scholarly journals Association between sociodemographic variables and awareness of diabetic retinopathy among type 2 diabetic patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Kasim Yasar Kannappillil Muhammedali ◽  
V. Sahasranamam ◽  
Saji Nair Ambika
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Duration Of Diabetes

Background: Early detection of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most important factor in reducing the blinding complications due to diabetes. Study of the various socio-demographic factors affecting awareness of DR will help us to formulate effective screening programs for early detection. Objectives of the study were to find the sociodemographic determinants associated with awareness of DR and to evaluate the association of stage of DR with awareness about diabetic retinopathy.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 384 patients who had been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus in various medical camps and diabetic clinics at Thiruvananthapuram. Socio demographic variables and awareness were assessed using structured self-administered questionnaire. Dilated fundus evaluation was done and retinopathy classified. Data entered to excel sheet and analysis done using statistical software (SPSS version 20).Results: Among the 384 patients, 44.9% were diagnosed to have diabetic retinopathy. Among the diagnosed 41.6% had mild non proliferative DR (NPDR), 33.0% had moderate NPDR, 11.45% had severe NPDR. 13.4% of subjects were diagnosed to have proliferative DR. 53.1% of the subjects with diabetic retinopathy had clinically significant macular edema. There was no statistically significant association between the stage of DR to awareness. Among the socio demographic variables, significant positive association with level of awareness was obtained for duration of diabetes (OR=10.96; p=0.004)Conclusions: Duration of diabetes was significantly associated with level of awareness. There was no statistically significant association between the stage of diabetic retinopathy to awareness. This signifies the urgent need to intensify our diabetic retinopathy awareness programs.

scholarly journals Prevalence and associated risk factors for diabetic retinopathy at first ophthalmological contact

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 118-124
Author(s):  
Bhavkaran Singh ◽  
Prempal Kaur ◽  
Jaspreet Singh ◽  
Parveen Grang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Duration Of Diabetes ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is now considered as a growing global public health concern due to cost associated with diabetic micro and macrovascular complications. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of vision loss. Accurate estimation of prevalence of DR among diabetic patients and associated risk factors are of crucial importance to plan and execute preventive strategies in the community. Aims and Objectives: The present cross sectional hospital based observational study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of DR in diabetic patients at their first ophthalmological contact and toevaluate associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional hospital based observational study, all diabetic patients visiting ophthalmology clinic for the first time after being diagnosed as diabetic were enrolled. After recording demographic data and biochemical findings, each patient was investigated for DR and correlated with associated risk factors. Results: Of 1699 patients, majority (68.9%) of them had come to ophthalmology clinic with complaint of decreased vision. Only 16.12 % (274) patients had been referred for retinal exam by treating physician. DR was prevalent in 242(16.98%) non-referred and 31(11.31%) referred patients. Mean age and mean duration of diabetes was significantly higher in non-referred patients. Vision threatening DR was also significantly higher in nonreferred patients. Prevalence of DR was significantly correlated with age at presentation, duration of diabetes, rural background, uncontrolled diabetes, systolic blood pressure and high BMI. Conclusion: Low referral by treating physician and lack of awareness among patient accounts for late presentation of diabetic patients to ophthalmologist. Beyond just developing strategies to promote screening programs for early detection and management of DR, education of the patients,comprehensive planning and coordination between ophthalmologist and physician can go a long way to decrease the economic and social burden of preventable blindness due to diabetic retinopathy.

scholarly journals The result of treadmill test in asymptomatic type 2 diabetes mellitus

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil Shrinivasrao Joshi ◽  
Chandrakant Gunaji Lahane ◽  
Akshay Arvind Kashid
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Duration Of Diabetes ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">To study the prevalence of silent myocardial ischaemia in asymptomatic patients with type 2 DM</span>.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The present study was conducted in the Govt. Medical College and Hospital Aurangabad. During December 2012 to November 2014 with 50 patients. It was two year cross sectional study with the patients of asymptomatic type 2 diabetes mellitus without clinical and electrocardiographic evidence of coronary artery disease. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">12 (24%) out of 50 subjects had positive TMT. It correlated with years of duration of diabetes (9 positive TMT cases with duration of diabetes more than 10 years). 5 (25%) out of 20 had serum cholesterol levels &gt;240, Number of positive TMT were higher in patients with LDL &gt;160 [5 (25%) out of 20]</span>.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Diabetic patients are at very high risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Early detection of IHD is very important so that pharmacological therapy, which may improve outcome, can be established. Tread mill exercise TMT being a non-invasive test with high safety, has an important role in early detection of IHD. It is recommended that TMT should be a part of routine management in asymptomatic patients with type II DM. </span></p>

scholarly journals Stringent glycemic control is still the key to evade diabetic retinopathy.

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (05) ◽  
pp. 1011-1016
Author(s):  
Syed Munawar Alam ◽  
Sagheer Ahmed ◽  
Shazia Bano ◽  
Shahneela Perveen
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
P Value ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Institutional Review

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the major determinants of diabetic retinopathy. Study Design: Cross sectional, case control study. Setting: Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre, Karachi. Period: March 2015 to April 2016. Material & Methods: Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Board of JPMC. A total of 208 people including type 2 diabetic patients and healthy control subjects; of male gender, aged between ≥30 years and ≤ 60 years were recruited and assigned to four study groups. Each group comprise of 52 individuals, depending on the ophthalmoscopy findings, i.e. healthy controls, diabetic without retinopathy (NDR), diabetic with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and diabetic with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Fasting blood sugar was estimated using GOD-PAP method, while HbA1c was estimated by HPLC method. Data was analyzed on SPSS software version 16. Results: Diabetics with Diabetic Retinopathy had a poor glycemic control as compare to Diabetics without Diabetic Retinopathy (FBS; 109.12 ± 13.81 vs. 184.29 ± 40.07 vs. 188.6 ± 47.68 vs. 217.06 ± 62.33; p-value = 0.001) (HbA1c; 6.73 ± 0.56 vs. 8.40 ± 1.77 vs. 9.71 ± 1.85 vs. 14.91 ± 3.87; p-value = 0.001). For Diabetic Retinopathy the odds ratio of glycemic control i.e. FBS was observed as 1.019 & HbA1c was recorded as 1.561; which was statistically significant. Conclusion: Glycemic indicators; including FBS and HbA1c, are found to be the major determinants of Diabetic Retinopathy in our study.

scholarly journals Sex-Gender Differences in Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Sara Cherchi ◽  
Alfonso Gigante ◽  
Maria Anna Spanu ◽  
Pierpaolo Contini ◽  
Gisella Meloni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the main causes of visual loss in individuals aged 20–64 years old. The aim of this study was to investigate, in a multicenter retrospective cross-sectional study, sex-gender difference in DR in a large sample of type 2 diabetic patients (T2DM). 20,611 T2DM regularly attending the units for the last three years were classified as having: (a) No DR (NDR), (b) nonproliferative DR (NPDR), or (c) preproliferative/proliferative DR (PPDR). DR of all grades was present in 4294 T2DM (20.8%), with a significant higher prevalence in men as compared to women (22.0% vs. 19.3% p < 0.0001). Among DR patients, both NPDR and PPDR were significantly more prevalent in men vs. women (p = 0.001 and p = 0.0016, respectively). Women had similar age and BMI, but longer diabetes duration, worse glycemic metabolic control, and more prevalence of hypertension and chronic renal failure (CRF) of any grade vs. men. No significant differences between sexes were evident in term of drug therapy for diabetes and associate pathologies. Conclusions: In this large sample of T2DM, men show higher prevalence of DR vs. women, in spite of less represented risk factors, suggesting that male sex per se might be a risk factor for DR development.

scholarly journals Evaluation of HbA1c Level and Other Risk Factors in Diabetic Retinopathy: A Study of Type 2 Diabetic Patients Attending in a Tertiary Level Hospital

KYAMC Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 614-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayama Hoque ◽  
MA Muttalib ◽  
Md Imtiajul Islam ◽  
Parvin Akter Khanam ◽  
Subhagata Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Advanced Age ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Duration Of Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

Background: Retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in persons with diabetes. Strict monitoring and maintenance of normal blood glucose specially HbA1c and prevention of different risk factors can prevent and delay the diabetic retinopathy. The purpose of the study was to explore the factors influencing or related to the development of the diabetic retinopathy with spcial concern to the HbA1c levels.Materials and Methods: We studied 400 type 2 diabetic patients in this cross-sectional study which was conducted in the out-patient department of BIRDEM hospital, Bangladesh. The randomly selected patients were evaluated for the presence of retinopathy through the review of their registered diabetic guide book. We included sociodemographic information, blood pressure, anthropometry (height, weight, BMI) and lipid profile of the patients. Glycaemic status was assessed by HbA1c (HbA1c was categorized into 3 groups) and plasma glucose levels. We used Student's t-test, Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis to determine and quantify the association of diabetic retinopathy with various risk factors specially HbA1c.Results: 400 type 2 diabetic patients (male 166 and female 234) were studied. The prevalence of retinopathy was 12.3%; male 12.7%, female 12.0%. Increasing HbA1c categories above 7.0% were significantly associated with increased prevalence of retinopathy (4.2 vs 12.3 vs 18.1%;c2 = 12.529, p < .01). Logistic regression models of univariate analysis showed that the risk of retinopathy at HbA1c categories >7.0% was (OR = 3.22; 95% CI: 1.12-9.25) and the risk was strongly increased at the HbA1c categories 8% (OR = 5.07; 95% CI: 1.90-13.50). Advanced age (OR = 2.92; 95% CI: 1.44-5.91), longer duration of diabetes (OR = 3.08; 95% CI: 1.49-6.37), presence of hypertension (OR = 2.42; 95% CI: 1.14-5.16), FBG (OR = 1.139; 95% CI: 1.036-1.251), blood glucose 2 hours ABF (OR = 1.124; 95% CI: 1.046-1.207) and SBP (OR = 1.033; 95% CI: 1.011-1.056) had significant association with retinopathy.Conclusions: HbA1c categories >7.0% is an important risk factor for the development of retinopathy. Poor glycaemic control, advanced age, longer duration of diabetes, hypertension are other significant risk factors of diabetic retinopathy.KYAMC Journal Vol. 6, No.-2, Jan 2016, Page 614-619

scholarly journals Prevalence of microalbuminuria and its association with glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients: a cross sectional study at Kathmandu Medical College

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-7
Author(s):  
Prabin Kumar Karki ◽  
Santosh Timalsina ◽  
Sanat Chalise ◽  
Anita Yadav ◽  
Ashish Kumar Bhattarai
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Duration Of Diabetes ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

Background: Diabetes mellitus has become one of the biggest health problems of this era. The resultant microvascular and macrovascular complications add to significant amount of morbidity and mortality. Urine microalbumin is considered as an early marker for microvascular compli­cations among diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of microalbuminuria among type 2 diabetic patients attending Kathmandu Medical College and its relation with glycemic control, age, sex, duration of diabetes. Methods: A total of 208 previously diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients at­tending medical outpatient department of Kathmandu Medical College, Sinamangal were included in the study over a period of 1 year (October 2017 - September 2018). Fasting and 2-hour postprandial venous blood for blood glucose and HbA1c measurement and early morning urine sam­ple (after overnight fast) was collected for detection of microalbuminuria. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 23. Results: The prevalence of microalbuminuria among the study population (mean age: 54.22 ± 11.76 years, mean HbA1c: 7.62 ± 1.53 %) was 42.8%. Microalbuminuria had significant correlation with HbA1c and duration of diabetes (p<0.001), but not with age, sex and type of medication. There was positive correlation between urine microalbumin and fasting and post-prandial blood glucose. Conclusions: Our present study found high prevalence of microalbumin­uria among diabetic patients with poor glycemic control. It is suggested that tighter glycemic control with regular urine microalbumin testing should be integral part of diabetic management plan to prevent long term complications such as diabetic nephropathy

Assessment of Circulating Biomarkers in Relation to Various Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients-A Cross Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nalini Mathala ◽  
Annapurna Akula ◽  
Sharat Hegde ◽  
Raghava Bitra ◽  
Virender Sachedev
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Tnf Alpha ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

Aim: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between inflammatory markers, and diabetic retinopathy in type II diabetic patients. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study included 150 type 2 diabetic patients who were divided into 3 groups. 50 in each group are divided as Diabetic patients without retinopathy (DM, n=50), nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy patients (NPDR, n=50), proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients (PDR, n=50). All the patients were subjected to complete clinical examination and laboratory investigations, such as fasting and postprandial blood glucose, serum creatinine, lipid profile tests, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin, serum inflammatory markers (TNF-alpha, C-reactive protein) and serum VEGF. Results: The study revealed from the multivariate analysis that age, duration and WHR (waist-hip ratio) are potent risk factors responsible for the risk of Diabetic retinopathy. Similarly, serum creatinine, CRP, TNF- alpha and VEGF are significantly higher in diabetic patients with retinopathy compared to diabetic patients without retinopathy. Conclusion: The study concluded that inflammation was associated with severe diabetic retinopathy in patients with well-controlled diabetes. A possible relationship was provided between the risk factors and biomarkers which are responsible for Diabetic retinopathy. Hence, modifying the risk factors risk and development of severe diabetic retinopathy can be reduced.

scholarly journals THE ASSOCIATION OF DIABETES DURATION WITH THE SEVERITY OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
Intan Lamy Manao ◽  
Hesti Triwahyu Hutami ◽  
Fifin Luthfia Rahmi ◽  
Arnila Novitasari Saubig
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Diabetic Patient ◽  
Microvascular Complications ◽  
Diabetes Duration ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Duration Of Diabetes ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Background: The prevalence of diabetic patients is increasing over the years. It will increase the incidence of microvascular complications due to prolonged hyperglycemia in diabetic patient. Diabetic retinopathy is one of microvascular complication which is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world. Prolonged hyperglycemia in diabetic patient cause toxicity to the retina which cause nerve and vascular damage and death to the retina. In this study was analyzed the association of diabetes duration with the severity of diabetic retinopathy associated with many cases of delay in diagnosing diabetes recentlyObjective: This study aims to investigate the association of diabetes duration with the severity of diabetic retinopathyMethods: A cross-sectional design was performed by collecting data from the medical records of diabetic patients who were diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy in Diponegoro National Hospital in July-December 2019 using purposive sampling method. Research subjects were 51 patients who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data were analyzed using non-parametric Chi Square test with p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Prevalence was more in the age group of 51-60 years (45,1%), female (58,8%), diabetics <5 years (41,2%), and PDR (72,6%). Chi Square analysis shows no statistically significant association between duration of diabetes with the severity of diabetic retinopathy (p = 0,881)Conclusion: There was no statistically significant association between duration of diabetes with the severity of diabetic retinopathy

scholarly journals FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC% in Type 2 Diabetes and Their Relationships with Duration of the Disease

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Omar Ali ◽  
Shelina Begum ◽  
Noorzahan Begum ◽  
Taskina Ali ◽  
Sultana Ferdousi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Duration Of Diabetes ◽  
Group A ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic debilitating disease affecting various organs including lungs. The magnitude of the complications of this disease is related to its duration. Objective: To observe FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC% in type 2 diabetic patients and their relationship with duration of the disease. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, BSMMU, Dhaka, from July 2007 to June 2008 on 60 type 2 diabetic male patients of age 40-60 years (Group B). For comparison, 30 age and BMI matched apparently healthy non diabetic subjects (Group A) were also studied. Patients were selected from the out patient department of Bangladesh Institute of research on diabetes, endocrine and metabolic diseases. Based on duration of diabetes, diabetic patients were divided into B1 (5-10 years) and B2 (10-20 years). FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC% of all the subjects were measured by a digital microspirometer. Data were analyzed by One way ANOVA test, Unpaired Student's 't' test and Pearson's correlation coefficient test as applicable. Results: Mean of the percentage of the predicted values of FVC and FEV1, were significantly (p<0.001) lower in both those of Gr. B1 and B2 than that in A and were also significantly (p<0.001) lower in Gr. B2 when compared with Gr. B1. Again, FEV1/FVC% was significantly (p<0.01) higher in Gr. B2 than those in Gr. B1 and A whereas this value was lower in Gr. B1 than those of group A but it was not statistically significant. However, FVC and FEV1 showed negative and FEV1/FVC% showed positive correlations with duration of diabetes. All these correlations were statistically non significant. Conclusion: From the result of this study it can be concluded that the ventilatory function of lung may be reduced in type 2 diabetes which may be related to the duration of the disease. Key words: FVC, FEV1, diabetes mellitus DOI: 10.3329/jbsp.v4i2.4178 J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2009 Dec;4(2): 81-87  

scholarly journals Sex-Gender Differences in Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Cherchi ◽  
Alfonso Gigante ◽  
Maria Anna Spanu ◽  
Pierpaolo Contini ◽  
Gisella Meloni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the main causes of visual loss in individuals aged 20–64 years old. The aim of this study was to investigate, in a multicenter retrospective cross-sectional study, sex-gender difference in DR in a large sample of type 2 diabetic patients (T2DM). 20,611 T2DM regularly attending the units for the last three years were classified as having: (a) No DR (NDR), (b) nonproliferative DR (NPDR), or (c) preproliferative/proliferative DR (PPDR). DR of all grades was present in 4294 T2DM (20.8%), with a significant higher prevalence in men as compared to women (22.0% vs. 19.3% p < 0.0001). Among DR patients, both NPDR and PPDR were significantly more prevalent in men vs. women (p = 0.001 and p = 0.0016, respectively). Women had similar age and BMI, but longer diabetes duration, worse glycemic metabolic control, and more prevalence of hypertension and chronic renal failure (CRF) of any grade vs. men. No significant differences between sexes were evident in term of drug therapy for diabetes and associate pathologies. Conclusions: In this large sample of T2DM, men show higher prevalence of DR vs. women, in spite of less represented risk factors, suggesting that male sex per se might be a risk factor for DR development.

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