Estimation of air pollution influence on demographic and health of the population of Saratov

The article examines the impact of air pollution on the demographic characteristics of the residents of Saratov. It describes the main air pollutants that have a significant impact on the incidence of non-communicable diseases and child mortality. The author discusses the impact of complex index of air pollution and its components on overall mortality rates, mortality from cancer, respiratory diseases and the mortality rate of children under one year. The research has shown that there is a strong direct relationship between the complex index of air pollution and mortality from respiratory diseases and infant mortality rates. The author also reveals that the total mortality rate is closely associated with the increased content in the air of nitrogen oxide, the mortality rate from cancer with the increased content of nitrogen oxide and phenol, the mortality rate from respiratory diseases with excess of formaldehyde, the mortality rate of children under one year - with excess of formaldehyde and phenol. Despite the importance and relevance of such studies the author notes that it is difficult to access the information about morbidity by classes of diseases, by age and sex of the inhabitants of various administrative areas of the city. It does not enable a full analysis of the current situation and retrospective studies for its prediction.

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Transboundary air pollution and respiratory disease mortality: evidence from European countries

Journal of Economic Studies ◽

10.1108/jes-05-2020-0210 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Jonathan Spiteri ◽

Philip von Brockdorff

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Content Type ◽

Transboundary Air Pollution ◽

Per Capita ◽

Cross Country ◽

And Control ◽

The Impact

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to quantify the impact of transboundary air pollutants, particularly those related to urban traffic, on health outcomes. The importance of focusing on the health implications of transboundary pollution is due to the fact that these emissions originate from another jurisdiction, thus constituting international negative externalities. Thus, by isolating and quantifying the impact of these transboundary air pollutants on domestic health outcomes, the authors can understand more clearly the extent of these externalities, identify their ramifications for health and emphasise the importance of cross-country cooperation in the fight against air pollution.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employ panel data regression analysis to look at the relationship between emissions of transboundary air pollution and mortality rates from various respiratory diseases among a sample of 40 European countries, over the period 2003–2014. In turn, the authors use annual data on transboundary emissions of sulphur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), together with detailed data on the per capita incidence of various respiratory diseases, including lung cancer, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The authors consider a number of different regression equation specifications and control for potential confounders like the quality of healthcare and economic prosperity within each country.FindingsThe results show that transboundary emissions of PM2.5 are positively and significantly related to mortality rates from asthma in our sample of countries. Quantitatively, a 10% increase in PM2.5 transboundary emissions per capita from neighbouring countries is associated with a 1.4% increase in the asthma mortality rate within the recipient country or roughly 200 deaths by asthma per year across our sample.Originality/valueThese findings have important policy implications for cross-country cooperation and regulation in the field of pollution abatement and control, particularly since all the countries under consideration form a part of the UN's Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP), a transnational cooperative agreement aimed at curtailing such pollutants on an international level.

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Excess mortality in Wuhan city and other parts of China during the three months of the covid-19 outbreak: findings from nationwide mortality registries

BMJ ◽

10.1136/bmj.n415 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. n415

Author(s):

Jiangmei Liu ◽

Lan Zhang ◽

Yaqiong Yan ◽

Yuchang Zhou ◽

Peng Yin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Rate Ratio ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Total Mortality ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Wuhan City ◽

Death Rates ◽

Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽

Dsp System

Abstract Objective To assess excess all cause and cause specific mortality during the three months (1 January to 31 March 2020) of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) outbreak in Wuhan city and other parts of China. Design Nationwide mortality registries. Setting 605 urban districts and rural counties in China’s nationally representative Disease Surveillance Point (DSP) system. Participants More than 300 million people of all ages. Main outcome measures Observed overall and weekly mortality rates from all cause and cause specific diseases for three months (1 January to 31 March 2020) of the covid-19 outbreak compared with the predicted (or mean rates for 2015-19) in different areas to yield rate ratio. Results The DSP system recorded 580 819 deaths from January to March 2020. In Wuhan DSP districts (n=3), the observed total mortality rate was 56% (rate ratio 1.56, 95% confidence interval 1.33 to 1.87) higher than the predicted rate (1147 v 735 per 100 000), chiefly as a result of an eightfold increase in deaths from pneumonia (n=1682; 275 v 33 per 100 000; 8.32, 5.19 to 17.02), mainly covid-19 related, but a more modest increase in deaths from certain other diseases, including cardiovascular disease (n=2347; 408 v 316 per 100 000; 1.29, 1.05 to 1.65) and diabetes (n=262; 46 v 25 per 100 000; 1.83, 1.08 to 4.37). In Wuhan city (n=13 districts), 5954 additional (4573 pneumonia) deaths occurred in 2020 compared with 2019, with excess risks greater in central than in suburban districts (50% v 15%). In other parts of Hubei province (n=19 DSP areas), the observed mortality rates from pneumonia and chronic respiratory diseases were non-significantly 28% and 23% lower than the predicted rates, despite excess deaths from covid-19 related pneumonia. Outside Hubei (n=583 DSP areas), the observed total mortality rate was non-significantly lower than the predicted rate (675 v 715 per 100 000), with significantly lower death rates from pneumonia (0.53, 0.46 to 0.63), chronic respiratory diseases (0.82, 0.71 to 0.96), and road traffic incidents (0.77, 0.68 to 0.88). Conclusions Except in Wuhan, no increase in overall mortality was found during the three months of the covid-19 outbreak in other parts of China. The lower death rates from certain non-covid-19 related diseases might be attributable to the associated behaviour changes during lockdown.

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Malnutrition and biological frailty are independent and complementary predictors of one-year mortality in women after primary angioplasty for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.3167 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

R Arroyo-Espliguero ◽

M.C Viana-Llamas ◽

A Silva-Obregon ◽

A Estrella-Alonso ◽

C Marian-Crespo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Primary Angioplasty ◽

Prognostic Impact ◽

St Segment Elevation ◽

Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction ◽

Kaplan Meier ◽

St Segment ◽

One Year ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Malnutrition and sarcopenia are common features of frailty. Prevalence of frailty among ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients is higher in women than men. Purpose Assess gender-based differences in the impact of nutritional risk index (NRI) and frailty in one-year mortality rate among STEMI patients following primary angioplasty (PA). Methods Cohort of 321 consecutive patients (64 years [54–75]; 22.4% women) admitted to a general ICU after PA for STEMI. NRI was calculated as 1.519 × serum albumin (g/L) + 41.7 × (actual body weight [kg]/ideal weight [kg]). Vulnerable and moderate to severe NRI patients were those with Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS)≥4 and NRI<97.5, respectively. We used Kaplan-Meier survival model. Results Baseline and mortality variables of 4 groups (NRI-/CFS-; NRI+/CFS-; NRI+/CFS- and NRI+/CFS+) are depicted in the Table. Prevalence of malnutrition, frailty or both were significantly greater in women (34.3%, 10% y 21.4%, respectively) than in men (28.9%, 2.8% y 6.0%, respectively; P<0.001). Women had greater mortality rate (20.8% vs. 5.2%: OR 4.78, 95% CI, 2.15–10.60, P<0.001), mainly from cardiogenic shock (P=0.003). Combination of malnutrition and frailty significantly decreased cumulative one-year survival in women (46.7% vs. 73.3% in men, P<0.001) Conclusion Among STEMI patients undergoing PA, the prevalence of malnutrition and frailty are significantly higher in women than in men. NRI and frailty had an independent and complementary prognostic impact in women with STEMI. Kaplan-Meier and Cox survival curves Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

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Impact of the period of the day on mortality and major cardiovascular complications after vascular surgeries

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.3213 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

F.A.M Cardozo ◽

T Artioli ◽

B Caramelli ◽

D Calderaro ◽

P.C Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multivariable Analysis ◽

Total Mortality ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Cardiovascular Complications ◽

Cardiac Complications ◽

Funding Source ◽

Confounding Variables ◽

Significant Difference ◽

One Year ◽

Night Period

Abstract Introduction Patients submitted to arterial vascular surgeries are at a high risk of postoperative cardiac and non-cardiac complications, therefore developing strategies to lower perioperative complications is essential to optimize outcomes for this subgroup. Recent studies have suggested that the period of the day in which surgeries are performed may influence postoperative major cardiovascular complications but there is still no evidence of this association in vascular surgeries. Purpose Our goal is to evaluate whether the period of the day in which surgeries are performed may influence mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing non-cardiac vascular procedures. Methods Patients who underwent non-cardiac vascular surgeries between 2012 and 2018 were prospectively included at our cohort. For this analysis, subjects were categorized into two groups: those who underwent surgery in the morning (7am - 12am) and those who underwent surgery in the afternoon/night (12:01pm - 6:59am). The primary endpoints were to compare the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE - acute myocardial infarction, acute heart failure, arrhythmias, and cardiovascular death) and total mortality between morning and afternoon/night surgeries within 30 days and one year. The secondary endpoint was the incidence of perioperative myocardial injury (PMI) in both groups. PMI was defined as an absolute elevation of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) concentrations ≥14ng/L. Multivariable analysis using Cox proportional regression (with Hazard Ratio – HR and Confidence Interval – 95% CI) was performed to adjust for confounding variables, including emergency and urgent surgeries. Results Of 1267 patients included, 1002 (79.1%) underwent vascular surgery in the morning and 265 (20.9%) in the afternoon/night. After adjusting for confounding variables, the incidence of MACE at 30 days was higher among those who underwent surgery in the afternoon/night period (37.4% vs 20.4% – HR 1.43, 95% CI: 1.10–1.85; p=0.008). Mortality rates were also elevated in the afternoon/night group (21.5% vs 9.9%, HR 1.59, 95% CI: 1.10–2.29; p=0.013). After one-year of follow-up the worst outcomes persisted in patients operated in the afternoon/night: higher incidence of MACE (37.7% vs 21.2%, HR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.06–1.78; p=0.017) and mortality (35.8% vs 17.6%, HR 1.72, 95% CI 1.31–2.27; p<0.001). There was no significant difference in the incidence of PMI between groups (p=0.8). Conclusions In this group of patients, being operated in the afternoon/night period was independently associated with increased mortality rates and incidence of MACE. Mortality and MACE at one year Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Foundation. Main funding source(s): FAPESP - Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo

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Investigating the Spread of Coronavirus Disease via Edge-AI and Air Pollution Correlation

ACM Transactions on Internet Technology ◽

10.1145/3424222 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

V. Gomathy ◽

K. Janarthanan ◽

Fadi Al-Turjman ◽

R. Sitharthan ◽

M. Rajesh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Air Pollution ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Past Research ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Machine Learning Method ◽

Learning Method ◽

Death Rates ◽

Using Data

Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious viral disease affecting millions of people worldwide in 2020. Several studies have shown that COVID-19 results in a severe acute respiratory syndrome and may lead to death. In past research, a greater number of respiratory diseases has been caused by exposure to air pollution for long periods of time. This article investigates the spread of COVID-19 as a result of air pollution by applying linear regression in machine learning method based edge computing. The analysis in this investigation have been based on the death rates caused by COVID-19 as well as the region of death rates based on hazardous air pollution using data retrieved from the Copernicus Sentinel-5P satellite. The results obtained in the investigation prove that the mortality rate due to the spread of COVID-19 is 77% higher in areas with polluted air. This investigation also proves that COVID-19 severely affected 68% of the individuals who had been exposed to polluted air.

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Endovascular Aortic Repair in Patients of Advanced Age

Journal of Endovascular Therapy ◽

10.1177/15266028211049342 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 152660282110493

Author(s):

Mitri K. Khoury ◽

Micah A. Thornton ◽

Christopher A. Heid ◽

Jacqueline Babb ◽

Bala Ramanan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Survival Benefit ◽

Elective Surgery ◽

Endovascular Aneurysm Repair ◽

The Elderly ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Current Data ◽

Aortic Aneurysms ◽

Advanced Age ◽

The Impact

Purpose: Treatment decisions for the elderly with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are challenging. With advancing age, the risk of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) increases while life expectancy decreases, which may nullify the benefit of EVAR. The purpose of this study was to quantify the impact of EVAR on 1-year mortality in patients of advanced age. Materials and Methods: The 2003–2020 Vascular Quality Initiative Database was utilized to identify patients who underwent EVAR for AAAs. Patients were included if they were 80 years of age or older. Exclusions included non-elective surgery or missing aortic diameter data. Predicted 1-year mortality of untreated AAAs was calculated based on a validated comorbidity score that predicts 1-year mortality (Gagne Index, excluding the component associated with AAAs) plus the 1-year aneurysm-related mortality without repair. The primary outcome for the study was 1-year mortality. Results: A total of 11 829 patients met study criteria. The median age was 84 years [81, 86] with 9014 (76.2%) being male. Maximal AAA diameters were apportioned as follows: 39.6% were <5.5 cm, 28.6% were 5.5–5.9 cm, 21.3% were 6.0–6.9 cm, and 10.6% were ≥7.0 cm. The predicted 1-year mortality rate without EVAR was 11.9%, which was significantly higher than the actual 1-year mortality rate with EVAR (8.2%; p<0.001). The overall rate of perioperative MACE was 4.4% (n = 516). Patients with an aneurysm diameter <5.5cm had worse actual 1-year mortality rates with EVAR compared to predicted 1-year mortality rates without EVAR. In contrast, those with larger aneurysms (≥5.5cm) had better actual 1-year mortality rates with EVAR. The benefit from EVAR for those with Gagne Indices 2–5 was largely restricted to those with AAAs ≥ 7.0cm; whereas those with Gagne Indices 0–1 experience a survival benefit for AAAs larger than 5.5 cm. Conclusion: The current data suggest that EVAR decreases 1-year mortality rates for patients of advanced age compared to non-operative management in the elderly. However, the survival benefit is largely limited to those with Gagne Indices 0–1 with AAAs ≥ 5.5 cm and Gagne Indices 2–5 with AAAs ≥ 7.0 cm. Those of advanced age may benefit from EVAR, but realizing this benefit requires careful patient selection.

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Reducing future air pollution-related premature mortality over Europe by mitigating emissions: assessing an 80 % renewable energies scenario

10.5194/acp-2021-86 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Patricia Tarín-Carrasco ◽

Ulas Im ◽

Camilla Geels ◽

Laura Palacios-Peña ◽

Pedro Jiménez-Guerrero

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Fine Particles ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Premature Mortality ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

European Population ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Future Scenarios ◽

Mitigation Scenario ◽

The Impact

Abstract. Worldwide air quality has worsened in the last decades as a consequence of increased anthropogenic emissions, in particular from the sector of power generation. The evidence of the effects of atmospheric pollution (and particularly fine particulate matter, PM2.5) on human health is unquestionable nowadays, producing mainly cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, morbidity and even mortality. These effects can even enhance in the future as a consequence of climate penalties and future changes in the population projected. Because of all these reasons, the main objective of this contribution is the estimation of annual excess premature deaths (PD) associated to PM2.5 on present (1991–2010) and future (2031–2050) European population by using non-linear exposure-response functions. The endpoints included are Lung Cancer (LC), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Low Respiratory Infections (LRI), Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), cerebrovascular disease (CEV) and other Non-Communicable Diseases (other NCD). PM2.5 concentrations come from coupled chemistry-climate regional simulations under present and RCP8.5 future scenarios. The cases assessed include the estimation of the present incidence of PD (PRE-P2010), the quantification of the role of a changing climate on PD (FUT-P2010) and the importance of changes in the population projected for the year 2050 on the incidence of excess PD (FUT-P2050). Two additional cases (REN80-P2010 and REN80-P2050) evaluate the impact on premature mortality rates of a mitigation scenario in which the 80 % of European energy production comes from renewables sources. The results indicate that PM2.5 accounts for nearly 895,000 [95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) 725,000-1,056,000] annual excess PD over Europe, with IHD being the largest contributor to premature mortality associated to fine particles in both present and future scenarios. The case isolating the effects of climate penalty (FUT-P2010) estimates a variation +0.2 % on mortality rates over the whole domain. However, under this scenario the incidence of PD over central Europe will benefit from a decrease of PM2.5 (−2.2 PD/100,000 h.) while in eastern (+1.3 PD/100,000 h.) and western (+0.4 PD/100,000 h.) Europe PD will increase due to increased PM2.5 levels. The changes in the projected population (FUT-P2050) will lead to a large increase of annual excess PD (1,540,000, 95 % CI 1,247,000-1,818,000), +71.96 % with respect to PRE-P2010 and +71.67 % to FUT-P2010) due to the aging of the European population. Last, the mitigation scenario (REN80-P2050) demonstrates that the effects of a mitigation policy increasing the ratio of renewable sources in the energy mix energy could lead to a decrease of over 60,000 (95 % CI 48,500-70,900) annual PD for the year 2050 (a decrease of −4 % in comparison with the no-mitigation scenario, FUT-P2050). In spite of the uncertainties inherent to future estimations, this contribution reveals the need of the governments and public entities to take action and bet for air pollution mitigation policies.

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Withdrawal of Care in a Trauma Intensive Care Unit: The Impact on Mortality Rate

The American Surgeon ◽

10.1177/000313481408000824 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 80 (8) ◽

pp. 764-767 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Leonard J. Weireter ◽

Jay N. Collins ◽

Rebecca C. Britt ◽

T. J. Novosel ◽

L. D. Britt

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care Unit ◽

Decision Making ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Trauma Center ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Active Aging ◽

Neurologic Injury ◽

Trauma Service ◽

The Impact ◽

Overall Mortality

Withdrawal of care has increased in recent years as the population older than 65 years of age has increased. We sought to investigate the impact of this decision on our mortality rate. We retrospectively reviewed a prospectively collected database to determine the percentage of cases in which care was actively withdrawn. Neurologic injury as the cause for withdrawal, age of the patient, number of days to death, number of cases thought to be treatment failures, and the reason for failure were analyzed. Between January 2008 and December 2012, there were 536 trauma service deaths; 158 (29.5%) had care withdrawn. These patients were 67 (6 18.5) years old and neurologic injury was responsible in 63 per cent (6 5.29%). Fifty-two per cent of the patients died by Day 3; 65 per cent by Day 5; and 74 per cent Day 7. A total of 22.7 per cent (6 7.9%) could be considered a treatment failure. Accounting for cases in which care was withdrawn for futility would decrease the overall mortality rate by approximately 23 per cent. Trauma center mortality calculation does not account for care withdrawn. Treating an active, aging population, with advance directives, requires methodologies that account for such decision-making when determining mortality rates.

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Age, growth, mortality and yield per recruit of the dourado Salminus brasiliensis, Corumbá Reservoir, Goiás State, Brazil

Neotropical Ichthyology ◽

10.1590/s1679-62252009000200014 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 223-230 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Claudenice Dei Tos ◽

Luiz Carlos Gomes ◽

Angelo Antônio Agostinho ◽

Rosana Paulo Batista

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Total Mortality ◽

Fishing Effort ◽

Average Weight ◽

Migratory Species ◽

Reservoir Impoundment ◽

Annual Total ◽

One Year ◽

Yield Per Recruit ◽

Salminus Brasiliensis

In order to evaluate the fate of the migratory species dourado Salminus brasiliensis in the first years of impoundment in Corumbá Reservoir we estimated age, growth, mortality and yield per recruit. Samplings were carried out monthly in Corumbá Reservoir and its main tributaries (Goiás State) from March 1998 to February 1999 using gillnets. After one year of impoundment, age was estimated from scales and the maximum number of rings was six for males and five for females. Rings are formed annually in May and June. The asymptotic length and growth rate for males and females were 37.1 cm and 0.77 and 56.6 cm and 0.52, respectively. A dominance of juveniles was verified in the reservoir and its tributaries. The instantaneous total mortality rate (Z) was 1.59 and the annual total mortality rate (A) was 79.6%. The highest yield per recruit (1200g) and the highest average weight (1900g) were obtained in simulations with low values of fishing (F) and natural (M) mortalities. Based on the above information we describe the Corumbá Reservoir impoundment has influenced the growth of the dourado. As regards this study, we recommend that the fishing effort not be applied during the trophic upsurge period and that the monitoring of the dourado assemblage continue. Fishery programs management for this species should be carried out with subsequent monitoring involving efficient communication, realistic practices and involvement of fisher organizations.

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Ecological Study on Hospitalizations for Cancer, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Diseases in the Industrial Area of Etang-de-Berre in the South of France

Journal of Environmental and Public Health ◽

10.1155/2013/328737 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Laurence Pascal ◽

Mathilde Pascal ◽

Morgane Stempfelet ◽

Sarah Goria ◽

Christophe Declercq

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Air Pollution ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Ecological Study ◽

Industrial Area ◽

Excess Risk ◽

Reference Level ◽

The South ◽

Industrial Air Pollution ◽

The Impact

The Etang-de-Berre area is a large industrialized area in the South of France, exposing 300,000 inhabitants to the plumes of its industries. The possible associated health risks are of the highest concern to the population, who asked for studies investigating their health status. A geographical ecological study based on standardized hospitalizations ratios for cancer, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases was carried out over the 2004–2007 period. Exposure to air pollution was assessed using dispersion models coupled with a geographic information system to estimate an annual mean concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO2) for each district. Results showed an excess risk of hospitalization for myocardial infarction in women living in districts with medium or high SO2exposure, respectively, 38% [CI 95% 4 : 83] and 54% [14 : 110] greater than women living in districts at the reference level exposure. A 26% [2 : 57] excess risk of hospitalization for myocardial infarction was also observed in men living in districts with high SO2levels. No excess risk of hospitalization for respiratory diseases or for cancer was observed, except for acute leukemia in men only. Results illustrate the impact of industrial air pollution on the cardiovascular system and call for an improvement of the air quality in the area.

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