Etiology of acute intestinal infections of viral character in the Altai territory

Background: The incidence of acute intestinal infections (ACI) remains at a high level every where, despite the ongoing medical and sanitary preventive measures. The significant progress made in the field of laboratory diagnostics allowed us to proceed to a detailed study of the etiological structure of AСI and as a result, it was found that in recent years the role of pathogens of viral nature has significantly increased, but a detailed study and characterization of these pathogens requires further research. Aims: to study the etiological structure and clinical and laboratory features of acute intestinal infections of viral etiology in adult patients in an infectious hospital. Materials and methods: The study included 181 patients, aged 18 to 76 years, who were on inpatient treatment in infectious diseases of "City hospital No. 5, Barnaul". The method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with hybridization-fluorescence detection "AmpliSens OKI screen-FL", bacteriological and serological (RIHA) methods were used for the diagnosis of acute intestinal infections. Results: In 108 patients (59.7%), the genetic materials of various pathogens of acute intestinal infections were detected. Of these, 54 (29.8%) patients had acute intestinal infection of viral etiology, including mono-infection in 45 people (83.3%) and caused by a combination of two viruses 9 people (16.7%); 41 (22.7%) patients had bacterial etiology, including a combination of two pathogens in 4 cases (2.2%) and 1 case with three pathogens; 13 patients with a combined viral bacterial intestinal infection and, in 73 patients the etiology was not established. The paper presents the epidemiological and clinical and laboratory features of acute intestinal infections of viral etiology. Conclusion: The data obtained indicate a trend in changes in the structure of acute intestinal infections, characterized by an increase in the proportion of viral intestinal infections (up to 50% in this study), which affects the choice of etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy. The results obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of the PCR method in the diagnosis of acute intestinal infections.

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ACUTE INTESTINAL INFECTIONS IN AMBULATORY PRACTICE

Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) ◽

10.18821/1560-9529-2018-23-2-85-88 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 85-88

Author(s):

Marina A. Nikonorova ◽

I. P. Saldan ◽

N. V. Karbysheva ◽

S. G. Pak ◽

O. F. Belaia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Efficiency ◽

Genetic Material ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Test System ◽

Fluorescent Detection ◽

Viral Etiology ◽

Viral Origin ◽

Intestinal Infections ◽

Pcr Method ◽

Polymerase Chain

There is presented the structure of acute intestinal infections (AIIs) at the outpatient stage of medical care in 135 outpatients (70 men and 65 women, aged from 15 to 55 years) visited the Health Center of Barnaul. In all patients, the mild course of gastroenteritis predominated (the stool frequency did not exceed 4-5 times a day, body temperature - 37.2 0C). The investigation of biological material from patients (feces) was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with hybridization-fluorescent detection “AmpliSens® AII screen-FL”. The results showed the high efficiency of the test system used, as in 118 out of 135 samples (87%) there was found genetic material of different etiology, 66.1% were of the viral origin, among which rotaviruses and noroviruses prevailed, 25.4% of samples had bacterial origin (Salmonella prevailed) and 19.5% of mixed virus-viral or bacterial-viral etiology. The work showed both the high sensitivity and specificity of the PCR method in the etiological diagnosis of AII. Among the examined patients, AII of viral origin prevailed (66.1%).

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Sociodemographic characteristics of vaccine-refusing families and reasons for refusal

Infekcionnye bolezni ◽

10.20953/1729-9225-2021-1-124-130 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 124-130

Author(s):

O.A. Senkevich ◽

◽

Z.A. Plotonenko ◽

V.P. Molochniy ◽

O.V. Kaplieva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Maternity Hospital ◽

Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽

City Hospital ◽

Young Mothers ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

First Child ◽

Perinatal Center ◽

Public Health Institutions ◽

Group 2 ◽

High Level

Vaccination is a reliable way to prevent many infectious diseases. Reduced vaccination coverage along with increased migration, high population density, and high risk of epidemic outbreaks makes the issue of vaccine commitment among parents and the problem of vaccine refusal highly relevant. Objective. To analyze sociodemographic characteristics of vaccine-refusing families and reasons underlying their refusal. Patients and methods. We have conducted a blind, consecutive, cross-sectional, cohort study that included 2 groups of respondents: Group 1 included 80 mothers of newborns followed-up at the Perinatal Center, whereas Group 2 comprised 135 mothers of children aged 2–3 years followed-up at the Children's Polyclinic No 2, Children's City Hospital No 9 of Khabarovsk. Data collection was performed between January and September 2018 and included the survey of mothers. The questionnaire was aimed to assess sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents and reasons for refusing vaccination. Results. We have analyzed sociodemographic characteristics of vaccine-refusing families and identified the differences in the social status of mothers of newborns and children aged 2–3 years. In the maternity hospital, young mothers (74.2%) who are officially married (57.5%) with 2 or more children, with secondary or specialized secondary education (58%) were most likely to refuse vaccination. Young mothers of the first child with higher education (65%) (48.5% with higher medical education), with an average income (60%) most frequently refused previous vaccinations of children aged 2–3 ages. In more than half of the cases, there was one child in the family (65.5%); these were primarily two-parent, socially advantaged families. We observed a prior role of a pediatrician as a source of information about vaccination of children and a high level of trust in public health institutions in terms of vaccination. Conclusion. Our findings indicate that the attitude to vaccines is generally positive. However, some parents, whose children may be a reserve for increasing the number of timely vaccinated children, realize the importance of vaccination, but due to some objective reasons (such as medical contraindications) or without substantial reasons postpone it indefinitely. Key words: vaccination, children, refusal, adherence

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Molecular Detection and Antibiotyping of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Isolated from Houseflies in a Fish Market

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens8040191 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 191 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sobur ◽

Hasan ◽

Haque ◽

Mridul ◽

Noreddin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Detection ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Fish Market ◽

Pcr Method ◽

High Level

Houseflies (Musca domestica) are well-known mechanical vectors for spreading multidrug-resistant bacteria. Fish sold in open markets are exposed to houseflies. The present study investigated the prevalence and antibiotypes of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp. in houseflies captured from a fish market. Direct interviews with fish vendors and consumers were also performed to draw their perceptions about the role of flies in spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A total of 60 houseflies were captured from a local fish market in Bangladesh. The presence of Salmonella spp. was confirmed using PCR method. Antibiogram was determined by the disk diffusion method, followed by the detection of tetA, tetB, and qnrA resistance genes by PCR. From the interview, it was found that most of the consumers and vendors were not aware of antibiotic resistance, but reported that flies can carry pathogens. Salmonella spp. were identified from the surface of 34 (56.7%) houseflies, of which 31 (91.2%) were found to be MDR. This study revealed 25 antibiotypes among the isolated Salmonella spp. All tested isolates were found to be resistant to tetracycline. tetA and tetB were detected in 100% and 47.1% of the isolates, respectively. Among the 10 isolates phenotypically found resistant to ciprofloxacin, six (60%) were found to be positive for qnrA gene. As far as we know, this is the first study from Bangladesh to report and describe the molecular detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. in houseflies in a fish market facility. The occurrence of a high level of MDR Salmonella in houseflies in the fish market is of great public health concerns.

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A Reverse Transcriptase PCR Technique for the Detection and Viability Assessment of Kluyveromyces marxianus in Yoghurt

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-69.9.2210 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 69 (9) ◽

pp. 2210-2216 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

MARÍA BELÉN MAYORAL ◽

ROSARIO MARTÍN ◽

PABLO E. HERNÁNDEZ ◽

ISABEL GONZÁLEZ ◽

TERESA GARCÍA

Keyword(s):

Reverse Transcriptase ◽

Kluyveromyces Marxianus ◽

18S Rrna ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Viability Assessment ◽

Reverse Transcriptase Pcr ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Pcr Method ◽

High Level

A fast and sensitive reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) method was developed for the detection of viable Kluyveromyces marxianus in yoghurt. Yeast-specific primers were used with the RT-PCR to evaluate the suitability of 18S rRNA as a target for the detection of viable yeasts in pure culture and yoghurt. The RT-PCR assay was able to detect down to 102 CFU ml−1 in yoghurt samples contaminated with viable yeast cells. Application of the RT-PCR method to commercial yoghurt samples demonstrated the utility of this technique for detection of low concentrations of viable yeast cells in naturally contaminated dairy products. The 18S rRNA molecule is an appropriate target for cell viability assessment because of its limited persistence after cell death and the resultant high level of sensitivity of the assay.

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Differentiation of Pathogenic BartonellaSpecies by Infrequent Restriction Site PCR

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.38.8.3010-3015.2000 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 38 (8) ◽

pp. 3010-3015 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Scott A. Handley ◽

Russell L. Regnery

Keyword(s):

Capillary Electrophoresis ◽

Restriction Endonuclease ◽

Restriction Site ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Ease Of Use ◽

Dna Templates ◽

Pattern Complexity ◽

Double Digestion ◽

Pcr Method ◽

High Level

Infrequent restriction site PCR (IRS-PCR) is a recently described DNA fingerprinting technique based on selective amplification of restriction endonuclease-cleaved fragments. Bartonellaisolates associated with human disease and related nonhuman isolates were analyzed by IRS-PCR genomic fingerprinting. Preparation of DNA templates began with double digestion using three different restriction endonuclease combinations. Combinations included the frequently cutting endonuclease HhaI in conjunction with an infrequently cutting endonuclease, EagI, SmaI, orXbaI. Digestion was followed by ligation of oligonucleotide adapters designed with ends complementary to the restriction endonuclease sites. Amplification of fragments flanked with anEagI, SmaI, or XbaI site in combination with an HhaI site produced a series of different-sized amplicons resolvable into patterns by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The pattern complexity was varied by the addition of selective nucleotides to the 3′ ends of theEagI-, SmaI-, or XbaI-specific primers. Amplicons were also generated with fluorescently labeled primers and were subsequently resolved and detected by capillary electrophoresis. Analysis by traditional slab PAGE and capillary electrophoresis provided suitable resolution of patterns produced with the enzyme combinations EagI-HhaI andSmaI-HhaI. However, the combination ofXbaI-HhaI produced too many fragments for sufficient resolution by traditional PAGE, thus requiring the better resolving properties of capillary electrophoresis. Due to the flexibility in modulating the pattern complexity and electrophoresis methods, these techniques allow for a high level of experimental optimization. The results provide evidence of the discriminatory power, ease of use, and flexibility of the IRS-PCR method as it applies to the identification of human-pathogenic Bartonella species.

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Measles and rubella in the North-West of Russia in period of elimination

Journal Infectology ◽

10.22625/2072-6732-2021-13-4-106-112 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 106-112

Author(s):

M. A. Bichurina ◽

N. V. Zheleznova ◽

A. A. Sharova

Keyword(s):

Measles Virus ◽

Laboratory Diagnostics ◽

Serum Samples ◽

North West ◽

The North ◽

Measles Elimination ◽

Molecular Studies ◽

High Level ◽

Measles Incidence ◽

Virus Strains

Aim: To evaluate the epidemic situation on measles and rubella and to carry out the laboratory diagnostics of these infections in the North-West of Russia in the period of elimination.Materials and Methods. In 2016-2019 a total of 534 blood serum samples from patients with measles diagnosis, 210 – from patients with rubella diagnosis and 1251 – from patients with exanthema were studied by ELISA using “VectoMeasles-IgM” and “EIA-Rubella-IgM” test-systems.Results. Measles incidence in NWR varied from 0 to 0.96 per 100,000 in 2016 and 2019, respectively. Among measles patients the proportion of children and adults changed in 2018-2019, adults constituted 65.9%. Patients not vaccinated against measles and those with the unknown vaccination status were mainly involved in epidemic process (85%). High level of patients with revaccination status was revealed in 2018 (18.4%). These patients demonstrated high levels of IgG (>3.0 IU/ml) as well as high percentage of IgG avidity (>94.3%) on 4-7th day of rash onset thus evidencing secondary immune response. Molecular studies of the samples from patients revealed the circulation of D8 and B3 genotypes of measles virus. Strains of D8 and B3 genotypes were represented by 3 and 4 variants, respectively. Rubella incidence did not exceed 0.13 per 100,000. Strains of rubella virus of genotype 1E were detected.Conclusion. The data of annual measles incidence and molecular studies of circulating wild type measles viruses prove the on-going measles elimination process in the NorthWest of Russia. For rubella, the persistent phase of elimination was demonstrated in the region.

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DISTRIBUTION AND EXPRESSION OF STRIPED CATFISH (Pangasionodon hypophtalmus) GROWTH HORMONE GENE (PhGH) IN THE ORGAN OF AFRICAN CATFISH (Clarias gariepinus) TRANSGENIC FOUNDER

Indonesian Aquaculture Journal ◽

10.15578/iaj.7.1.2012.11-18 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 11

Author(s):

Huria Marnis ◽

Raden Roro Sri Pudji Sinarni Dewi ◽

Imron Imron ◽

Bambang Iswanto

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Clarias Gariepinus ◽

Stomach Muscle ◽

African Catfish ◽

Growth Hormone Gene ◽

Caudal Fin ◽

Expression Levels ◽

Striped Catfish ◽

Pcr Method ◽

High Level

Faster growing African catfish can be produced by transgenesis. This study was conducted to investigate the distribution and expression of growth hormone gene (PhGH) in various organs of the transgenic African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) founder (F0). Transgene was detected using the PCR method in various organs, namely pituitary, brain, liver, heart, spleen, kidney, intestine, stomach, muscle, caudal fin, gill and eye. Transgene expression levels were analyzed using the method of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), -actin gene used as internal controls. The results showed that the PhGH was detected and expressed in all organs of the transgenic African catfish founder. The high level of PhGH expression was found in the liver, pituitary, intestine and brain; smaller amounts were detectable in muscle, spleen, kidneys, heart, and stomach, caudal fin, gill and eyes, range from 0.02-0.75 PhGH/-actin mRNA. The expression levels of PhGH had positive correlation with tissue and body size (P<0.05).

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Comparison of vezikari and clark scale for determination of of viral intestinal infections sevitity and predicting their outputs in children

Journal Infectology ◽

10.22625/2072-6732-2018-10-4-64-71 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 64-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. D. Ermolenko ◽

N. V. Gonchar ◽

M. K. Behtereva ◽

Yu. V. Lobzin

Keyword(s):

Acute Gastroenteritis ◽

Post Infection ◽

Adverse Outcomes ◽

Intestinal Infection ◽

Laboratory Examination ◽

Acute Period ◽

Intestinal Infections

Introduction. To assess the severity of acute gastroenteritis in children, two scales of gravity are used: a 20-pointVesicari scale and a 24-point Clark scale. However, there are significant differences between these scales and there are practically no studies comparing their effectiveness in one representative group of patients. Material and methods: Complex clinical and laboratory examination of 143 children aged 1 to 7 with intestinal viral intestinal infections caused by rotavirus and norovirus was carried out. The severity of the patients’ condition was assessed using both Clark and Vesicary scale. Convalescences continued to be monitored for 12 months to open adverse outcomes. Results: In assessing the severity of viral intestinal infections using Clark and Vesicari scales, there were significant differences in children. The Vesicari scale significantly more accurately estimates the severity of intestinal infection in the acute period of the disease. At the same time, the use of the Clark scale contributes to the refinement of the prognosis for the development of post-infection gastroenterological pathology and its timely prevention. Conclusion: There is a need to create a new scale of universal assessment of the severity of viral intestinal infections that combines the advantages of both scales.

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Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from a Case of Foodborne Outbreak in Bulgaria

Macedonian Veterinary Review ◽

10.2478/macvetrev-2020-0026 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 151-159

Author(s):

Teodora Ivanova ◽

Gergana Krumova-Valcheva ◽

Gergana Mateva ◽

Hristo Daskalov

Keyword(s):

Screening Method ◽

Food Samples ◽

23S Rrna ◽

Foodborne Outbreak ◽

Sandwich Type ◽

Pcr Method ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Species Specific ◽

High Level ◽

The Village

AbstractThis paper presents an outbreak provoked by methicillin-resistant strains of coagulase-positive S. aureus (CPS), produced staphylococcal enterotoxins (se) in pig meatballs and potato salad consumed from 70 people in the village Mamarchevo, Bulgaria. Eighteen women aged 50 to 70 years, and two children aged 4 and 5 years have demonstrated a severe malaise with vomiting and indigestion. Two food samples and isolates of CPS were received in the laboratory of Bulgarian Food Safety Agency. Both samples were found to have a high level of CPS. The level of S. aureus contamination in the potato salad was 8.3 logs CFU/g and 7.7 logs CFU/g in roasted meatballs, which was a significant reason to doubt the production of the toxin. The samples were analyzed according to the European Screening Method v5 using mini VIDAS SET2. The results showed a presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin (TV 2.67 for meatballs and TV 3.27 for potato salad), which was the reason for the ensuing food intoxication. EURL CPS applying quantitative indirect sandwich-type ELISA confirmed the presence of sea, sec and sed in the potato salad and sea and sed in the roasted meatballs. Two CPS isolates were confirmed as S. aureus by a species-specific 23S rRNA targeted PCR test. Real-time PCR method detected sea, sed, seg, sei, sej, and ser genes in S. aureus strains, found in both matrixes. Multiplex PCR method proved the existence of the mecA gene in both S. aureus strains. Resistance to cefoxitin (>16 mg/L), penicillin (>2 mg/L), kanamycin (64 mg/L) and sulfamethoxazole (>512 mg/L) was found.

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Effectiveness of pathogenetic therapy for infectious diarrhea in children with COVID-19

Medical Council ◽

10.21518/2079-701x-2020-18 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

D. A. Khavkina ◽

T. A. Ruzhentsova ◽

R. V. Popova ◽

P. V. Chukhliaev ◽

A. A. Garbuzov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treatment Recommendations ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment ◽

Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽

Basic Information ◽

Infectious Diarrhea ◽

Gastrointestinal Manifestations ◽

Intestinal Infections ◽

Pathogenetic Therapy ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Current Standards

Introduction. The article presents basic information on approaches to pathogenetic therapy of acute intestinal infections. Data from our own research on the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal manifestations of COVID-19 in children aged 3 months to 18 years are presented. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of complex rehydration, cytomucoprotective and probiotic therapy for infectious diarrhea of various etiologies, including those developing with a new coronavirus infection.Materials and methods. We analyzed data from our own observations of patients aged 3 months to 18 years with diarrhea against the background of acute intestinal infections of various etiologies (120 children)), as well as with a new coronavirus infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus (32 children). The children were treated in accordance with current standards and treatment recommendations. Clinical examples are presented.Results and discussion. Diarrhea was observed in 64% of patients with a new coronavirus infection. Clinical cases confirm the effectiveness of rehydration, cytomucoprotective and probiotic therapy for infectious diarrhea, regardless of the etiology, including COVID-19.Conclusions. Diarrhoea and other symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders in COVID-19 are stopped when pathogenetic therapy is recommended for patients with acute intestinal infections.

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