scholarly journals Taming the Volcano: Hegemonic and Counter-Hegemonic Masculinities in the Middle Ages

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Miklos Hadas
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Theory Of Practice ◽  
Norbert Elias ◽  
Process Sociology ◽  
The Middle Ages

Relying to Norbert Elias' process sociology and the Bourdieusian theory of practice, this article intends to outline the beginnings of the long-term transformation of Western masculine habituses. First, it concentrates on hegemonic knightly masculine dispositions, pointing out how these patterns are structured by the uncivilized libido dominandi, i.e. by the more or less free indulgence in physical violence. Next, it scrutinises the counter-hegemonic dispositions of clerics, based on internalised violence control. Finally, it argues that there are several transitory figurations between the two ideal types, i.e. the borders between the knightly and clerical masculinities are blurred. Consequently, as a result of changing structural constraints, by the end of the Middle Ages hybrid masculine habituses are being formed.

scholarly journals Pompiéři, požárníci, hasiči

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
Rudolf Manik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Fire Service ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The Middle Ages

The present publication is the first comprehensive monograph on the historical development of fire and firefighting services in the territory of former Czechoslovakia, from the earliest times until now. The book begins with a treatise on the importance of fire to mankind and human attempts to control fire in the period of antiquity. Subsequently, the readers will familiarize themselves with the first legislation regulating firefighting in the Middle Ages and the establishment of fire brigades in the XIX century. The author then presents voluntary and professional fire service in Czechoslovakia as well as in the independent Czech and Slovak Republics. The monograph is suitably accompanied by a large number of photographs, memories of contemporaries and period materials, which have not yet been published in the available literature. Based on his long-term research, the author managed to clarify the historical development of firefighting, but also, for example, the firefighting equipment in the territory of former Czechoslovakia.

scholarly journals ABAKANO-PEREVOZ I PETROGLYPHIC SITE IN KHAKASSIA

2022 ◽  
pp. 43-71
Author(s):  
И. Д. Русакова
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Middle Ages

В статье публикуются петроглифы местонахождения Абакано - Перевоз 1, являющегося частью крупного петроглифического комплекса, расположенного на скальных выходах хребта Большие Бояры в Хакасии. Публикация является результатом многолетних работ на памятнике, связанных с исследованием, расчисткой от лишайника, документированием древних рисунков. В статье приводится хронологическая атрибуция выявленных петроглифов. Первые рисунки появились здесь в раннетагарское время. Выявлены петроглифы тесинского, таштыкского времени, эпохи средневековья, этнографического времени. The article publishes petroglyphs of Abakano - Perevoz 1 site. It is а part of a large petroglyphic complex located on the Bolshie Boyary Ridge in Khakassia. The publication is the result of long - term work at the site, which is related to research, clearing of lichen, documenting of ancient petroglyphs. The article publishes a chronological attribution of the identifi ed petroglyphs. The earliest petroglyphs appeared here in the early Tagar time. The petroglyphs of the Tes and the Tashtyk cultures, the Middle Ages, ethnographic time were discovered here.

One Church and Two Nations: a Uniquely Irish Phenomenon?

1990 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 81-98
Author(s):  
Katherine Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Lasting Effect ◽  
Religious Plurality ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Church State Relations ◽  
State Relations ◽  
Tacit Assumptions ◽  
The Middle Ages

The Reformation in the sixteenth century brought with it the complex and—for contemporary religious and political groupings—unacceptable phenomenon of religious plurality. In the Middle Ages citizenship as an independent concept scarcely existed, and tacit assumptions about the function of Church-State relations rested on the view that all inhabitants of the polity were members of the Christian respublica. There were, of course, some specific, necessary, and therefore tolerable exceptions, such as Jews in many, but not in all countries. Heretics and infidels, who did not conform to these specifications, were therefore regarded as legitimate targets for repression, even for physical violence, in the complex machinery of the Inquisition and in the ideology of the crusades. The Reformation brought about a reversal of this monolithic thinking about the nature of the Christian polity. Faced with plurality of religious ideas and organizations, various solutions were attempted. The earliest, and that which was to have the most widespread and long-lasting effect in pre-Enlightenment and pre-Emancipation Europe, was that formulated in the Religious Peace of Augsburg (1555). Here the decree of cuius regio, ejus religio—with a deliberate retrospect to the Emperor Constantine—guaranteed the continuation of the medieval principle, whereby the good and loyal citizen was one who conformed in religious as well as political sentiment with the ruling authority.

Virtue Ethics and Education from Late Antiquity to the Eighteenth Century, ed. Andreas Hellerstedt. Knowledge Communities. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018, 334 pp., 12 b/w and 1 color ill.

Mediaevistik ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 373-374
Author(s):  
Albrecht Classen
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Religious Behavior ◽  
Knowledge Communities ◽  
The Middle Ages

The Middle Ages knew of a major didactic genre, the Mirror for Princes, which were basically educational treatises outlining proper ethical, moral, but also political and religious behavior expected from the rulers. Philosophically speaking, as Plato and Aristotle had already outlined, the foundation of all education were ethics, that is, virtues, and we might greatly profit from those insights also today at a time when no one seems to talk about virtues any longer. Thus, a scholarly volume dedicated to the long-term discourse on these aspects taking us from late antiquity to the eighteenth century easily evokes our interest. Unfortunately, Virtue Ethics and Education is hardly concerned with the Middle Ages, so this review can only address the larger framework undergirding the studies assembled here and two contributions in particular.

Sociogenesis and Psychogenesis: Norbert Elias’s Historical Social Psychology as a Research Tradition in Comparative Sociology

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 548-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Mennell
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Sociological Theory ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Comparative Sociology ◽  
Research Tradition ◽  
Norbert Elias ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Many ◽  
Process Sociology

What is widely known as ‘figurational sociology’, or alternatively ‘process sociology’, is the research tradition stemming from the writings of Norbert Elias. The tradition extends beyond sociology to historians and many other branches of the social sciences. Elias’s Collected Works run to 18 volumes, but the bedrock of his oeuvre is his early study On the Process of Civilisation, in which the interrelation of long-term sociogenetic processes like state-formation and equally long-term psychogenetic processes like conscience- and habitus-formation is first clearly elaborated. Of the many directions in which the theory has been subsequently developed, the most important is Elias’s sociological theory of knowledge and the sciences, which involves a radical rejection of central assumptions of Western philosophy.

scholarly journals Les males paraules: insults masculins a la València baixmedieval

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Guillermo López Juan
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Social Standing ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
The Public ◽  
Verbal Violence ◽  
The City ◽  
The Middle Ages

   Resum: L’insult, en l’Edat Mitjana, és més que un mitjà per a ofendre un individu. L’omnipresent cultura de l’honor, que impregna la societat i determina el comportament d’homes i dones, el converteix en oprobi, en l’avergonyiment públic de la persona injuriada. Les respostes a aquest tipus de situacions eren diverses, en funció del gènere i la posició social de l’individu i, també, del seu criteri personal, però el ventall d’opcions era ampli: replicar amb altre insult; la violència; apel·lar als testimonis de la injúria; i, finalment, recórrer als tribunals de justícia. A la València al tombant del Tres-Cents, sembla que aquest últim recurs era força freqüent, especialment entre les classes populars; i, per aquesta raó, conservem nombrosos clams i demandes que ens han permès observar com es produïa i desenvolupava la violència verbal a la ciutat. En el present article, analitzarem l’insult masculí a finals del llarg segle XIV, parant esment en els termes fets servir més freqüentment; els espais als quals es produïen la major part dels episodis; i, finalment, en la centralitat de la violència física com a resultat, resposta o acompanyant de l’ofensa verbal.  Paraules clau: insults, honor, injúria, violència  Abstract: Insults were, during the Middle Ages, more than a way to offend an individual. The ubiquituous culture of honour, which impregnated society and determined men’s and women’s behaviour, turned them into vituperation, into the public shaming of the insulted person. The responses to these situations were diverse, and depended on the gender, social standing and, ultimately, personal criteria of the slandered individual, but the range of options was broad: retorting with another insult; responding with violence; appealing to the witnesses of the insult; and, finally, denouncing the insulter at the courts of justice. In Valencia, by the end of the 14th century, it seemed that this last resort was particularly frequent, especially among the populace; for this reason, there have been preserved numerous court claims and prosecution records that allow us to observe how verbal violence occurred in the city. In this article, we will analyze insults against men at the end of the 14th century, focusing specially on the slanders more commonly used; the spaces in which verbal disputes took place; and, finally, on the centrality of physical violence as a result, response or companion to verbal offense.  Keywords: insults, honour, slander, violence 

scholarly journals Costume formation specialties on Ukrainian areas during the Middle Ages

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Nesen
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Correlated Data ◽  
Comparison Analysis ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Historical Periods ◽  
The Middle Ages

Purpose of the article is to perform a comparison analysis of reconstructed variants of medieval costumes to discover the main formation patterns. To define strong historical long-term signs in forms and types of outfits. To determine costumes’ architectonics from different periods of the Middle Ages. Methodology. Methodologically author correlated data of practical archeology and art masterpieces. Scientific novelty determes reconstruction of costumes of sideline historical periods from pra-Slavic till the Late Middle Ages allows to discover a chain of permanent and variable signs. Conclusions. Architectonics of pra-Slavic costume had double or probably tipple layered structure which was kept in the Middle Ages as well. The costume basics could be considered a tunic-type outfit. Women had a two-tiered model of breastplate related to German tradition. Also in common is the tradition of embroidering necklaces. The other features of Chernyakhiv and Antes dresses do not match. Corals and amber were used as jewelry since pra-Slavic period. In the outfit of the Ancient Rus two-tiered model is not used. Since the High Middle Ages appeared some elements which after transformation where adopted in Ukrainian folk outfit. In the hat group there were forms of the towel types know as mantles (namitka) or tablecloths (obrus) as well as sewn caps (očipok). In the group of outerwear - the suite (svyta) and the casing (kožuch). These two types of shoulder clothing over the centuries have become buttoned (unlike the old Russian ones).

Long-term human impact on alluvial peatland dynamics in temperate climates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ward Swinnen ◽  
Nils Broothaerts ◽  
Gert Verstraeten
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Human Impact ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
River Valleys ◽  
The Middle Ages

<p>Peatlands across the globe are experiencing external pressures such as land use change, drainage and climatic changes, but are also directly impacted e.g. through peat harvesting. As a result, the dynamics of these peatlands, and their role in long-term carbon storage, has changed. In contrast to many other regions around the globe, temperate Europe has known a long history of human impact. In the northwest European lowlands, peat growth occurs mostly in floodplains under the form of alluvial peatlands. In central Belgian river valleys, alluvial peatlands developed since the Early Holocene, with a typical peat thickness between 1.5 and 2.5 metres, but reaching values of more than 6 metres at some locations.</p><p>Alluvial peatlands therefore are an important store of soil organic carbon reaching values of up to 2754 t ha<sup>-1</sup>, thus providing an important ecosystem service. However, the fate of this carbon reservoir is challenged through many different types of human actions since at least the Middle Ages including peat cutting for fuel, drainage for land reclamation and changes in catchment hydrology through land use change. For instance, a comparison of field-based peatland carbon budgets for different river valleys indicates that floodplains where cutting of topsoil peat has been important in the Late Holocene, store significantly less carbon (729 ± 397 t ha<sup>-1</sup>) than floodplains where Early to Mid-Holocene peat has been buried by mineral sediments originating from agricultural erosion on hillslopes (1991 ± 877 t ha<sup>-1</sup>). Adequate modelling can provide a powerful tool to study peatland dynamics and the interaction between internal and external processes in peatlands, but unfortunately, there are currently no available modelling tools to study the long-term dynamics of alluvial peatlands.</p><p>A long-term peatland model (Digibog) was adapted to be applicable to the context of alluvial peatlands. Changes were made to both the hydrological and biological modules to include variations in the river water level, flooding, anthropogenic peat cutting and a wide variety of vegetation types, ranging from open meadows to carr forests. In a first step, the Holocene evolution of an alluvial peatland was simulated under the conditions which were typical for lowland Belgium to provide a Holocene peat sequence with an annual resolution. In a second step, this peatland was subjected to a wide set of alternative management scenarios that have been in place since the Middle Ages. The simulations allow to estimate the effect of these scenarios on the peatland dynamics in terms of peatland hydrology, productivity and carbon storage. Based on this modelling study, the sensitivity of these systems to human activities can be quantified. The resultant magnitudes and rates of change under different scenarios can provide useful information for future management of alluvial peatlands and a better understanding of long-term peatland dynamics in general.</p>

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