scholarly journals Is hydrotectonics influencing the thermal spring in Eisensteinhöhle (Bad Fischau, Lower Austria)?

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-181
Author(s):  
Jonas Hardege ◽  
Lukas Plan ◽  
Gerhard Winkler ◽  
Bernhard Grasemann ◽  
Ivo Baroň
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Pumping Test ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Central Basin ◽  
Sandy Bottom ◽  
Vienna Basin ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
Western Margin ◽  
Groundwater Levels

AbstractEisensteinhöhle is a 2 km long crevice cave that is significantly overprinted by hydrothermal karst processes. It was opened during quarrying in the Fischauer Vorberge, at the western margin of the Vienna Basin. This pull-apart basin cuts the eastern foothills of the Alps and is formed by a major NE-SW striking, sinistral transform fault. The western margin consists of NNE-SSW striking normal faults creating paths for thermal water to rise from the central basin. The deepest part of the cave, 73 m below the entrance, hosts a pond with 14.6 ±0.2 °C warm water that occasionally acts as a spring. The water level and temperature fluctuate and at a certain level, water visibly discharges into a nearby narrow fissure. As sporadic observations of the water level since 1992 gave no obvious connection to precipitation events, the connection to an aquifer and the origin of the water remained unknown. A pumping test, conducted on 13/7/2016, yielded a volume of the spring/pool of about 2.8 m3 that is fed by a very small inlet at the sandy bottom. At the time of the pumping test, the discharge was only 4.5 l/h but during previous overflow events, discharge values of up to 289 l/h were recorded.Water temperature and hydrochemistry hint towards a mixture of an old thermal component and a young meteoric component. During continuous monitoring of water level and temperature from October 2015 until November 2018, the water level was almost stable with few periods of high level (almost at overflow) that lasted for about 3 to 4 weeks each. The water temperature increased during most high stands and is positively correlated with the water level. Correlation of the high-resolution data on water level and temperature fluctuations with precipitation measurements at the nearest meteorological stations show a relation of water level to certain rainfall events and the sporadically taken long time records show a correlation with annual precipitation sums. Long-term observations also indicate a connection to groundwater levels in the Vienna Basin with a delay of about 8 weeks in Bad Fischau. In July 2017, the water level dropped suddenly and then recovered simultaneously in the time of several weak earthquakes in the vicinity. The data suggest that the spring in Eisensteinhöhle is influenced by precipitation. For one seismic event, there is a correlation with unusual water level changes at Eisensteinhöhle, but the rareness of earthquakes demands for a longer time series to confirm this observation.

scholarly journals Responses of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities of Two Tropical, High-Mountain Lakes to Climate Change and Deacidification

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
Javier Alcocer ◽  
Luis A. Oseguera ◽  
Diana Ibarra-Morales ◽  
Elva Escobar ◽  
Lucero García-Cid
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Mountain Lakes ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Macroinvertebrate Communities ◽  
High Mountain Lakes ◽  
La Luna

High-mountain lakes are among the most comparable ecosystems globally and recognized sentinels of global change. The present study pursued to identify how the benthic macroinvertebrates (BMI) communities of two tropical, high mountain lakes, El Sol and La Luna, Central Mexico, have been affected by global/regional environmental pressures. We compared the environmental characteristics and the BMI communities between 2000–2001 and 2017–2018. We identified three principal environmental changes (the air and water temperature increased, the lakes’ water level declined, and the pH augmented and became more variable), and four principal ecological changes in the BMI communities [a species richness reduction (7 to 4), a composition change, and a dominant species replacement all of them in Lake El Sol, a species richness increase (2 to 4) in Lake La Luna, and a drastic reduction in density (38% and 90%) and biomass (92%) in both lakes]. The air and water temperature increased 0.5 °C, and lakes water level declined 1.5 m, all suggesting an outcome of climate change. Contrarily to the expected acidification associated with acid precipitation, both lakes deacidified, and the annual pH fluctuation augmented. The causes of the deacidification and the deleterious impacts on the BMI communities remained to be identified.

scholarly journals Karst hydrogeology of Lamprechtsofen (Leoganger Steinberge, Salzburg)

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Gröbner ◽  
Wolfgang Gadermayr ◽  
Giorgio Höfer-Öllinger ◽  
Harald Huemer ◽  
Christoph Spötl
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Tracer Tests ◽  
Karst Water ◽  
Stream Flows ◽  
Surface Precipitation ◽  
Mineralized Water ◽  
Show Cave

AbstractThe Leoganger Steinberge are a heavily karstified massif largely composed of Dachstein dolomite and limestone hosting the deepest through-trip cave in the world, Lamprechtsofen, whose frontal parts are developed as a show cave. Many parts of this 60 km-long and 1724 m-deep system are hydrologically active. 1.5 km behind the lower cave entrance Grüntopf stream and Kneippklamm stream merge to form the main cave stream. Another underground stream, Stainerhallen stream, flows through the eponymous hall of the show cave. Since 2007 water temperature, electrical conductivity and water level have been monitored in the Grüntopf and Kneippklamm stream. Water temperature and water level in the Stainerhallen and main cave stream have been measured since 2016.The long-term dataset (2013–2017) shows that the water temperature of the cave streams (Grüntopf stream: 3.7–5.2°C; Kneippklamm stream: 5.1–5.9°C) is largely invariant, but the electrical conductivity varies strongly (Grüntopf stream: 107–210 µS/cm; Kneippklamm stream: 131–248 µS/cm) in response to snowmelt and precipitation events. The event water of the Kneippklamm stream is characterized by a low electrical conductivity and is then followed by slightly warmer and higher mineralized water derived from the phreatic zone. This dual flow pattern also explains the asymmetrical changes of the water level during snowmelt: the fast event water flows directly through vadose pathways to the measurement site, whereas the hydraulic (phreatic) response is delayed. The Grüntopf stream reacts to precipitation and snowmelt events by changes in the karst-water table, which can be explained by a piston flow-model. The Kneippklamm stream reveals evidence of a lifter system.The altitude of the catchments was calculated using δ18O values of water samples from the underground streams and from surface precipitation. The Grüntopf stream shows the highest mean catchment (2280 m a.s.l.), which is in agreement with its daily fluctuations of the water level until August caused by long-lasting snowmelt. The Stainerhallen stream has the lowest catchment (average 1400 m a.s.l.). The catchments of the other two streams are at intermediate elevations (1770–1920 m a.s.l.). The integration of the catchment analyses and observations from tracer tests conducted in the 1970s showed that the latter reflected only one aspect of the karst water regime in this massif. During times of high recharge the water level rises, new flow paths are activated and the karst watershed shifts.

scholarly journals Determination of diurnal water level fluctuations in headwaters

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 888-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Marciniak ◽  
Anna Szczucińska
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Hyporheic Zone ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Water Level Fluctuations ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Diurnal Fluctuations

The aim of this paper is to study diurnal fluctuations of the water level in streams draining headwaters and to identify the controlling factors. The fieldwork was carried out in the Gryżynka River catchment, western Poland. The water levels of three streams draining into the headwaters via a group of springs were monitored in the years 2011–2014. Changes in the water pressure and water temperature were recorded by automatic sensors – Schlumberger MiniDiver type. Simultaneously, Barodiver type sensors were used to record air temperature and atmospheric pressure, as it was necessary to adjust the data collected by the MiniDivers calculate the water level. The results showed that diurnal fluctuations in water level of the streams ranged from 2 to 4 cm (approximately 10% of total water depth) and were well correlated with the changes in evapotranspiration as well as air temperature. The observed water level fluctuations likely have resulted from processes occurring in the headwaters. Good correlation with atmospheric conditions indicates control by daily variations of the local climate. However, the relationship with water temperature suggests that fluctuations are also caused by changes in the temperature-dependent water viscosity and, consequently, by diurnal changes in the hydraulic conductivity of the hyporheic zone.

scholarly journals A numerical geotechnical model for computing soil slides at banks of water reservoirs

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Reidar B. Olsen ◽  
Stefan Haun
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Limit Equilibrium ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Adaptive Grids ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Before And After

AbstractSoil slides can occur when the water level in a lake or a reservoir is lowered. This may take place in situations when a reservoir is flushed to remove sediments. The current study describes a three-dimensional numerical model used for the simulation of reservoir flushing that includes the slide movements. The geotechnical failure algorithms start with modelling the groundwater levels at the banks of the reservoir. A limit equilibrium approach is further used to find the location of the slides. The actual movement of the sediments is computed by assuming the soil to be a viscous liquid and by solving the Navier–Stokes equations. The resulting bed elevation changes from the slides are computed in adaptive grids that change as a function of water level, bed erosion and slide movements. The numerical model is tested on the Bodendorf reservoir in Austria, where field measurements are available of the bank elevations before and after a flushing operation. The results from the numerical simulations are compared with these observations. A parameter test shows that the results are very sensitive to the cohesion and less sensitive to the E and G modules of the soil.

Pelagic primary production in the Coral and southern Solomon Seas

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 695 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Furnas ◽  
AW Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Standing Crop ◽  
Central Basin ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Surface Mixed Layer ◽  
Barrier Reef ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Western Margin ◽  
Coral Sea

Phytoplankton primary production was measured around the periphery of the Coral Sea during October 1985 and in the boundary current systems bordering the northern Australian Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and Papuan Barrier Reef (PBR) during October 1985 and June-July 1988. Under strong wind conditions (mean winds 8-12 m s-1), the north-western Papuan Barrier Reef region was characterized by a shallow surface mixed layer, shallow nutriclines (25-75 m) and shallow subsurface chlorophyll maxima. Under low wind stress conditions (mean winds <5 m s-1), the southern and western Coral Sea were also characterized by a shallow surface mixed layer and stable underlying density profiles but deep (>I00 m) nutriclines and deep (60-125 m) subsurface chlorophyll and primary production maxima. Regardless of location, most primary production occurred above the 20% mid-day isolume surface. Phytoplankton standing crop and primary production in all regions were dominated by picoplankton (<2 μm size fraction). Very high primary production rates (1-3 g C m-2 day-1) were measured at a number of stations adjacent to the western margin of the PBR and within the central basin of the Louisiade Archipelago. Evidence for upwelling along the western margin of the PBR was observed under both north-easterly (normal to the reef axis) and south-easterly (parallel to the reef axis) wind regimes; however, surface outcropping of upwelled water did not occur. Oceanic primary production in the Coral Sea is estimated to be between 100 and 200 g C m-2 year-1. Primary production in and around the Louisiade Archipelago appears to be on the order of 200-300 g C m-2 year-1. Near-surface chlorophyll standing crop was generally better correlated with near-surface primary production than was total chlorophyll with total areal primary production.

The structural evolution of the Falkland Plateau

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxana Mihaela Stanca ◽  
Douglas Paton ◽  
Estelle Mortimer ◽  
David Hodgson ◽  
Dave McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Reflection ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Falkland Islands ◽  
The South ◽  
Clockwise Rotation ◽  
Transform Faults ◽  
Stress Regime ◽  
Seismic Reflection Data ◽  
Western Margin ◽  
Structural Framework

&lt;p&gt;The palaeogeographic reconstruction of the Falkland Plateau transform margin in a Gondwana pre-break-up configuration has been the subject of debate for years. This is mainly due to the uncertainty in the position of the Falkland Islands microplate. The islands were an extension of the south-east coast of South Africa, being either i) part of a rigid Falkland Plateau fixed to the South American plate or ii) undergoing a vertical-axis clockwise rotation of between 80&amp;#176; to 120&amp;#176; along the transform faults generated during the initial stages of fragmentation of south-western Gondwana. The absence of documented evidence of this rotation within the sedimentary infill of the basins surrounding the Falkland Islands represents an ongoing issue. Furthermore, a structural framework of the eastern continental shelf of the islands that takes into account the most recent seismic reflection surveys has not been published yet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study presents an updated description of the structural configuration of the Falkland Plateau Basin, focusing on the Volunteer and Fitzroy sub-basins. This structural framework, based on extensive 2D and 3D seismic reflection data and aided by seismic attribute mapping, provides new insights into the evolution of the Falkland Islands microplate and the Falkland Plateau Basin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Three main structural trends were identified across this section of the Falkland Plateau. WNW-ESE trending half-grabens were mapped north-west of the Volunteer sub-basin; these correlate laterally with linear gravity anomalies following the same trend north of the Falkland Islands. NNE-SSW to N-S normal faults are predominant west of the Volunteer sub-basin and are believed to control the western margin of the Falkland Plateau Basin. Locally, the NNE-SSW trend is subdued by NNW-SSE striking en-&amp;#233;chelon normal faults suggestive of left-lateral movement along a NNE-SSW direction. A similar trend is interpreted in the southern part of the Fitzroy sub-basin, supporting sinistral wrenching along the western margin of the Falkland Plateau Basin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;These results suggest intra-plate deformation that is consistent with a clockwise rotation of the Falkland Islands microplate along the transform faults that accommodated the initial fragmentation of Gondwana. The interpreted fault network allows us to understand the temporal variation in the orientation of the minimum horizontal stress across the Falkland Islands microplate. By comparing this variation with the regional stress regime in south-western Gondwana, the timing and mechanism of the rotation of the islands can be better constrained.&lt;/p&gt;

Determination of Hydrogeological Parameters of Aquifer Using the Air Compressor Pumping

2013 ◽  
Vol 448-453 ◽  
pp. 3989-3992
Author(s):  
Xue Jiang ◽  
Xiu Juan Liang ◽  
Chang Lai Xiao ◽  
Chuan Du ◽  
Zhong Kai Wang
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Oil Shale ◽  
Pumping Test ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Graphic Method ◽  
Air Compressor ◽  
Hydrogeological Parameters

When the buried depth of water level is very large, the air compressor is used in pumping test. In the limited conditions, the value of the water level was not measured, but the recovery value of water level could be measured. In this case, the sp value of the water level drawdown was not able to be measured accurately when the pumping test stopped. So the hydraulic conductivity of aquifer could only be determined according to the linear graphic method of the water level recovery test. However, water level recovery characteristics of each period were not the same, and the raising rate of water level were not equal. Thus, there was a deviation when the hydraulic conductivity was solved with the linear graphic method. According to the existing data, the thesis combined the water level recovery fitting of the entire curve fitting with Dupuit formula of artesian well, determining the sp value and hydrogeological parameters of aquifer. After comprehensive analysis, the parameters obtained are more reasonable, which can provide a good reference for in-situ mining of oil shale in this area.

scholarly journals Intelligent fish tank based on WiFi module

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Feng Yan ◽  
Fuyao Wang*
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Temperature Sensor ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Smart Phones ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Fish Tank ◽  
And Control

In the paper, the intelligent fish tank using STC89C52 as the control core embedded HC-SR04 ultrasonic distance measurement module and DS18B20 temperature sensor is introduced. This system can be used to remotely control and collect the data of the temperature and the level of water in the fish tank through WiFi module (ESP8266-01). When the water level is less than the default value, the system will be adjusted by adding water into the tank. At the same time, people could also get the data and control the tank whenever they want. The micro-controller is connected to the Internet through the WiFi module. With the help of MicroPython firmware, python programs are compiled within this WiFi module in order to connect to the WiFi at home, providing data transfer function. Android smart phones could connect to this system through WiFi and send commands. In this way, the fish tank could be controlled remotely to ensure the stability of the water temperature and level in the tank.

scholarly journals Characterising hillslope–stream connectivity with a joint event analysis of stream and groundwater levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 5713-5744
Author(s):  
Daniel Beiter ◽  
Markus Weiler ◽  
Theresa Blume
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract. Hillslope–stream connectivity controls runoff generation, during events and during baseflow conditions. However, assessing subsurface connectivity is a challenging task, as it occurs in the hidden subsurface domain where water flow can not be easily observed. We therefore investigated if the results of a joint analysis of rainfall event responses of near-stream groundwater levels and stream water levels could serve as a viable proxy for hillslope–stream connectivity. The analysis focuses on the extent of response, correlations, lag times and synchronicity. As a first step, a new data analysis scheme was developed, separating the aspects of (a) response timing and (b) extent of water level change. This provides new perspectives on the relationship between groundwater and stream responses. In a second step we investigated if this analysis can give an indication of hillslope–stream connectivity at the catchment scale. Stream water levels and groundwater levels were measured at five different hillslopes over 5 to 6 years. Using a new detection algorithm, we extracted 706 rainfall response events for subsequent analysis. Carrying out this analysis in two different geological regions (schist and marls) allowed us to test the usefulness of the proxy under different hydrological settings while also providing insight into the geologically driven differences in response behaviour. For rainfall events with low initial groundwater level, groundwater level responses often lag behind the stream with respect to the start of rise and the time of peak. This lag disappears at high antecedent groundwater levels. At low groundwater levels the relationship between groundwater and stream water level responses to rainfall are highly variable, while at high groundwater levels, above a certain threshold, this relationship tends to become more uniform. The same threshold was able to predict increased likelihood for high runoff coefficients, indicating a strong increase in connectivity once the groundwater level threshold was surpassed. The joint analysis of shallow near-stream groundwater and stream water levels provided information on the presence or absence and to a certain extent also on the degree of subsurface hillslope–stream connectivity. The underlying threshold processes were interpreted as transmissivity feedback in the marls and fill-and-spill in the schist. The value of these measurements is high; however, time series of several years and a large number of events are necessary to produce representative results. We also find that locally measured thresholds in groundwater levels can provide insight into the connectivity and event response of the corresponding headwater catchments. If the location of the well is chosen wisely, a single time series of shallow groundwater can indicate if the catchment is in a state of high or low connectivity.

scholarly journals Fluctuation Characteristics of Water Level and Water Temperature of Huize Well Based on MF-DCCA

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 825-832
Author(s):  
Jian Yu ◽  
Lili Sui ◽  
Yirong Xu ◽  
Baoming Chi
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Multifractal Spectrum ◽  
Earthquake Precursor ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Cross Correlation Analysis ◽  
Abnormal Increase

In recent decades, the network of seismic subsurface fluid observatories is developing constantly, the observation data of subsurface fluids are enriched accordingly, which provides a favorable condition for the research on the formation, occurrence, and development of earthquakes. In the observation data of subsurface fluids, water level and water temperature changes are very important observation indicators, and their fluctuation sequences are quite complicated. Therefore, this paper employed a non-linear cross-correlation method to study the relationship between the water level and water temperature of Huize Well from 2004 to 2006, and found that there’s a significant cross-correlation between the time series of water level and water temperature; then, this study adopted DCCA (detrended cross-correlation analysis) to calculate the cross-correlation coefficient under different scales and explore the continuous changes of water level and water temperature; at last, this paper used the MF-DCCA (Multifractal-DCCA) method to prove that there’s multifractal cross-correlation between the time series of water level and water temperature. Before the M5.1 earthquake in Huize area, there’s an abnormal increase in the width of the multifractal spectrum of the water level and water temperature drawn with a sliding window of 500-hour, and this is a possible earthquake precursor.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document