scholarly journals Potential gain in life expectancy by gender after elimination of a specific cause of death in urban India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1848
Author(s):  
Bal Kishan Gulati ◽  
Damodar Sahu ◽  
Anil Kumar ◽  
M. V. Vardhana Rao
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Table ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Average Life Span ◽  
Maximum Gain ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Potential Gain ◽  
Urban India

Background: Life expectancy is a statistical measure to depict average life span a person is expected to live at a given age under given age-specific mortality rates. Cause-elimination life table measures potential gain in life expectancy after elimination of a specific disease. The present study aims to estimate potential gain in life expectancy by gender in urban India after complete and partial elimination of ten leading causes of deaths using secondary data of medical certification of cause of death (MCCD) for the year 2015.Methods: Life table method was used for estimating potential gain after eliminating diseases to the tune of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%.Results: Maximum gain in life expectancy at birth estimated from complete elimination of diseases of the circulatory system (11.1 years in males versus 13.1 years in females); followed by certain infectious and parasitic diseases (2.2  versus 2.1 years); diseases of the respiratory system (2.2 versus 2.1); injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes (1.1 versus 0.7); neoplasms (0.9 versus 1.0); endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (0.8 versus 0.9); diseases of the digestive system (0.8 versus 0.4); diseases of the genitourinary system (0.6 versus 0.6); diseases of the nervous system (0.4 versus 0.4); and diseases of blood & blood forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism (0.2 versus 0.3 years).Conclusions: Elimination of the circulatory diseases resulted into maximum gain in life expectancy. These findings may have implications in setting up health goals, allocating resources and launching tailor-made health programmes.

scholarly journals Life Expectancy in Germany Based on the 2011 Census: Was the Healthy Migrant Effect Merely an Artefact?

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Zur Nieden ◽  
Bettina Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Table ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
German Population ◽  
Healthy Migrant Effect ◽  
Foreign Population ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Do So

The Federal Statistical Office’s 2010/12 general life table is the first to provide results on life expectancy based on census data for reunified Germany. This article therefore examines the question of how the revisions of the population figures from the 2011 census affected the measured life expectancy. To do so, we analysed both the official life tables based on the old intercensal population updates before the census and those based on the population data from the 2011 census. The method used to calculate the census-adjusted 2010/12 general life table was also transferred to separate life tables drawn up for the German and the foreign population. In this way, findings on the so-called “healthy migrant effect” can be discussed, ruling out possible errors in the intercensal population updates. These errors had previously been cited as the main causes for a distinctly longer life expectancy among the foreign population compared with the German population. As expected, a census-based calculation for the total population and for the German population resulted in only minor revisions to the life expectancy figures. The use of the census results does, however, distinctly alter the life expectancy of foreign women and men. An advantage of over 5 years in life expectancy at birth, measured on the basis of the old population data, needs to be revised to about 2.9 years for men and 2.1 years for women based on the 2011 census. The healthy migrant effect therefore cannot be traced back solely to data artefacts from the old intercensal population updates – even with revised data, the foreign population shows marked survival advantages.

scholarly journals Recent decline in life expectancy at birth in Slovenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleša Lotrič Dolinar ◽  
Jože Sambt
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Decomposition Technique ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Table Model ◽  
Life Table Model ◽  
Rapid Pace ◽  
External Causes

For many decades, life expectancy at birth (e0) in Slovenia has been increasing at a very rapid pace. However, in 2015, e0 declined slightly; it recovered in 2016, but fell again in 2017 for women. In the same period, a pause in declining mortality was observed in numerous developed countries worldwide. It is too early to provide a thorough analysis and firm conclusions, but we shed some light on the topic by decomposing the observed decline in Slovenia by age and cause of death. In particular, using a life table model and life expectancy decomposition technique, we analyse what cause of death for what age group contributed the most to this decline in life expectancy at birth. We show that the main reason for the recent drop in life expectancy at birth in Slovenia was higher mortality due to external causes for men of all ages and due to neoplasms for women above 60 years and men above 50 years.

Changes in the socio-economic system and political regime and the fourth stage of the epidemiological transition

2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (17) ◽  
pp. 662-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Józan
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Open Society ◽  
Medical Interventions ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
River Elbe ◽  
Successful Prevention

A new epidemiological stage has begun in Hungary as a result of the implosion of state-socialism. It has made the transition to market economy and open society possible. The emerging economic and social system has created the basis for terminating the chronic qualitative epidemiological crisis and for the renewal of the epidemiological development. The new political and socio-economic system has had a decisive impact on the decrease in mortality and consequently to the increase in life expectancy in the countries east of the River Elbe. Besides the spread of health conscious behaviour, the efficacy of new medications and invasive medical interventions just as much as the network of emergency centres have contributed to the favourable changes. The most characteristic feature of the new epidemiological stage is that it delays the progression of chronic diseases and postpones the time of death. In a large extent the successful prevention, treatment and care of diseases of the circulatory system are mainly responsible for increasing the life expectancy at birth. Paradoxically, whereas life expectancy has increased in the country on the whole, social inequality has also increased. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153, 662–677.

The assessment of the aging artery

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Fantin ◽  
C Rajkumar ◽  
CJ Bulpitt
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The Uk

The elderly population has greatly increased in the last few decades as life expectancy has risen. In 2005 life expectancy at birth for females born in the UK is 80.2 years, compared with 75.2 years for males. This is in contrast to 49 and 45 years respectively in 1901. Cardiovascular disease is still the most important cause of death in the population over the age of 65, causing 40% of deaths in women and 42% in men of this age.

scholarly journals Incidence, Cause of Death, and Survival of Amyloidosis in Korea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin Yi Jang ◽  
Darae Kim ◽  
JinO Choi ◽  
Eun-Seok Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Socioeconomic Position ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Malignant Neoplasm ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Nutritional And Metabolic Diseases

Abstract BackgroundWe sought to assess incidence and survival for amyloidosis.MethodsWe acquired data from newly diagnosed cases related to amyloidosis from the National Health Insurance Service in Korea from 2006 through 2017 (n=2,233; male 53.5%). We calculated the age-standardized incidence rate, analyzed the survival rate (SR) using the Kaplan-Meier method, and analyzed the death risk using Cox proportional hazards methods.ResultsThe mean age was 57.0 (±16.7) years in males and 56.8 (±15.6) years in females (p=non-significant). The proportion of death was 34.7%. The causes of death were endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases (33.9%), malignant neoplasm (20.8%), diseases of the circulatory system (9.68%), and diseases of the genitourinary system (9.29%). The overall age-standardized incidence rate was 0.47 persons per 100,000 persons in 2017. Overall, the 10-year SR for amyloidosis was 57.7% (55.9% in males and 59.2% in females). Adjusted hazard ratios were 9.16 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.23, 37.5) among 40-49 year-old, 16.1 (95% CI 4.00, 65.3) among 50-59 year-old, 30.3 (95% CI 7.53, 122.0) among 60-69 year-old, 48.7 (95% CI 12.1, 196.3) among 70-79 year-old, 80.1 (95% CI 19.6, 326.3) among people 80 years or older and 1.21 (95% CI 1.02, 1.44) in the medium-level socioeconomic position group. ConclusionsThe age-standardized incidence rate of amyloidosis was about 0.5 persons per 100,000 persons in 2017. The 10-year SR of amyloidosis was about 58%. The most common cause of death was endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases. The risk of death from amyloidosis increased with age and medium socioeconomic position.

scholarly journals Years Added to Life in Old Age

2002 ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
Kannisto Väinö
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Summary Measure ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth

The momentous transition from high to low mortality - and thereby to modernsociety - has been thoroughly studied by measuring the dynamics of mortality byage and sex and by cause of death as well as by the ubiquitous summary measure,the life expectancy at birth. In the following, we look at it from a slightly differentangle, the years added to different stages of life, particularly to old age.

Analysis of Mortality Data due to Infectious Diseases: Life Table Methods Complementary to Direct Rates

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (03) ◽  
pp. 137-141
Author(s):  
M. A. A. Moussa ◽  
M. M. Khogali ◽  
T. N. Sugathan
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Life Table ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth

SummaryLife table methods are employed complementary to standard rates to analyse Kuwaiti mortality data due to infectious diseases. The procedure comprises total mortality, multiple-decrement, cause—elimination and cause—delay life tables. To improve reliability of estimated age-specific death rates, the numerator was based on the three-year average of deaths (1981-83), while the denominator was the mid 1982 population projected from the 1980 and 1985 population censuses. To overcome the difficulty of age heaping, both mortality and census data were graduated using the natural cubic spline approach. Proportional mortality was maximum in intestinal infectious diseases particularly in the rural Jahra Governorate. Infectious diseases caused 29.4 and 37.1% of male and female deaths respectively in infancy and early childhood. The male and female life expectancy at birth were 67 and 72 years, respectively.The multiple-decrement life tables showed that 3,346 men and 2,986 women out of the birth cohort (100,000) will ultimately die from infectious diseases. The average number of years lost due to infectious diseases were 0.75 years in both men and women. Relating this loss to the affected (saved) subpopulation only, large gains in life expectancy occur (22.3 and 25.2 years in men and women respectively).

scholarly journals What has contributed to the large sex differentials in lifespan variation and life expectancy in South Korea?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Akansha Singh ◽  
Younga Kim
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Sex Differentials ◽  
Lifespan Variation ◽  
External Causes

Abstract To date, research on sex differentials in lifespan variation and life expectancy has mainly been conducted in Western countries and there is a dearth of data from South Korea. This study aimed to further the understanding of mortality transition and life expectancy in South Korea, and the associated trajectories of age-at-death variation, through an analysis of life disparity by gender. Using complete life tables for South Korea for 1970–2015, sex differentials (female–male differences) in life disparity and life expectancy at birth were estimated, and sex differentials in life expectancy were decomposed by age and cause of death. The results showed that sex differentials in life expectancy at birth have not reduced significantly in the last 45 years (1970: 7.1 years; 2015: 6.2 years). Life disparity has reduced more rapidly for females than males, and the difference increased from −0.1 year in 1981 to −1.6 years in 2015. Sex differentials in life expectancy and life disparity in South Korea were higher during 1970–2015 than in several Western countries with high life expectancy. The elderly age group (60 and above) contributed 50% of the total sex difference in life expectancy at birth in 1970, and this increased to 70% in 2015. The contribution of the age group 15–59 years reduced significantly over the period. Decomposition of life expectancy at birth by cause revealed that diseases of the circulatory system (2.2 years), followed by external causes (1.3 years), were the most important causes of the sex differences in life expectancy at birth in 1983, and in 2015 neoplasms (2.2 years) and external causes (1.1 years) explained half of the total sex differences. There has been a significant shift in the age-specific pattern of the contribution towards each cause of death. Overall, sex differentials in life disparity and life expectancy at birth have remained significant in South Korea in the last 45 years.

scholarly journals Life Table Analysis of a Small Sample of Santal Population Living in a Rural Locality of West Bengal, India

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-248
Author(s):  
Arupendra Mozumdar ◽  
Bhubon Mohan Das ◽  
Subrata K. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Table ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Small Populations ◽  
Marginal Populations ◽  
Acceptable Error ◽  
Closed Population ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth

Abstract Life table calculation of small populations, especially of marginal populations, is difficult due to a small number of death records and lack of a systematic birth and death registry. The present study aimed to calculate a life table of a small sample of Santal population from Beliatore area of the Bankura district, West Bengal, India, using the recall method. The data on birth and death events were collected using house-to-house interviewing and cross-checking the data with reference to the significant events of the area and the family. The life table was calculated from age specific death rate of a closed population retrospectively estimated for 10 years. The calculated life expectancy at birth of the study population was 63.9 years with a standard error of 3.15 years. The finding agrees with the life expectancy of the other larger populations of the region, although calculated using conventional methods. The method needs to be evaluated to get the optimum number of death events required for calculating the life table with an acceptable error level. The study will be helpful for comparisons of overall health status of small populations with respect to time and space.

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