Hypothetical Situations and Particularistic Requests: A Test in Three Hospitals

1969 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Wager ◽  
George Miller
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Hypothetical Situation ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Laboratory Experimentation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Difficult Cases ◽  
Theoretical Import

Physical, biological, and social scientists are well aware that some events and processes in field research are more difficult to study directly than others. For this reason, problems of considerable theoretical import are sometimes neglected. The obstacles may arise from the relative infrequency and irregularity with which certain classes of events occur, the lower visibility of certain events to observations at the time and place they occur, or the costs of studying such classes of events. Yet the difficulties involved in no way reduce the theoretical or practical importance of these phenomena. It is precisely with respect to these difficult cases that social scientists find laboratory experimentation and the hypothetical situation in field research most useful. The relative advantages and disadvantages of laboratory methods for studying human behavior have been well documented. By comparison, the usefulness and limitations of the hypothetical situation technique as a viable alternative have been almost totally neglected.

Pelestarian Terbitan Berkala Koleksi Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia dengan Metode Penjilidan “Malaysia”

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25
Author(s):  
Damaji Ratmono
Keyword(s):  
Field Research ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
National Library ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Interviews ◽  
To Come ◽  
Insight Into

Preservation of library materials or library collections is an effort made so that library materials can be used by future generations. This paper describes the "Malaysian" binding method used by the Sub Division of Technical Binding Materials of the National Library of Indonesia in preserving the collection of periodicals such as tabloids and newspapers. Apart from that, this paper also describes some of the advantages and disadvantages seen in the use of the "Malaysian" method as well as the early history of using this method in preserving the collection of periodicals in the National Library of Indonesia. This writing aims to make readers, especially library managers, know and gain insight into the "Malaysian" binding method. This writing method is through descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Methods of data collection are carried out through the field research, interviews, and literature study. The results show that the National Library of Indonesia uses this method after studying it from Malaysia in May 1990. From observations it is also known that this method has several advantages, namely the binding result is stronger, the collection is more preserved, the binding can be assembled and has an aesthetic side. Meanwhile, the disadvantages of this binding method are that the process tends to be longer, more expensive, cannot be put on too many shelves because the collection will shift backwards, the pages tend to come off easily if the stitches are not strong enough, and can only be used in binding periodical collections.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF EXISTING METHODS FOR URANIUM-PLUTONIUM MIXED NITRIDE FUEL FAB-RICATION IN RUSSIA AND ABROAD

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Maxim S. Fedorov ◽  
Nikolay A. Baydakov ◽  
Alexander N. Zhiganov ◽  
Dmitry V. Zozulya
Keyword(s):  
High Voltage ◽  
Electric Pulse ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Ceramic Technology ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Nitride Fuel ◽  
Powder Pressing ◽  
Uranium Nitride ◽  
Uranium Plutonium

This paper presents a review and a brief analysis of existing methods for producing mixed uranium nitride and plutonium, developed by both Russian and foreign scientists. The main parameters of the processes are considered, and their advantages and disadvantages are studied. Currently, the main areas of nitride fuel production are the metal hydride method and carbothermic reduction from the starting oxides. The methods are traditional ceramic technology. The starting products for the manufacture of nitride fuel powder can be either oxides (uranium dioxide and plutonium dioxide) or metals (uranium, plutonium and their alloys). To date, the technology for the manufacture of nitride fuel powder has not been finally selected. When considering existing methods, significant emphasis was placed on industrial applications and the simplicity of the hardware design processes. The laboratory methods are reflected in the work, which make it possible to simplify the process and reduce the costs of obtaining powders of mixed uranium and plutonium nitrides. However, they have significant difficulties in the technological implementation and low productivity of the processes. Of special interest among laboratory methods for producing mixed uranium and plutonium nitrides is the method of high-voltage electric pulse consolidation. This method allows sintering of tablets at the stage of powder pressing from mixed uranium and plutonium nitrides by passing a short high-voltage discharge with a power of several kW directly through the powder.

Why Do People Become Perpetrators of Genocide?

2019 ◽  
pp. 312-334
Author(s):  
Ying Tang ◽  
Leonard S. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Psychological Explanation ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Individual Level

Explanations of the behavior of genocide perpetrators—and evildoers in general—are not always well received. Social scientists condemn evil, but they also seek to understand and explain it. However, explanations of wrongdoing in terms of general principles of human behavior can strike many people as a way of making excuses for it. Research is reviewed indicating that explaining wrongdoing in terms of situational or contextual factors (i.e., a social psychological explanation) is especially likely to be perceived as an attempt to exonerate the wrongdoer. Research also reveals cultural and individual-level moderators of this tendency. Interactionist accounts trigger less resistance. Psychological accounts of genocide are meant not to absolve perpetrators of responsibility but to inform the prevention of future genocides.

Comparison of Various Systems for On-Site Wastewater Treatment

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frits A. Fastenau ◽  
Jaap H. J. M. van der Graaf ◽  
Gerard Martijnse
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Land Claims ◽  
Rotating Biological Contactor ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Selection Of

Diffuse pollution, caused by direct discharges from individual houses, small built-up nuclei, farms, camp-sites, etc., for which connection to central wastewater treatment systems is unfeasible, may be significantly reduced by on-site treatment. Based on a large scale research, including intensive field-research work on 14 systems of different types and sizes in a range equal to population equivalents (p.e) of 5 - 200 persons, 8 different types of system were compared. The comparison involved technological features, such as removal efficiency, reliability, operational and maintenance aspects, environmental impacts and land claims, together with economical features showing significant differences. Advantages and disadvantages of each system are highlighted to enable a selection of suitable systems to be made. When no limiting factors are present, it was found that - in general-infiltration systems (infiltration pits; infiltration trenches) have the best features for on-site treatment up to 100 p.e. For larger capacities, or when infiltration is not possible, the rotating biological contactor will be the best solution mainly because of the lower costs.

Directing Geriatric Health Care: Some Practical Issues

1984 ◽  
Vol 6 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 7-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Wiedman
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Community Mental Health ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Culturally Appropriate ◽  
Health Unit ◽  
Geriatric Population ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Mental Health Unit

In fifteen month's experience as Director of a geriatrics community mental health unit I have seen my anthropologist role changing from teacher and researcher to applied clinical anthropologist/gerontologist, from non-judgemental objective scientist to objective decision maker and modifier of human behavior. This article details some of the advantages and disadvantages of a Ph.D. in anthropology for such a clinical position. While particular applications of anthropological methods and theories can facilitate the management of culturally appropriate health care delivery to a geriatric population, other areas of training not usually taught to anthropologists could be of value in a medically responsible clinical position.

ON ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF BALLASTLESS TRACK STRUCTURE EFFICIENCY

2017 ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
Ludmila Andreyeva ◽  
Yevgeniy Svintsov ◽  
Yelena Tarasevich
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Track Structure ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Ballastless Track ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Ballast Track ◽  
The Given

Objective: To describe the regulation of railroad traffic parameters in modern conditions, that lead to the necessity of putting into operation the new systems of track design, relevant for regulations in question. Methods: The method of matching, as well as the method of comparative analysis was applied in the study. Results: The advantages and disadvantages of ballastless track structure and conventional ballast track design were compared. The possibility of extensive application of ballastless track structure on modern railroads was analyzed. Practical importance: Ballastless track structure implementation will make it possible to solve practical tasks of using the given type of track design in transport construction.

An Emerging Role for Applied Anthropology: Conflict Management and Dispute Resolution

1997 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Magistro
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Management ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Interdisciplinary Team ◽  
Applied Anthropology ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Salt Intrusion ◽  
Senegal River ◽  
Research Initiative ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The U.S

In June, 1988 I arrived in Senegal to begin my doctoral field research as a member of an interdisciplinary team of social scientists from the U.S., Senegal, and France. At the invitation of the Senegalese government, I was to undertake a multi—year research initiative assessing the projected environmental and economic impacts resulting from cessation of the natural flood on the Senegal River. The main objective of the study was to understand how the impoundment of the Senegal River would affect the socioecological and political economic dimensions of production in the middle valley. It was also to document the responses of farmers, herders, and fishers to changing conditions of the river's hydrology and flooding. The river had been drastically altered in recent years by the construction of two dams, a high dam at Manantali, Mali completed in 1987, and a salt intrusion dam at Diama, Senegal, completed in 1986.

scholarly journals RADIAL DIGNOSTICS OF LIQUID FOCAL LIVER FORMATIONS WITH THEIR IDENTIFICATION OF A COMMUNICATIONS WITH THE INTRAHEPATIC BILIARY DUCTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-45
Author(s):  
I. P. Vakulenko ◽  
V. V. Khatsko ◽  
O. Ye. Kuzmenko ◽  
V. N. Voytyuk ◽  
V. M. Fominov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
The Past ◽  
Intrahepatic Bile Ducts ◽  
Biliary Ducts ◽  
Cyst Hydatid ◽  
Difficult Cases

Summary. The aim of the study is to improve radiological diagnosis and differential diagnosis of fluid focal formations of the liver and their communication with the intrahepatic bile ducts. Materials and methods. The article presents the results of radial diagnostics of drained liquid focal liver formations (non-parasitic cyst, hydatid cyst, abscess) in 182 patients over the past 8 years. Clinical laboratory methods, sonography, computer tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, laparoscopy, cytological and bacteriological examination of liquid from a cyst or liver abscess (in various combinations), statistical methods were used for the diagnostics. Results and discussion. 5 modified diagnostic methods have been applied, which made it possible to improve its accuracy and, at an early stage, to identify the communication of liquid formation with the intrahepatic biliary ducts. The characteristic radial criteria that correspond to various liquid focal liver formations are given. Conclusions. The use of a combination of imaging methods (MSCT, MRT, et al.) is necessary in difficult cases for the detection and differential diagnosis of fluid focal formations of the liver.

scholarly journals Experimental methods for studying the wetting properties of oil reservoirs: a review

2019 ◽  
pp. 135-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Ivanova ◽  
N. A. Mitiurev ◽  
S. N. Shilobreeva ◽  
A. N. Cheremisin
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Oil Reservoirs ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Wetting Properties ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Unconventional Oil ◽  
Oil Formation

The theoretical principles of the laboratory methods for studying the wettability of unconventional oil formation rocks are discussed and examples of their practical implementation are presented. The comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each method is presented. It is shown that despite the recent progress in the development of methods for determining the wettability of rocks, they still need to be improved. Examples of their possible improvements are discussed.

scholarly journals Dialog Structure Through the Lens of Gender, Gender Environment, and Power

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-55
Author(s):  
Vinodkumar Prabhakaran ◽  
Owen Rambow
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Gender Information ◽  
The Social ◽  
Computer Scientists ◽  
Automatic Methods ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Textual Content

Understanding how the social context of an interaction affects our dialog behavior is of great interest to social scientists who study human behavior, as well as to computer scientists who build automatic methods to infer those social contexts. In this paper, we study the interaction of power, gender, and dialog behavior in organizational interactions. In order to perform this study, we first construct the Gender Identified Enron Corpus of emails, in which we semi-automatically assign the gender of around 23,000 individuals who authored around 97,000 email messages in the Enron corpus. This corpus, which is made freely available, is orders of magnitude larger than previously existing gender identified corpora in the email domain. Next, we use this corpus to perform a largescale data-oriented study of the interplay of gender and manifestations of power. We argue that, in addition to one’s own gender, the “gender environment” of an interaction, i.e., the gender makeup of one’s interlocutors, also affects the way power is manifested in dialog. We focus especially on manifestations of power in the dialog structure — both, in a shallow sense that disregards the textual content of messages (e.g., how often do the participants contribute, how often do they get replies etc.), as well as the structure that is expressed within the textual content (e.g., who issues requests and how are they made, whose requests get responses etc.). We find that both gender and gender environment affect the ways power is manifested in dialog, resulting in patterns that reveal the underlying factors. Finally, we show the utility of gender information in the problem of automatically predicting the direction of power between pairs of participants in email interactions.

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