Relation between Moral Competence and Religiosity: Cognitive and Intuitive Aspects

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 476
Author(s):  
Ingrīda Trups-Kalne ◽  
Ģirts Dimdiņš
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Theoretical Prediction ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Mediation Analysis ◽  
Harm Avoidance ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Moral Competence ◽  
Negative Relation ◽  
Group Loyalty ◽  
The Individual

The aim of the study was to examine whether moral foundations mediate the negative relation between moral competence and orthodox/conservative religiosity. The participants (N = 361, aged 16 to 74) completed the Moral Judgment Test (Lind, 1978, 2008), the 30-Item Full Version of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (Graham, Haidt & Nosek, 2008), and Huber's (Huber, 2004) Religion’s Centrality Scale. Mediation analysis revealed that the ‘binding’ moral foundations of in-group loyalty, respect for authority, and purity mediate the negative relation between moral competence and orthodox religiosity. These results are in line with Lind’s theoretical prediction that if individuals have more criteria to consider when making moral judgment, it may hamper their performance on moral competence measures, which are typically based on the individual foundations of harm avoidance and justice. The study contributes to understanding differences in social cognition between liberal and conservative religiosity.

scholarly journals Moral “foundations” as the product of motivated social cognition: Empathy and other psychological underpinnings of ideological divergence in “individualizing” and “binding” concerns

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0241144
Author(s):  
Michael Strupp-Levitsky ◽  
Sharareh Noorbaloochi ◽  
Andrew Shipley ◽  
John T. Jost
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Integrative Model ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Moral Foundations Theory ◽  
Path Modeling ◽  
Group Loyalty ◽  
Ideological Divergence ◽  
Motivated Social Cognition

According to moral foundations theory, there are five distinct sources of moral intuition on which political liberals and conservatives differ. The present research program seeks to contextualize this taxonomy within the broader research literature on political ideology as motivated social cognition, including the observation that conservative judgments often serve system-justifying functions. In two studies, a combination of regression and path modeling techniques were used to explore the motivational underpinnings of ideological differences in moral intuitions. Consistent with our integrative model, the “binding” foundations (in-group loyalty, respect for authority, and purity) were associated with epistemic and existential needs to reduce uncertainty and threat and system justification tendencies, whereas the so-called “individualizing” foundations (fairness and avoidance of harm) were generally unrelated to epistemic and existential motives and were instead linked to empathic motivation. Taken as a whole, these results are consistent with the position taken by Hatemi, Crabtree, and Smith that moral “foundations” are themselves the product of motivated social cognition.

scholarly journals Relation between Social Conservatism, Moral Competence, Moral Orientations, and the Importance of Moral Foundations

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
Ingrida Trups-Kalne ◽  
Girts Dimdins
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Moral Competence ◽  
Correlation Pattern ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Moral Orientations ◽  
Competence Test ◽  
Social Conservatism

AbstractThis paper examines the relation between moral competence, moral orientations, importance of moral foundations, and political orientation, by combining two theoretical approaches in moral psychology--the cognitive perspective and social-intuitionist perspective. The participants (Study 1 N=348, aged 18 to 67, and Study 2 N = 361, aged 16 to 74) completed the Moral Competence Test (formerly Moral Judgment Test, Lind, 1978, 2008), the 30-Item Full Version of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (Graham, Haidt & Nosek, 2008), and measurements of political orientation (a seven-point self-evaluation scale in study 1 and an 8-item social conservatism scale in Study 2). There was a negative correlation between moral competence on the one hand and conservative political orientation and binding moral foundations on the other hand. The overall correlation pattern between the scores of moral orientation and moral competence, and importance of moral foundations and political orientation was relatively weak and only partially consistent with the theoretical predictions. The results suggest that constructs used in the cognitive and social-intuitionist perspectives on moral judgment are conceptually different, and integrating the two approaches may be a challenging task.

Political Orientations and Morality Judgments in the Turkish Context: Considering the Roles of the Needs for Cognition and Recognition

2020 ◽  
pp. 003329411989990
Author(s):  
Burcu Tekeş ◽  
E. Olcay Imamoğlu ◽  
Fatih Özdemir ◽  
Bengi Öner-Özkan
Keyword(s):  
Need For Cognition ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Moral Foundations Theory ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Group Loyalty ◽  
Political Orientations ◽  
Collectivistic Culture

The aims of this study were to test: (a) the association of political orientations with morality orientations, specified by moral foundations theory, on a sample of young adults from Turkey, representing a collectivistic culture; and (b) the statistically mediating roles of needs for cognition and recognition in the links between political orientation and morality endorsements. According to the results (a) right-wing orientation and need for recognition were associated with all the three binding foundations (i.e., in-group/loyalty, authority/respect, and purity/sanctity); (b) right-wing orientation was associated with binding foundations also indirectly via the role of need for recognition; (c) regarding individualizing foundations, left-wing orientation and need for cognition were associated with fairness/reciprocity, whereas only gender was associated with harm/care; and (d) left-wing orientation was associated with fairness dimension also indirectly via the role of need for cognition. The cultural relevance of moral foundations theory as well as the roles of needs for cognition and recognition are discussed.

scholarly journals Prudential Use of the Morally Controversial COVID-19 Vaccines

2021 ◽  
pp. 002436392110176
Author(s):  
Nicanor Pier Giorgio Austriaco
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Human Agent ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
The Individual

In recent months, there has been a lot of debate surrounding the use of those COVID-19 vaccines that have been either tested or manufactured with cell lines that were isolated from the remains of an aborted fetal child. Most faithful and orthodox Catholic moral theologians, among whom I count myself, have concluded that their use is not intrinsically evil. Therefore, like every other decision that falls into the category of actions that are not intrinsically evil, the decision to be vaccinated with these morally controversial vaccines has to be governed by the virtue of prudence. It is a decision that calls for a wisdom that properly sees this action within the constellation of actions that propels the human agent to the heights of holiness. This is why prayer is so essential for authentic moral judgment. With prayer, we ask the Holy Spirit who is the all-prudent one to guide our actions so that we can choose and act well not only for our only well-being but for the well-being of all. Acts that are not themselves intrinsically evil are deemed virtuous or not within the narrative of the individual person’s life.

Foundations of International Aid

1960 ◽  
Vol 329 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
Jane M. Hoey
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
International Aid ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Individual

The newly developing countries desire not only political independence but also economic progress for their people—a progress which they can see, and are now aware of, in the rest of the world. The role of the developed countries is to extend aid to the needy. Moral foundations underlie the donor's contributions, but they are more than that, they are the means for acquiring support for international aid in the donor's country. The United States must assume the leader ship among' the free nations in granting aid; she must accept this role because of her economic achievements and technologi cal advantages. Donators of such aid should take cognizance of the complementary character and interrelatedness of economic and social development. For economic development, however much it is sought, is not an end in itself, rather the aim is the well-being and happiness of the individual. Such a goal neces sitates economic aid accompanied by social aid. Social welfare can also be a vehicle to achieve peace, inasmuch as people-to- people relationships generate brotherly love—the only lasting foundation for peace.—Ed.

The role of social cognition in moral judgment in frontotemporal dementia

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezequiel Gleichgerrcht ◽  
Teresa Torralva ◽  
María Roca ◽  
Mariángeles Pose ◽  
Facundo Manes
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Frontotemporal Dementia

The Moral Frameworks and Foundations of Contesting Orientations

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Light Shields ◽  
Christopher D. Funk ◽  
Brenda Light Bredemeier
Keyword(s):  
Correlational Analysis ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Intercollegiate Athletes ◽  
Multiple Regressions ◽  
Group Loyalty ◽  
Moral Dimensions ◽  
Moral Frameworks ◽  
Partnership Approach

According to contesting theory (Shields & Bredemeier, 2011), people conceptualize competition either through a metaphor of partnership or war. These two alternate metaphors suggest differing sociomoral relationships among the participants. In the current study of intercollegiate athletes (n = 610), we investigated the two approaches to contesting in relation to formalist and consequentialist moral frameworks (Brady & Wheeler, 1996) and individualizing and binding moral foundations (Haidt, 2001). Correlational analysis indicated that the partnership approach correlated significantly with all four moral dimensions, while the war approach correlated with formalist and consequentialist frameworks and binding foundations (i.e., appeals to in-group loyalty, authority, and purity). Multiple regressions demonstrated that the best predictors of a partnership approach were formalist thinking and endorsement of individualizing moral foundations (i.e., appeal to fairness and welfare). Among our primary variables, the best predictors of a war orientation were consequentialist thinking and endorsement of binding foundations.

scholarly journals Act versus Impact: Conservatives and liberals exhibit different structural emphases in moral judgment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivar Hannikainen
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Cognitive Styles ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Moral Foundations Theory ◽  
Trolley Problem ◽  
Expected Outcomes

Conservatives and liberals disagree sharply on matters of morality and public policy. We propose a novel account of the psychological basis of these differences. Specifically, we find that conservatives tend to emphasize the intrinsic value of actions during moral judgment, in part by mentally simulating themselves performing those actions, while liberals instead emphasize the value of the expected outcomes of the action. We then demonstrate that a structural emphasis on actions is linked to the condemnation of victimless crimes, a distinctive feature of conservative morality. Next, we find that the conservative and liberal structural approaches to moral judgment are associated with their corresponding patterns of reliance on distinct moral foundations. In addition, the structural approach uniquely predicts that conservatives will be more opposed to harm in circumstances like the well-known trolley problem, a result which we replicate. Finally, we show that the structural approaches of conservatives and liberals are partly linked to underlying cognitive styles (intuitive versus deliberative). Collectively, these findings forge a link between two important yet previously independent lines of research in political psychology: cognitive style and moral foundations theory.

To Confront or to Avoid

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 734-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan S. Kemper ◽  
Anna-Kaisa Newheiser
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Moral Norm ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Moral Foundations Theory ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Strategic Action ◽  
The Face

What do people want to do in response to witnessing someone violate a moral norm? Prior research posits that violations of distinct norms elicit specific emotions, specifically anger and disgust. We examined whether moral violations analogously elicit distinct behavioral responses, focusing on desires to confront and avoid moral violators. Participants read scenarios depicting harmful and impure actions (Study 1) or violations of all six content domains proposed by Moral Foundations Theory (Study 2). Bayesian inference revealed that participants expressed distinctively high levels of desire to avoid (vs. confront) violators of purity norms. Violations of other moral norms did not similarly elicit unique patterns of avoidance or confrontation. Thus, behavioral responses to moral violators depend in part on which norm was violated, with impure acts eliciting a uniquely strong avoidance response. Moral judgment can serve as a precursor to strategic action in the face of perceived immorality.

Using factorial mediation analysis to better understand the effects of interventions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian C Strayhorn ◽  
Linda M Collins ◽  
Timothy R Brick ◽  
Sara H Marchese ◽  
Angela Fidler Pfammatter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediation Analysis ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Optimization Strategy ◽  
Testing Hypotheses ◽  
Causal Mechanisms ◽  
Multiphase Optimization Strategy ◽  
Factorial Optimization ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Advance Theory

Abstract To improve understanding of how interventions work or why they do not work, there is need for methods of testing hypotheses about the causal mechanisms underlying the individual and combined effects of the components that make up interventions. Factorial mediation analysis, i.e., mediation analysis applied to data from a factorial optimization trial, enables testing such hypotheses. In this commentary, we demonstrate how factorial mediation analysis can contribute detailed information about an intervention’s causal mechanisms. We briefly review the multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) and the factorial experiment. We use an empirical example from a 25 factorial optimization trial to demonstrate how factorial mediation analysis opens possibilities for better understanding the individual and combined effects of intervention components. Factorial mediation analysis has important potential to advance theory about interventions and to inform intervention improvements.

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