scholarly journals Interpretation of the concept «social Darwinism» in Western and Russian historiography of the late XIX - early XXI century

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 126-133
Author(s):  
Pavel Nicolaevich Mukhataev
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Thought ◽  
Social Darwinism ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Origin Of Species ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xix Century

The article discusses various meanings of social Darwinism from the late XIX century, when the term began to be used by scientists, to the twentieth - early twenty-first centuries. The author explores the historiography of the question about the influence of Charles Darwins work Origin of species on the emergence and development of the social Darwinism ideology. The author also discusses the question of Herbert Spensers contribution to the formation and development of this concept and the social-Darwinian ideology in general. The paper contains a comparative analysis of the term social Darwinism usage in the Russian and English languages. Several periods of social Darwinism phenomenon research are distinguished: pre-revolutionary, Soviet and Russian. Each of them has a number of features that directly affect image and understanding of social Darwinism. The author considers the interpretation of social Darwinism concept in the context of large-scale political changes, scientific discoveries, cultural changes in the nineteenth, twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The article shows an attempt to interpret the essence of such an ambivalent phenomenon in the history of social thought as social-Darwinist ideology through the research of the evolution of the scholars interpretation of social Darwinism.

scholarly journals Prerequisites of feminist discourse formation in Russian sociology of the XIX c.: M. I. Mikhailov .

2021 ◽  
pp. 116-125
Author(s):  
Sergey Baturenko
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Social Thought ◽  
The Social ◽  
Feminist Discourse ◽  
Dependent Position ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Classical Sociology

The article considers the ideas of the Russian writer, poet and journalist M. I. Mikhailov, that became intellectual prerequisites for the formation of feminist discourse in Russian sociology of the XIX century. Domestic thinkers have contributed greatly to the emergence in Russia of feminism as a social phenomenon and the theory of feminism in the history of Russian social thought. The specifics of historical and cultural development have influenced the reflection of many issues within the social sciences, including the need to explore the “female issue” in sociology. The author shows that the problem of the position of women in society is markedly expressed in the context of Russian culture and is widely revealed in Russian literature in the works of famous writers, poets, journalists, philosophers, in particular in the works of M. Mikhailov. This article can be considered as an attempt to develop and deepen courses on the history of Russian sociology, it gives an idea of how feminist discourse was formed in classical sociology. The presentation of the problem of inequality, overcoming the dependent position of women and ensuring their rights in Russia differs from the Western specificity. This difference is reflected in the works of M. Mikhailov. The author shows significant influence on shaping the feminist discourse of European scholars, on the one hand. On the other hand, the author describes a revision and critical analysis of these ideas in the works of the Russian writer. The article analyzed Mikhailov’s creativity as one of the components of the process of spiritual and intellectual development of Russian social thought, immediately preceding the emergence of sociology in Russia and the formation of feminist discourse within some leading scientific schools.

Management Decisions in the Russian Military Education System: Socio-Humanitarian aspect (second half of the XIX – early XX centuries)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
С.Д. Половецкий
Keyword(s):  
Positive Result ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Military Education ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Military Reform ◽  
The Social ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
Xix Century

в статье обосновывается объективная необходимость изменения системы управления военным образованием в рамках проведения военной реформы второй половины XIX века. Проводимые мероприятия опирались на достижения русской педагогической мысли и военной педагогики. Комплекс управленческих решений был теоретически обоснованным, проводился последовательно и поступательно, до достижения необходимого положительного результата. Решить масштабные и сложные задачи оптимизации процесса военного образования было бы невозможно без усиления внимания к социально-гуманитарным дисциплинам, преподаваемых в военно-учебных заведениях. Накопленный исторический опыт реализации принятых управленческих решений актуален и востребован в настоящее время. the article substantiates the objective need to change the management system of military education in the framework of military reform in the second half of the XIX century. The events were based on the achievements of Russian pedagogical thought and military pedagogy. It is emphasized that the complex of management decisions was theoretically justified, carried out consistently and progressively, until the necessary positive result was achieved. It would be impossible to solve these large–scale and complex tasks of optimizing the process of military education without increasing attention to the social and humanitarian disciplines taught in military educational institutions. The accumulated historical experience of implementing management decisions is relevant and may be in demand at the present time.

The Social Life of Fighting Words

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-124
Author(s):  
Ronald S. Stade
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Political Correctness ◽  
Conceptual History ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
Political Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Contemporary Context

Political correctness has become a fighting word used to dismiss and discredit political opponents. The article traces the conceptual history of this fighting word. In anthropological terms, it describes the social life of the concept of political correctness and its negation, political incorrectness. It does so by adopting a concept-in-motion methodology, which involves tracking the concept through various cultural and political regimes. It represents an attempt to synthesize well-established historiographic and anthropological approaches. A Swedish case is introduced that reveals the kind of large-scale historical movements and deep-seated political conflicts that provide the contemporary context for political correctness and its negation. Thereupon follows an account of the conceptual history of political correctness from the eighteenth century up to the present. Instead of a conventional conclusion, the article ends with a political analysis of the current rise of fascism around the world and how the denunciation of political correctness is both indicative of and instrumental in this process.

scholarly journals Public charity as the activity of Ust-Sysolsk “local community” in the second half of XIX century

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
Anna K. Gagieva
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Komi Republic ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
Public Performance ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Central Russia ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xix Century

The article discusses the social charity of “local community” in Ust -Sysolsk in the second half of the XIX century. We define “local community” as a voluntary, self-determining citizens association, designed or not properly executed legally for the solution of urgent problems of non-productive and non-commercial nature. The aim of the work is to study public charity as an activity of “local community” in Ust-Sysolsk in the second half of the XIX century. The provisions of the work can be used for educational and methodological materials on the subject “History of Finno-Ugric regions and countries”, “History of everyday life”, “History of the Komi Republic” and others. The research methodology is based on a systematic approach, which includes structural, legal, historical and other methods of research. The materials are based on published and unpublished historical sources, such as legislative materials, statistics, documentation, as well as archival materials. Central Russia and the Urals had already introduced charities in the mid of XX century, while in the research area public charity was just beginning and was manifested through the social work of the Russian Orthodox Church, amateur associations and companies. Forms of public charity varied: fundraising, purchase of tools, equipment and materials for events and others. Public charity, “local community”, in Ust-Sysolsk developed within the framework of modernization processes of the second half of the nineteenth century. It led to the evolution of «local community» into a civil society. The emergence of new public organizations and active public charity contributed to the development of new forms of self-organization. In the city of Ust-Sysolsk, there was an upsurge of public life and public performance. The appearance of self-governing organizations “local community” was facilitated by the loyal policies of the district and provincial government. As historical sources show that we can talk about mutual understanding and cooperation between the authorities and the “local community”. Carrying out public charity, it provided public functions of traditional culture maintenance, the organization of leisure, cultural and educational activities.

scholarly journals The Reformation of Hell? Protestant and Catholic Infernalisms in England, c. 1560–1640

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER MARSHALL
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Social History ◽  
English Language ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Despite a recent expansion of interest in the social history of death, there has been little scholarly examination of the impact of the Protestant Reformation on perceptions of and discourses about hell. Scholars who have addressed the issue tend to conclude that Protestant and Catholic hells differed little from each other in the Elizabethan and early Stuart periods. This article undertakes a comparative analysis of printed English-language sources, and finds significant disparities on questions such as the location of hell and the nature of hell-fire. It argues that such divergences were polemically driven, but none the less contributed to the so-called ‘decline of hell’.

scholarly journals MANSIONS AND RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS OF NOVOCHERKASSK 1900–1910

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
A. Ivanova-Ilyicheva ◽  
N. Orekhov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Space Planning ◽  
Residential Architecture ◽  
Dwelling House ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
Folk Tradition ◽  
The City

Mansions and individual residential houses of the early XX century form the basis of the historical center of Novocherkassk. The building of the city harmoniously combines features of traditional Cossack housing and adherence to the capital's architectural fashion, imitation of St. Petersburg. The history of the formation of the city, the social structure of the population, economy and culture determined the features of its architecture. In preparing the article, the methods of field and historical archival research, comparative analysis of works and their details, the method of analogies are used. A comprehensive analysis of typical objects – the mansion of G.M. Salnikov, the Shamarins' mansion, the house of the ataman A.V. Samsonov, residential buildings of the military master V.A. Ratchenkov and the сossack I.A. Suslova. The space-planning, compositional, architectural and artistic features of Novocherkassk mansions and residential buildings in the 1900–1910 s are identified. The authors present the patterns of location of two types of housing in the structure of the city. The tendencies of the Art Nouveau style in the mansions are revealed. A comparative analysis of the functional planning organization and artistic-figurative solution of the Cossack kuren and the city dwelling house is carried out. The study shows the influence of two trends on the residential architecture of Novocherkassk in 1900–1910 – the capital's professional design practice and the local folk tradition.

scholarly journals Correction of the object of social experiments D. A. Stolypin

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-84
Author(s):  
O. М. Приймак ◽  
Ю. O. Приймак
Keyword(s):  
Social Experiment ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Scientific Heritage ◽  
Social Experiments ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Economic Ties

The publication deals with the problem of correction of an object that occurred during the social experiment carried out by one of the first Russian sociologists, a follower of Auguste Comte, Dmitry Arkadievich Stolypin (1818 – 1893). In accordance with the level of development of sociological science of the last quarter of the XIX century the definition of the concept of «social experiment» was formulated. The reasons for the social experiment, conducted by D.A. Stolypin during 1874 – 1893 in Mordvinovka Village of Berdyansk District of Taurida Governorate (present Mordvinovka Village in Melitopol District of Zaporozhye Region) were identified. Among them, as the main ones, are indicated the crisis of landlord economy and peasant land shortage, in the conditions of the development of agrarian capitalism in the south of Ukraine. It is proved that the goal of the social experiment completely coincided with the direction of the search for social support in the village by the imperial top. The analysis of historical sources allowed the authors to establish that its essence was to create rental farms on landowner lands increasing the profitability of the latter and to popularize among the local peasantry the leading forms of intensive local economic management. Research revealed that in accordance with the sociological concept of D.A. Stolypin local peasants were the object of the experiment, who were asked to break economic ties with the rural community and get the farm in the medium-term lease. The formulation of criteria for comparative analysis made it possible to distinguish three stages in the course of the experiment – 1874-1877 years, 1878-1888 years, 1889-1893 years. The main argument in favor of such approach was not the fact of introducing changes in lease agreements with farmers as much as the involvement of peasants from different social strata in the experiment. Authors found that at the first stage farmers were the representatives of the kulak and prosperous strata of the peasantry, at the second – among the wealthy tenants there were peasants of medium welfare, and at the third – the wealthy and middle peasants were equally divided. The intermediate results of the social experiments by D.A. Stolypin, which were researched in terms of improvements of material facilities, increasing the area of cultivated land and monetary incomes, including farmers in the channels of upward vertical social mobility and changing their social status. At the same time, the article emphasizes that scientific heritage of O. Comte, A. Smith, G. Spencer, as well as the foreign experience of agrarian transformations and knowledge of local economic traditions which were used by sociologist-amateur betrayed the ideas of the formed farm settlement. Social experiment D.A. Stolypin is described in the publication as the longest in the history of national sociology.

scholarly journals Socio-economic inequality: essence, cyclicality of the dynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-55
Author(s):  
Vasylyna Podliesna ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Average Level ◽  
Mass Mobilization ◽  
Economic Cycles ◽  
The Social ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Four Horsemen ◽  
Xix Century

The article considers socio-economic inequality as a social phenomenon inherent in all historical forms of society, which is characterized by the exploitation of wide circles of population by the elite. It is generated by the basic economic law of each historical form of antagonistic society and is expressed in the periodic aggravation of class contradictions. The most important component of social inequality in capitalist society is economic inequality. There is a relationship between the economic growth and inequality of income that S. Kuznets was one of the first to prove. P. Sorokin, justifying the hypothesis of the cyclicality of fluctuations in the average level of welfare and income within a certain society, appealed to the existence of "small business cycles", and explained by the existence of Kondratiev waves the tendency towards the increase in the average level of income and welfare, manifested in the second half of XIX century in some countries. The author analyzes the close relationship between the dynamics of inequality and social processes, whose driving force is violence – "four horsemen of the equalization": the war with mass mobilization, the transformational revolution, the decay of the state and the lethal pandemic, – as established by W. Scheidel; it is the "four horsemen of the equalization" that reduce the gap between rich and poor, that is, the social inequality is temporarily smoothed destructively. It has been established that during large-scale wars, revolutions, the destruction of states there is a permission of cyclically exacerbating contradictions of social development, which generate the deployment of long-term socio-economic cycles (cycles of changing the forms of society; hegemony establishment cycles in the world-system, long political cycles, Kondratiev waves, etc.). Therefore, the changes in the levels of socio-economic inequality generated by these "horsemen of the equalization" are also cyclic.

scholarly journals Covid-19 transmission dynamics during the unlock phase and significance of testing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhijit Paul ◽  
Samrat Chatterjee ◽  
Nandadulal Bairagi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Epidemic Curve ◽  
Large Scale Testing ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lower Growth Rate

The pandemic disease Covid-19 caused by SARS-COV-2, which emerged from Wuhan, China, has established itself as the most devastating disease in the history of infectious disease, affecting 216 countries/territories across the world. Different countries have developed and adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were the social distancing and lockdown. Though some countries have come out of this pandemic, the infection is still increasing and remains very serious in the rest of the world. Even when the disease is not under control, many countries have withdrawn the lockdown and going through the phase-wise unlocking process, causing a further increment in the infection rate. In such a scenario, the role of the undetected class of infected individuals has become very crucial. The present study is an attempt to understand and estimate the possible epidemic burden during the unlock phase in the presence of an undetected class. We proposed a modified SEIR model and dissected the epidemiological status of different countries with the available data. With the initial establishment of the model with the epidemic data of four countries, which have already attained the epidemic peak, the study focused more on countries like India and the USA, where the epidemic curve is still growing, but the unlock process has started. As a straightforward result, we noticed a significant increase in the undetected and detected infected cases under the ongoing unlock phase. Under such conditions, our recalibration exercise showed that an increase in the testing could revert the existing growth rate of the infected cases to the lower growth rate of the lockdown period. Our present study emphasizes on the implementation of 3T principles, trace, test, and treat, to contain the epidemic. The significance of large scale testing in controlling the epidemic is true for both India and the USA though they have different socio-economic conditions. The use of repurposing drugs may further decrease the infected cases and help the disease controlling process. We believe our proposed strategy obtained through a mathematical model will help to make a better policy for the unlock phase.

Religion and Book Cultures in America

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Hedstrom
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
First Century ◽  
Forthcoming Article ◽  
Joseph Smith ◽  
Institutional Authority ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
A Site

This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Please check back later for the full article. At the center of the long, intertwined history of religion and books in America from the early seventeenth century to the early twenty-first century is the dynamic interplay of Protestantism and print in American culture. The Protestant doctrine of sola scriptura energized the publication of Bibles in vernacular languages. The first large-scale publishing project in North America was John Eliot’s Algonquin Bible of 1663. From these beginnings, though the nineteenth-century Bible and tract societies, to the Christian Booksellers Association of the early twenty-first century, the story of Protestant community life and evangelism in America has been inseparable from the Protestant drive to control and disseminate print. Protestantism shaped both American religious history and the history of American reading, as the drive for mass literacy in New England and the early public school movement were largely driven by the religious imperative to access the Word. Yet all along, print has also served as a site of religious conflict and a tool of religious innovation. These conflicts can be tracked through the writings of Thomas Paine, Joseph Smith, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and other religious dissenters and innovators, structured around four large themes: the relationship between scriptural and nonscriptural forms of print; the role of print in bolstering institutional authority on one hand and in undermining authority on the other; the gendered dimensions of reading, literacy, and authorship; and print as commodity and therefore as a site where market dynamics shape religion with particular potency.

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