Development of the system of punishments without isolation from society in the Russian criminal law until 1917

2019 ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
M. M. Cherekhovich
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
State Building ◽  
Public Works ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Written Sources

The article investigates the process of development of the system of punishments applied without isolation from society in the Russian criminal law during the period from the 9th century till 1917. On the basis of the analysis of the most important written sources of law, the author concludes that deprivation of liberty had not been applied as a type of criminal punishment until the 16th century. The type of punishment under consideration had the features of an ecclesiastical and repentant penalty. The leading role in the system of punishment was assigned to various types of fines, monetary penalties, mutilation (maiming) penalties and death penalty. Sentences alternative to deprivation of liberty were commonly used during the reign of Peter the Great for the purpose of using convicts in state-building facilities. The tendency to punish minor crimes by imposing monetary penalties or public works instead of imprisonment was initiated during the reign of Catherine the Second and was finally outlined by the middle of the 19th century. Until 1917, types of punishment that did not envisaged isolation from society prevailed in the Russian system of criminal penalties.

scholarly journals Organizacja pracy więźniów w Królestwie Polskim w latach 1815-1867

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-135
Author(s):  
Justyna Bieda
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Public Works ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Statutory Law ◽  
Penal Codes ◽  
Criminal Legislation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Additional Form

The convicts’ obligation to perform prison labour as an additional form of punishment beyond imprisonment appeared for the first time in the 16th century together with the creation of houses of correction. In the 19th century, statutory law pertaining to labour was regulated in many European penal codes. This concept was also included in the criminal legislation which was in force in the Kingdom of Poland, i.e. in the Penal Code (in forcesince 1818) and in the Code of Major and Correctional Punishments (since 1848). Initially, the work carried out by the prisoners in the Kingdom of Poland was primarily fiscal in nature. The purpose of the labour was for the prisoners to, at least partially, earn a living. However, the penitentiary concepts which began to emerge from the 1930s onwards also started to notice the educational and resocialization value of convict labour. At first, theprisoners were mainly engaged in public works. And later, after 1832, they were put to work in prison workshops and factories. Moreover, they performed services for the benefit of private individuals. The Penal Code obliged the prisoners to work in case of convicts placed in prisons and jails. The Code of Major and Correctional Punishments, which was in force since 1848, maintained the prison labour obligation of the convicts’ sentenced toimprisonment. This additional sanction was connected with the punishment of imprisonment in detention centres and it was also connected with being detained in workhouses or in houses of correction. People sentenced to lighter punishments and those temporarily deprived of liberty were free from penal labour.

Origine et diffusion des expressions romanes du type jaune paille

2021 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-27
Author(s):  
Sara Matrisciano ◽  
Franz Rainer
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Short Discussion ◽  
Colour Term ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
And Diffusion

All major Romance languages have patterns of the type jaune paille for expressing shades of colour represented by some prototypical object. The first constituent of this pattern is a colour term, while the second one designates a prototypical representative of the colour shade. The present paper starts with a short discussion of the controversial grammatical status of this pattern and its constituents. Its main aim, however, concerns the origin and diffusion of this pattern. We have not found hard and fast evidence that Medieval Italian pigment compounds of the type verderame influenced the rise of the jaune paille pattern, which first appears in French in the 16th century. This pattern continued to be a minority solution during the 17th century, but established itself during the 18th century. In the 19th century, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese adopted the pattern jaune paille, while it did not reach Catalan and Romanian before the 20th century.

Liability of minors in russian criminal law practice XVIII — first half of XIX century

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (12-3) ◽  
pp. 242-249
Author(s):  
Alexander Sergeev ◽  
Ekaterina Bratukhina ◽  
Irina Kushova ◽  
Dmitriy Ovsyukov
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the historical aspects of the evolution of the legislative definition of the age of onset of criminal responsibility and the specifics of sentencing juvenile offenders in the 18th and first half of the 19th century.

scholarly journals Profanación, exhumación y violación de los enterramientos: arqueología penal de su regulación en el siglo XIX

2021 ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
David Castro Liñares
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Criminal Punishment ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Deceased People

Este trabajo tiene como finalidad analizar el tratamiento penal que durante el siglo XIX se dispensó a los actos indebidos para con el cuerpo y memoria de las personas fallecidas. Para ello, este texto se inicia con un recorrido normativo por los Códigos Penales españoles del siglo XIX (1822-1848-1850-1870) con el propósito de analizar la forma en que el Legislador penal fue incorporando esta cuestión en los distintos textos normativos. A continuación, y como forma de continuar este análisis, se estima adecuado detenerse en las razones político criminales subyacentes a la tipificación de estas conductas. De esta forma, se intenta realizar una aproximación a las lógicas punitivas decimonónicas inherentes a una esfera tan particular como el castigo penal a los actos irrespetuosos para con los difuntos. Por último, se incorpora un apartado conclusivo en el que abordar algunas ideas que, por razón de estructura narrativa no encontraban un acomodo idóneo en otras partes del texto pero que igualmente resultan de importancia para esta propuesta de análisis político-criminal histórico.This work aims to analyse the criminal law treatment that during the 19th century is dispensed to wrongdoing with the body and memory of deceased people. For that purpose, this text begins with a normative view of the Spanish Criminal Codes of the 19th century (1822-1848-1850-1870) in order to investigate how the Criminal Legislator incorporated this issue into the various normative texts. Hereunder, as a way to continue this analysis, it is considered appropriate to dwell on the criminal political reasons typification of these conducts. In this way, an attempt is made to approximate the decimonic punitive logics inherent in an area as particular as criminal punishment to disrespectful acts with the deceased. Finally, a concluding section is incorporated in order to address some ideas that, by reasons of narrative structure, did not find an appropriate accommodation in other parts of the text but which are also relevant for this proposal of historical political-criminal analysis. 

scholarly journals Nauka sztuki kupieckiej w Krakowie XVI–XIX wieku. Zarys problemu

2019 ◽  
pp. 7-20
Author(s):  
Marcin Gadocha
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Foster Parents ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Birth Certificate ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is a survey and an attempt to bring closer the questions connected with the education of future tradesmen in Cracow from the 16th century until the first half of the 19th century. Thus far, there has been no thorough study devoted to this topic. In the 16th century, young adepts of trade would start learning this occupation in their father’s business, further family’s business or in the dynamically developing trading houses in Cracow. In the 16th c. and 17th c. there was no merchants’ guild in Cracow, which could oversee the process of learning the “art of trade”. Only the establishment of the Merchants’ Congregation in 1722 brought about changes in this respect. Ultimately, in the new statute of the Congregation from 1833, the new principles of training were formulated. Candidates had to present their birth certificate, the recommending certificate written by their parents or foster parents. Moreover, the candidate had to be able to read, write and calculate in Polish or German. Learning took three years in the 16th and 17th centuries; in the 18th century this period was prolonged, in the 19th century lasted from 4 to 6 years. According to the author, the problem still requires further in-depth research. After the archival query, it seems that there are good possibilities to obtain valuable material connected with mercantile art in Cracow.

TRADING IN POWER: MERCHANTS AND THE STATE IN 19TH-CENTURY EGYPT

2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascale Ghazaleh
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
State Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Natural Evolution ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
Business Opportunities ◽  
Personal Connections ◽  
New Business ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractIn this article, I argue that commercial legislation promulgated and implemented in Egypt during the first half of the 19th century was one of several factors that diminished the effect of merchants’ social networks, reduced merchants’ identity to a purely professional dimension, and made profit dependent upon association with the state. The transformation of merchants’ social roles was not part of a natural evolution toward modernization and the specialized division of labor. Rather, it resulted from interactions between state-building endeavors, pressures from established merchants who sought to parry threats to their position while profiting from new business opportunities, and an influx of merchants from outside the Ottoman sultanate, who could draw neither on personal connections nor on knowledge of local markets but instead had to depend on the protection of the European consulates and the influence of the growing Egyptian state apparatus.

„… wo der Dollmetsch allzeit interpretirt.“

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Reiter
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Professional Group ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Complex Group ◽  
Imperial Court ◽  
Main Components ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractThe present article focuses on court interpreters at the Imperial court of Vienna, who were employed in the Habsburg Monarchy from the early 16th century until the end of the 19th century. Based on the methodological concepts of professional intercultures introduced by Anthony Pym the article discusses the question whether or not court interpreters formed a professional group at the court. Different aspects of their profession such as competencies, remuneration, duties, reputation and their place in the organization of the court are discussed. For the application of Anthony Pyms model it will be shown that two main components, time and the intern differentiation of the group, are necessary to apply the model on a professional group like the court interpreters that was a highly complex group characterized by strong changes throughout their existence.

Grímsvötn 1919-2019: The legacy of Erik Ygberg and Hakon Wadell

JOKULL ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 129-138
Author(s):  
Erik Sturkell ◽  
Magnus Tumi Gudmundsson
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Geological Survey ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
University Of Chicago ◽  
Doctoral Thesis ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Written Sources

The first recorded visit to Grímsvötn occurred on the 31st of August 1919. Two Swedish geology students, Hakon Wadell and Erik Ygberg, stood on the edge of a hitherto unknown large caldera. This discovery was the most significant finding in the first west-to-east transect across Vatnajökull, starting at Síðujökull on the 27th of August. This was an expedition into the unknown, but a principal aim was nevertheless to find the source of the large jökulhlaups on Skeiðarársandur. They named the ice-filled caldera “Svíagígur”. Studies of written sources in the 1930s revealed that this place was indeed Grímsvötn, well known in the 17th and 18th centuries but the name and location had been forgotten in the 19th century. From Svíagígur they continued eastwards, descending down the crevassed Heinabergsjökull, reaching civilization in the morning the 6th. They announced the news that a huge volcano existed under Vatnajökull and this was the source of the jökulhlaups emerging from Skeiðarárjökull. Upon their return to Stockholm, they received a hero’s welcome, but soon it all changed into no one believing them, as prominent figures in Sweden at this time insisted that a volcano can’t be active beneath a glacier! After they finished their studies, both left Sweden very disappointed. Hakon Wadell had a successful geological career in America presenting a doctoral thesis in 1932 from the University of Chicago. Erik Ygberg worked as an international prospector a few years before his bad health, a result of the hardships experienced at the end of the Vatnajökull expedition, forced him back to Sweden, where he had a career at the Swedish Geological Survey. The name Svíagígur has not been used but the two nunataks marking the highest points on Grímsfjall are named in the honour of the two Swedes, Svíahúkur eystri and Svíahnúkur vestri.

The Drawings and the Modine of Francesco Pieroni for the Ministero delle Finanze in Rome

2019 ◽  
pp. 242-272
Author(s):  
Liliana Ninarello
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Archival Research ◽  
Construction Companies ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Real Scale

The main focus of this chapter is the highly valued work done by the architect Francesco Pieroni at the Ministero delle Finanze in Rome. This contribution can to attribute to Pieroni various drawings and numerous modine, i.e. real scale cardboard templates of various shapes used in the realization phases of the mouldings. Pieroni's activity represents, in the Roman context, one of the first applications of typical 16th century mouldings, to modern and prefabricated metal bar structures, spreading in the 70's of the 19th century. The construction companies were resilient to agree for changes in building techniques due to a lack of expertise. The realization of the Ministero is a case study of this phenomenon. The archival research developed casts new light on the numerous modifications carried out by Peroni during construction phases, which demonstrate the accuracy employed by the architect in designing the stuccos. The chapter analyses two different types of archive documents: the report Spoglio modificazioni lavori di stucco, and the examples of modine authored by Pieroni.

The Ottomans in Northeast Africa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. S. Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
The Third ◽  
Red Sea Coast ◽  
Northeast Africa ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Sea Coast

In the mid-16th century, the Ottoman empire expanded to encompass parts of the modern Sudan, Eritrea, and the Ethiopian borderlands, forming the Ottoman province of Habeş. The Ottomans also provided aid to their ally Ahmad Grañ in his jihad against Ethiopia and fought with the Funj sultanate of Sinnar for control of the Nile valley, where Ottoman territories briefly extended south as far as the Third Cataract. After 1579, Ottoman control was limited to the Red Sea coast, in particular the ports of Massawa and Suakin, which remained loosely under Ottoman rule until the 19th century, when they were transferred to Egypt, nominally an Ottoman vassal but effectively independent. Politically, Ottoman influence was felt much more broadly in northeast Africa in places as distant as Mogadishu, at least nominally recognized Ottoman suzerainty.

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