably younger than their native spouses. This is particularly true for intermarriages with immigrants from certain regions of origin, such as wives from Asia and Africa and husbands from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Gender differences in the intermarriage patterns of native men and women are surprisingly small.

scholarly journals Vocational identity of at-risk emerging adults and its relationship with individual characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-410
Author(s):  
Rineke Keijzer ◽  
Wilfried Admiraal ◽  
Roeland Van der Rijst ◽  
Erik Van Schooten
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
School Engagement ◽  
Vocational Identity ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
School Outcome ◽  
School Curricula

Abstract Vocational identity is a prerequisite for enhancing societal inclusion of at-risk emerging adults. School curricula and rebound programs need insights into individual differences of these youths to effectively foster their vocational identity. Identifying three aspects of vocational identity, a questionnaire study among at-risk emerging adults in The Netherlands (N = 996) examined the relationship between clusters of demographic, personality, self-sufficiency, self-competence, and school engagement characteristics and vocational identity performing blockwise entry analyses. Largest proportions of variance were explained by personality traits and, to a lesser extent, motivation, resilience, and valuing school outcome. These malleable characteristics offer opportunities for interventions.

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