Epidemiological investigation of an acute gastroenteritis outbreak in a tribal village near Madhya Pradesh-Maharashtra border

Background: Diarrhoeal diseases represent a major health problem in developing countries. Conservative estimates place the global death toll from diarrhoeal diseases at about two million deaths per year (1.7 - 2.5 million deaths), ranking third among all cases of infectious disease death worldwide. The prime purpose of an outbreak investigation is to control the outbreak, limit its spread to other areas and assess how preventive strategies could be further strengthened to reduce or eliminate the risk of such outbreak in future.Methods: It was a descriptive cross sectional study of epidemic occurred in Khetiya village, Dist Barwani (MP), population of 67,500 during 17 October 2016 to 17 November 2016. All the cases reported within last one week around the market place village in Khetiya, presenting with symptoms and signs of AGE (as per standard case definition of IDSP) and willing to participate in the investigation.Results: Males were 56.96%, & female cases were 43.03%. Majority of the study subjects lied between 20-40 years. The mean age was 30.15±5 years. Majority of the cases belonged to lower middle class SES (38%). 87% population was tribal, 48% cases were labourers, 42% were farmers and 10% were others.Conclusions: Males were 56.96%, & female cases were 43.03%. Majority of the study subjects lied between 20-40 years. The mean age was 30.15±5 years. Majority of the cases belonged to lower middle class SES (38%). 87% population was tribal, 48% cases were labourers, 42% were farmers and 10% were others.

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Study on factors affecting fertility of Bangladeshi women

Z H Sikder Women’s Medical College Journal ◽

10.47648/zhswmcj.2020.v0102.02 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (Number 2) ◽

pp. 6-10

Author(s):

Monowar Ahmad Tarafdar ◽

Nadia Begum ◽

Shila Rani Das ◽

Sultana Begum ◽

Mehruba Afrin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Middle Class ◽

Rural Area ◽

Age Groups ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Age Group ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Lower Middle Class ◽

Factors Affecting

This is a cross sectional study conducted among Currently Married Women of Reproductive Age (CMWRA) with a sample size of 476 selected purposively using a semi-structured questionnaire in 2018 at Moulvibazar Sadar to explore the factors affecting fertility. The result shows that 55.26% respondents were within 35 years age whereas only 4.28% from age group 46-49 years age group, 33% of the respondents got married at <16 years of age and 18.70% were illiterate, 47.90% had primary education. It is evident that 76% of the respondents were from rural area; 88% were Muslims, 29.41% from lower middle class followed by upper middle class (25.42%) and poorest comprised only 7.56%. The result explored that 73.91% of the respondents were from age group 41-45 got married before 16 years of age followed by 36-40 years (68.24%), 46-49 years (66%), 20-25 and 26-30 years age groups 52.38% and 52.75% respectively; 73.33% of respondents from rural area got married at <16 years of age, 68.42% of the Muslim at <16 years. The study explored that 96.39% from poorer section and 83.33% from poorest section got married at <16 years of age. Current study revealed that 82.91% of the respondents having secondary education got married before 16 years of age followed by illiterate (82.02%). It is explored that the age at marriage is statistically associated with residence, education, wealth index and religion (p= 0.001, 0.03, 0.001, 0.001 respectively). We conclude that the sociodemographic condition contributes mostly to fertility differentials in Bangladesh.

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Prevalence of Anaemia among Pregnant Women in a Rural Area of Bangladesh: Impact of Socio-economic Factors, Food Intake, and Micronutrient Supplementation

American Journal of Pure and Applied Biosciences ◽

10.34104/ajpab.0200107 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Formal Education ◽

Economic Status ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

College Hospital ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Major Health Problem ◽

Lower Middle Class ◽

Medical College ◽

Anaemia In Pregnancy

Anaemia during pregnancy is a major health problem throughout the world. The prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy is 41.8% globally and 46% in Bangladesh. It affects both the mother and the baby simultaneously. Women often become anaemic during pregnancy because the demand for iron is increased due to the physiological need for pregnancy. This cross-sectional study was carried out in Savar Gonoshasthaya Kendra project area in Dhaka district. Ninety-Five pregnant women of different gestational ages were selected purposively. Haemoglobin level was estimated by cyanomeath haemoglobin method in the laboratory of Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College Hospital, Savar. Among 95 pregnant women, 41.1% was in 20-24 years age group. The mean age of the respondents was 23.74 years. In terms of socio-economic status, 54.7% of the respondents came from lower middle-class family. 7.4% of the respondents had no formal education, 54.7% had primary level education and only 6.3% had higher education. Maximum of the respondents (88.4%) were housewife. This study revealed that the prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women was 51.6%. Among 51.6 % of the anaemic respondents, 23.2% were mildly anaemic, 26.3% were moderately anaemic and 2.1% were severely anaemic.

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Congenital Rubella Syndrome: An Overview of Clinical Presentations in Bangladeshi Children

Delta Medical College Journal ◽

10.3329/dmcj.v2i2.20522 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 42-47 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nure Ishrat Nazme ◽

Md Mahbubul Hoque ◽

Manzoor Hussain

Keyword(s):

Serological Test ◽

Ductus Arteriosus ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Case Definition ◽

Congenital Rubella Syndrome ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Standard Case ◽

Congenital Rubella ◽

Neurological Problem

Background: Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) has long been characterized by the triad of deafness, cataract and cardiovascular malformations with or without mental retardation. Objective: This study was conducted to observe the clinical manifestations of CRS in children of Bangladesh. Materials and method: This cross sectional study was carried out in Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh and National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Total 40 cases of CRS were enrolled from indoor and outpatient departments of these two hospitals, who were diagnosed according to standard case definition. Serological test for rubella antibody, chest X-ray, colour Doppler echocardiography, visual examination and hearing assessment were done in relative specialised centres. Results: The mean(±SD) age of the study subjects was 6.6(±5.7) months (range: 0-24 months). Among the subjects, 68% were male and 32% were female. Serum for rubella specific antibody revealed positive IgG in 60% cases and IgM in 28% cases. Neurological problem was the most frequently observed (90%) systemic complication followed by visual problem (83%), congenital hearing loss (80%) and congenital heart disease (78%). Cataract was the commonest (55%) among visual problems and microcephaly (62%) among neurological manifestations. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) was the most common (37.5%) isolated structural cardiac defect. Maximum (62.5%) children came from poor socioeconomic status. Maternal onset of infection was commonly detected in 1st trimester of pregnancy. Conclusion: Diagnosis of CRS and recognition of its versatile pattern of clinical presentation are crucial for better prognosis of the affected children. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dmcj.v2i2.20522 Delta Med Col J. Jul 2014; 2(2): 42-47

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Effect of Socioeconomic Status on Frequency of Dental Caries among 3-11 years old patients with Maloccluded Teeth

10.53350/pjmhs211581880 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (8) ◽

pp. 1880-1882

Author(s):

Adeel Ijaz Rana ◽

Arooj Ul Hassan ◽

Saleem Rana ◽

Fareed Ahmad ◽

Ali Anwaar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Middle Class ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Old Patients ◽

Lower Middle Class ◽

The Difference

Aim: To explore the effect of socioeconomic status on frequency of dental caries among patients with maloccluded teeth. Methodology: Analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at Dental hospital of Institute of dentistry, CMH, Lahore Medical College, Lahore. Sample size was calculated as 330. Data was collected using purposive sampling technique. Patients of both genders between the ages of 3 to 11 years with maloccluded teeth were included. Result: According to Modified Kuppuswamy socioeconomic scale rating, gender wise comparison was conducted using chi-square test. Out of 330 participants, 28 males and 17 females were between scores of 25-29, i.e. the upper class. 91 males and 105 females were between scores of 16-25, being in upper middle class. 40 males and 45 females were scored between 5-10, being in lower middle class while 1 male and 3 females were scored <5, being in poor class. An insignificant difference of 0.20 was observed between them. The difference was nonsignificant. Conclusion: No gender wise difference was observed among patients with regards to dental caries in terms of socioeconomic status. Keywords: Malocclusion, dental caries, socioeconomic status, oral hygiene

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Study on Superstitions Related to Pregnancy

Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh ◽

10.3329/jninb.v5i2.43025 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 172-176

Author(s):

Zinia Sultana ◽

Liza Chowdhury ◽

Nahid Reaz Shapla

Keyword(s):

Middle Class ◽

Lower Class ◽

Educational Background ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Military Hospital ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Socioeconomic Condition ◽

Lower Middle Class ◽

Education Group ◽

The Status

Background: During pregnancy, there are many superstitions throughout the world, especially in the developing countries like Bangladesh. Objective: This study was aimed to know the status of superstitions related to pregnancy among people. Methodology: This descriptive type of cross-sectional study was conducted in the outpatient of department in Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2018 to March 2018 for a period of three months. Total 96 persons were recruited after taking verbal consent. Result: Among the study group having at least one superstition was in 69.8% of total participants showing in figure 1. In 25 to 40 years of age group the superstitions were more common and it was 85.0% showing in table1. On the educational background, illiterate group having more superstitions 81.13%, primary education group 65.21%, SSC 50% and above SSC 33.33% showing in table 3. On the basis of gender, male (58.233%) and Female (71.42%) were superstitious in at least one superstition. On the basis of socioeconomic status, lower class 92.72%, lower middle class 54.54% and middle class 21.05% were superstitious in at least one superstition. On the basis of occupation, housewives (89.90%), students (16,66%), service holder(30%) and farmer(50%) having at least one superstitious. On the basis of religion; the superstitious individuals were Muslim 59%, Hindu 97%, and others 67.16%. Conclusion: Superstitions related to pregnancy are very common in Bangladesh. Superstitious are more related to illiteracy, low socioeconomic condition and with house wives who remain inside. Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh, 2019;5(2): 172-176

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To study the immunization status of children aged 1-5 years admitted to department of pediatrics, Lala Lajpat Rai & Associated Hospitals, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur

IP International Journal of Medical Paediatrics and Oncology ◽

10.18231/j.ijmpo.2021.013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 63-66

Author(s):

Neeta Singh

Keyword(s):

Middle Class ◽

Birth Order ◽

Immunization Coverage ◽

Lower Class ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Lower Middle Class ◽

Medical College ◽

Immunization Status ◽

Upper Middle Class

The Present study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics of Lala Lajpat Rai & Associated Hospital GSVM Medical College, Kanpur. All the children aged between 1-5 years, admitted in Department of Pediatrics were asked to participate in this study. Information regarding vaccination, socio-demographic factors was collected from their parents and care takers. Accuracy and validity of information were confirmed by immunization card in possible situation and inspection for BCG scar. Hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study.In upper class, 100% of children were completely immunized. In upper middle class, 80.8% children had complete and 19.1% partial immunization status. No one remained unimmunized in upper middle class. In lower middle class, 33.9% of children were completely immunized, 59.6% partially immunized and 6.4% remained unimmunized.Children who were 1stin birth order, had maximum immunization coverage (44.8%). Minimum immunization coverage was in birth order >4 (3.2%). P value is <0.001, indicates the significant relation between birth order and immunization status. As birth order increased, immunization coverage decreased. In this present hospital based descriptive cross –sectional study, we found that 51.2% children were fully immunized, 45.6% were partially immunized and 3.2% children were unimmunized as per National immunization schedule. Children belonging to upper class were 100% completely immunized. In upper middle class 80.8% children in lower middle class 33.9%, in upper lower class 55.7% and in lower class 50.9% children were completely immunized respectively. In lower class immunization coverage was higher than lower middle class. Droprate for BCG to pentavalent 1 was 10.64%, similarly dropout from BCG to measles was 12.7%. Dropout rate of pentavalent 1 to pentavalent 2 was 1.4%, pentavalent2 to pentavalent3 was 2.6%. It indicates that system is not able to hold the child once registered. Steps for improvement should focus on reducing the drop rate from BCG to pentavalent and measles.

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Brief Overview and Experience of Visual Evoked Potential of First 67 cases at Referral Neuroscience Hospital in Bangladesh

Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh ◽

10.3329/jninb.v6i2.50744 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 74-77

Author(s):

Mohammad Enayet Hussain ◽

Bithi Debnath ◽

AFM Al Masum Khan ◽

Md Ferdous Mian ◽

Md Nahidul Islam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Optic Neuritis ◽

Clinical Diagnosis ◽

Optic Neuropathy ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Pattern Reversal ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Mean ◽

Visual Evoked

Background: The visual evoked potentials (VEP) is a valuable tool to document occult lesions of the central visual channels especially within the optic nerve. Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to observe the findings of first few cases of VEP done in the neurophysiology department of the National Institute of Neurosciences (NINS), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Neurophysiology at the National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from September 2017 to March 2020. All patients referred to the Neurophysiology Department of NINS for VEP were included. Pattern reversal VEPs were done using standard protocol set by International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN). Results: The mean age of the study population was 30.70 (±12.11) years (6-68 years) with 31 (46.3%) male and 36 (53.7%) female patients. The mean duration of illness was 8.71 (±1.78) months (3 days- 120 months). Most common presenting symptom was blurring of vision (37.3%) and dimness of vision (32.8%). Patterned VEP revealed mixed type (both demyelinating and axonal) of abnormality in most cases [29(43.35)]. The most common clinical diagnosis was multiple sclerosis (29.85%) and optic neuropathy (26.87%). In the clinically suspected cases of multiple sclerosis, optic neuropathy and optic neuritis most of the cases of VEP were abnormal and the p value is 0.04 in optic neuropathy and optic neuritis. Conclusion: The commonest presentation of the patients in this series were blurring of vision and dimness of vision. The most common clinical diagnosis for which VEP was asked for, was optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis. Most abnormalities were of mixed pattern (demyelinating and axonal). Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh, 2020;6(2): 74-77

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Sonographic Assessment of Amniotic Fluid Volume using Single Deepest Pocket (SDP) among Igbo Women with Uncomplicated Singleton Pregnancies.

10.33798/ajmas2019/00265. ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Chijioke Okeudo ◽

B.U. Ezem

Keyword(s):

Amniotic Fluid ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Fluid Volume ◽

Singleton Pregnancy ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

South Eastern ◽

Amniotic Fluid Volume ◽

The Mean ◽

Singleton Pregnancies

Background: The amniotic fluid is fundamental for proper fetal development and growth. Ultrasound visualization of the amniotic fluid permits both subjective and objective estimates of the amniotic fluid. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the reference values of normal single deepest pocket (SDP) – upper and lower limits, mean SDP and variation of the SDP with gestational age among Igbo women of South-Eastern Nigeria extraction carrying uncomplicated singleton pregnancy. Methodology: This was a prospective cross sectional study involving 400 women carrying uncomplicated singleton pregnancies and who were sure of the date of the first day of their last menstrual period. The single deepest pocket / maximum vertical pool were determined once at presentation at the hospital.. The study was conducted from January 1st to December 31st 2015. The second author carried out all the scanning. The SDP was obtained. Results: The womens’ mean and median ages were the same at 28 years. The gestational age range of the pregnancies was 14-41 weeks. The mean SDP was 5.8cm, while the 5th and 95th percentiles were 3.3cm and 8.5cm respectively. There was no difference in the mean SDP in both term and preterm. There was irregular but continuous rise of mean SDP to a peak of 6.8cm at gestational age of 39 weeks. In conclusion, the participants had a mean SDP of 5.8cm. There was also a positive correlation between SDP and Gestational age. We therefore recommend a longitudinal study to assess perinatal outcome and abnormal amniotic fluid volume among Igbo women of South-Eastern Nigeria. Key words: Single Deepest Pocket, Uncomplicated Singleton Pregnancy, Igbo Women.

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Advantages and limitations of the endoscopic tympanoscopy a prospective study

10.30574/ijsra.2020.1.1.0016 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 012-017

Author(s):

Najib Zouhair ◽

Anass Chaouki ◽

Amine M’khatri ◽

Youssef Oukessou ◽

Sami Rouadi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Middle Ear ◽

Operating Time ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Invasive Approach ◽

Intraoperative Bleeding ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Early Return ◽

The Mean ◽

Endoscopic Tympanoplasty

Tympanoplasty is one of the most performed procedures in ENT. The aggressiveness of its microscopic approach has led otologists to adopt the endoscopic approach as a less invasive alternative. The purpose of this work is to appreciate the advantages and disadvantages of this surgical technique. We conducted a prospective descriptive cross-sectional study on 20 interventions within the ENT department of August the 20th 1953 Hospital of Casablanca from April 2019 to June 2019. The average age of operated patients was 36.3 years. Perforations were unilateral in (71%) of the cases with a predominance of the anterior (29%) and subtotal (36%) locations. The tympanoplasties were performed by 3 different senior otologic surgeons, and were left in (57%). The mean operating time was (59.5 min) and the mean anesthesia duration was 75.1 min. Intraoperative vision allowed us to fully visualize the margins of all perforations (100%) and anatomical structures of the middle ear in almost all interventions. The first procedures carried out were filled with difficulties whose management of intraoperative bleeding was the main one in (42.8%) of the cases. (57%) procedures were described as easy. No complication was detected intraoperatively or immediately postoperatively. Endoscopic tympanoplasty has several advantages, including: Minimally invasive approach to the middle ear; panoramic perioperative vision; Gain of operating time; decrease in the duration of anesthesia; Valuable educational tool; postoperative comfort; Decrease in hospital stay and early return to daily activities; Better aesthetic rendering; cost and transportability. However, we also note a number of disadvantages of endoscopic tympanoplasty, particularly: performing the procedure with one hand; difficulty passing through the EAC; 2D vision that alters the perception of depth; management of intraoperative bleeding; fogging; learning curve.

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Comparison of Heffner Criteria and Light Criteria in Differentiating Exudative and Transudative Pleural Effusion

Nepal Medical College Journal ◽

10.3126/nmcj.v22i3.32638 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 141-145

Author(s):

Krishna Chandra Devkota ◽

S Hamal ◽

PP Panta

Keyword(s):

Pleural Effusion ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Pleural Space ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical College ◽

The Common ◽

The Mean ◽

Exudative Pleural Effusion

Pleural effusion is present when there is >15ml of fluid is accumulated in the pleural space. It can be divided into two types; exudative and transudative pleural effusion. Tuberculosis and parapneumonic effusion are the common cause of exudative pleural effusion whereas heart failure accounts for most of the cases of transudative pleural effusion. This study was a hospital based cross sectional study performed at Nepal Medical College during the period of January 2016-December 2016. A total of 50 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Pleural effusion was confirmed by clinical examination and radiology. After confirmation of pleural effusion, pleural fluid was aspirated and was analysed for protein, LDH, cholesterol. The Heffner criteria was compared with Light criteria to classify exudative or transudative pleural effusion. Among 50 patients, 30 were male and 20 were female. The mean age of patient was 45.4±21.85 years. The sensitivity and specificity of using Light criteria to detect the two type of pleural effusion was 100% and 90.9%, whereas using Heffner criteria was 94.87%, 100% respectively(P<0.01). There are variety of causes for development of pleural effusion and no one criteria is definite to differentiate between exudative or transudative effusion. In this study Light criteria was more sensitive whereas Heffner criteria was more specific to classify exudative pleural effusion. Hence a combination of criteria might be useful in case where there is difficulty to identify the cause of pleural effusion.

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