scholarly journals Recent decline in life expectancy at birth in Slovenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleša Lotrič Dolinar ◽  
Jože Sambt
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Decomposition Technique ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Table Model ◽  
Life Table Model ◽  
Rapid Pace ◽  
External Causes

For many decades, life expectancy at birth (e0) in Slovenia has been increasing at a very rapid pace. However, in 2015, e0 declined slightly; it recovered in 2016, but fell again in 2017 for women. In the same period, a pause in declining mortality was observed in numerous developed countries worldwide. It is too early to provide a thorough analysis and firm conclusions, but we shed some light on the topic by decomposing the observed decline in Slovenia by age and cause of death. In particular, using a life table model and life expectancy decomposition technique, we analyse what cause of death for what age group contributed the most to this decline in life expectancy at birth. We show that the main reason for the recent drop in life expectancy at birth in Slovenia was higher mortality due to external causes for men of all ages and due to neoplasms for women above 60 years and men above 50 years.

scholarly journals What has contributed to the large sex differentials in lifespan variation and life expectancy in South Korea?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Akansha Singh ◽  
Younga Kim
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Sex Differentials ◽  
Lifespan Variation ◽  
External Causes

Abstract To date, research on sex differentials in lifespan variation and life expectancy has mainly been conducted in Western countries and there is a dearth of data from South Korea. This study aimed to further the understanding of mortality transition and life expectancy in South Korea, and the associated trajectories of age-at-death variation, through an analysis of life disparity by gender. Using complete life tables for South Korea for 1970–2015, sex differentials (female–male differences) in life disparity and life expectancy at birth were estimated, and sex differentials in life expectancy were decomposed by age and cause of death. The results showed that sex differentials in life expectancy at birth have not reduced significantly in the last 45 years (1970: 7.1 years; 2015: 6.2 years). Life disparity has reduced more rapidly for females than males, and the difference increased from −0.1 year in 1981 to −1.6 years in 2015. Sex differentials in life expectancy and life disparity in South Korea were higher during 1970–2015 than in several Western countries with high life expectancy. The elderly age group (60 and above) contributed 50% of the total sex difference in life expectancy at birth in 1970, and this increased to 70% in 2015. The contribution of the age group 15–59 years reduced significantly over the period. Decomposition of life expectancy at birth by cause revealed that diseases of the circulatory system (2.2 years), followed by external causes (1.3 years), were the most important causes of the sex differences in life expectancy at birth in 1983, and in 2015 neoplasms (2.2 years) and external causes (1.1 years) explained half of the total sex differences. There has been a significant shift in the age-specific pattern of the contribution towards each cause of death. Overall, sex differentials in life disparity and life expectancy at birth have remained significant in South Korea in the last 45 years.

Changes in mortality by cause of death in Polish voivodships

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 30-53
Author(s):  
Wiktoria Wróblewska
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Ischemic Heart Disease ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Decomposition Technique ◽  
Avoidable Mortality ◽  
Mortality Causes ◽  
Causes Of Deaths

This study analyses the avoidable mortality in Poland at the regional level of 16 voivodships over the last two decades, 1991–2010. The author divided the mortality causes into three groups: treatable disease, preventable diseases and ischemic heart disease. We used a decomposition technique to calculate the contribution of changes in mortality from these conditions to changes in life expectancy between birth and age 75 for the two periods 1991–2000 and 2000–2010 by sex and age group. The analyses were based on temporary life expectancy between birth and age 75 (e0–75). Chiang’s method was used for constructing abridged life tables, and Arriaga’s method was used for decomposition. The results revealed differences in the temporary life expectancy level and pace of change between voivodships, causes of deaths and sex.

scholarly journals How have changes in death by cause and age group contributed to the recent stalling of life expectancy gains in Scotland? Comparative decomposition analysis of mortality data, 2000–2002 to 2015–2017

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e036529
Author(s):  
Julie Ramsay ◽  
Jon Minton ◽  
Colin Fischbacher ◽  
Lynda Fenton ◽  
Maria Kaye-Bardgett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The Impact

ObjectiveAnnual gains in life expectancy in Scotland were slower in recent years than in the previous two decades. This analysis investigates how deaths in different age groups and from different causes have contributed to annual average change in life expectancy across two time periods: 2000–2002 to 2012–2014 and 2012–2014 to 2015–2017.SettingScotland.MethodsLife expectancy at birth was calculated from death and population counts, disaggregated by 5 year age group and by underlying cause of death. Arriaga’s method of life expectancy decomposition was applied to produce estimates of the contribution of different age groups and underlying causes to changes in life expectancy at birth for the two periods.ResultsAnnualised gains in life expectancy between 2012–2014 and 2015–2017 were markedly smaller than in the earlier period. Almost all age groups saw worsening mortality trends, which deteriorated for most cause of death groups between 2012–2014 and 2015–2017. In particular, the previously observed substantial life expectancy gains due to reductions in mortality from circulatory causes, which most benefited those aged 55–84 years, more than halved. Mortality rates for those aged 30–54 years and 90+ years worsened, due in large part to increases in drug-related deaths, and dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, respectively.ConclusionFuture research should seek to explain the changes in mortality trends for all age groups and causes. More investigation is required to establish to what extent shortcomings in the social security system and public services may be contributing to the adverse trends and preventing mitigation of the impact of other contributing factors, such as influenza outbreaks.

scholarly journals How have changes in death by cause and age group contributed to the recent stalling of life expectancy gains in Scotland? Comparative decomposition analysis of mortality data, 2000-02 to 2015-17

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Ramsay ◽  
Jonathan Minton ◽  
Colin Fischbacher ◽  
Lynda Fenton ◽  
Maria Kaye-Bardgett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundAnnual gains in life expectancy in Scotland were slower in recent years than in the previous two decades. This analysis investigates how deaths in different age groups and from different causes have contributed to annual average change in life expectancy across two time periods: 2000-02 to 2012-14 and 2012-14 to 2015-17. MethodsLife expectancy at birth was calculated from death and population counts, disaggregated by five-year age-group and by underlying cause of death. Arriaga’s method of life expectancy decomposition was applied to produce estimates of the contribution of different age-groups and underlying causes to changes in life expectancy at birth for the two periods.FindingsAverage annual life expectancy gains between 2012-14 to 2015-17 were markedly smaller than in the earlier period. Almost all age-groups saw worsening mortality trends, which deteriorated for most cause of death groups between 2012-14 and 2015-17. In particular, the previously observed substantial life expectancy gains due to reductions in mortality from circulatory causes, which most benefited those aged 55-84 years, more than halved. Mortality rates for those aged 30-54 years and 90+ years worsened, due in large part to increases in drug-related deaths, and dementia and Alzheimer’s disease respectively. InterpretationFuture research should seek to explain the changes in mortality trends for all age-groups and causes. More investigation is required to establish to what extent shortcomings in the social security system and public services may be contributing to the adverse trends and preventing mitigation of the impact of other contributing factors, such as influenza outbreaks.

scholarly journals Mortality in Russia: the second epidemiological revolution that never was

2015 ◽  
pp. 4-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoly Vishnevsky
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
External Causes Of Death ◽  
External Causes ◽  
Age Of Death

The article looks at different approaches to the conceptualization of the modern stage of mortality reduction (the "new stages” of the epidemiological transition, "the second epidemiological revolution”, the “health transition”). During this stage, which has lasted for at least half a century, revolutionary changes have taken place in most developed countries. These changes manifest themselves in the drastic expansion of the degree of control over non-infectious causes of death—particularly over diseases of the circulatory system, neoplasms, and other non-communicable diseases, as well as over external causes of death. As a consequence of these changes, there has been a rapid shift of deaths from the abovementioned causes to older ages, an increase in the mean age of death from these causes, and, ultimately, a significant rise in life expectancy. Russia, unfortunately, is watching this revolution from the outside, without taking any part in it. The age distribution of deaths from major classes of causes of death in Russia has not changed over the past half-century, life expectancy has stagnated, and Russia has increasingly lagged behind the majority of developed countries with respect to this indicator. Thus, the “second epidemiological revolution” has not yet to occur in Russia.

scholarly journals Potential gain in life expectancy by gender after elimination of a specific cause of death in urban India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1848
Author(s):  
Bal Kishan Gulati ◽  
Damodar Sahu ◽  
Anil Kumar ◽  
M. V. Vardhana Rao
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Table ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Average Life Span ◽  
Maximum Gain ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Potential Gain ◽  
Urban India

Background: Life expectancy is a statistical measure to depict average life span a person is expected to live at a given age under given age-specific mortality rates. Cause-elimination life table measures potential gain in life expectancy after elimination of a specific disease. The present study aims to estimate potential gain in life expectancy by gender in urban India after complete and partial elimination of ten leading causes of deaths using secondary data of medical certification of cause of death (MCCD) for the year 2015.Methods: Life table method was used for estimating potential gain after eliminating diseases to the tune of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%.Results: Maximum gain in life expectancy at birth estimated from complete elimination of diseases of the circulatory system (11.1 years in males versus 13.1 years in females); followed by certain infectious and parasitic diseases (2.2  versus 2.1 years); diseases of the respiratory system (2.2 versus 2.1); injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes (1.1 versus 0.7); neoplasms (0.9 versus 1.0); endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (0.8 versus 0.9); diseases of the digestive system (0.8 versus 0.4); diseases of the genitourinary system (0.6 versus 0.6); diseases of the nervous system (0.4 versus 0.4); and diseases of blood & blood forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism (0.2 versus 0.3 years).Conclusions: Elimination of the circulatory diseases resulted into maximum gain in life expectancy. These findings may have implications in setting up health goals, allocating resources and launching tailor-made health programmes.

scholarly journals Mortality from external causes in Russia over half a century

2015 ◽  
pp. 85-108
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Kvasha ◽  
Tatiana Kharkova ◽  
Valeriy Yumaguzin
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Large Contribution ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Undetermined Intent ◽  
External Causes Of Death ◽  
Excess Number ◽  
External Causes

The article discusses long-term mortality trends (since 1956) from external causes of death in Russia. Russia has long lagged behind developed countries in this domain. The level of mortality from external causes of death remains high and its structure is still archaic with large contribution of homicides, alcohol poisoning and injuries of undetermined intent. Excess number of deaths from life tables of Russia and Western European countries is compared. It is shown that in Russia the greatest excess losses are associated with mortality from poisonings among both sexes, suicide among men and homicide among women. Mortality from external causes, along with mortality from diseases of the circulatory system, has had a significant impact on life expectancy. In general, over the period 1956-2012 the increase in mortality from external causes in the 15-64 age group reduced life expectancy by 2.6 years for males and 0.7 years for females. The decline, starting in 2003, of mortality from external causes of death has slightly reduced the gap between Russia and developed countries, bringing the current Russian level closer to those levels reached in Russia in the mid-1960s and 1980s. However, given the fluctuations of mortality from external causes, it is premature to say whether the current decline in mortality is robust.

scholarly journals Black and White Differences in Life Expectancy in 4 US States, 1969-2013

2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 634-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay S. Kaufman ◽  
Corinne A. Riddell ◽  
Sam Harper
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
State Level ◽  
Decomposition Methods ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Racial Gap

Objectives: Racial differences in mortality in the United States have narrowed and vary by time and place. The objectives of our study were to (1) examine the gap in life expectancy between white and black persons (hereinafter, racial gap in life expectancy) in 4 states (California, Georgia, Illinois, and New York) and (2) estimate trends in the contribution of major causes of death (CODs) to the racial gap in life expectancy by age group. Methods: We extracted data on the number of deaths and population sizes for 1969-2013 by state, sex, race, age group, and 6 major CODs. We used a Bayesian time-series model to smooth and impute mortality rates and decomposition methods to estimate trends in sex- and age-specific contributions of CODs to the racial gap in life expectancy. Results: The racial gap in life expectancy at birth decreased in all 4 states, especially among men in New York (from 8.8 to 1.1 years) and women in Georgia (from 8.0 to 1.7 years). Although few deaths occurred among persons aged 1-39, racial differences in mortality at these ages (mostly from injuries and infant mortality) contributed to the racial gap in life expectancy, especially among men in California (1.0 year of the 4.3-year difference in 2013) and Illinois (1.9 years of the 6.7-year difference in 2013). Cardiovascular deaths contributed most to the racial gap in life expectancy for adults aged 40-64, but contributions decreased among women aged 40-64, especially in Georgia (from 2.8 to 0.5 years). The contribution of cancer deaths to inequality increased in California and Illinois, whereas New York had the greatest reductions in inequality attributable to cancer deaths (from 0.6 to 0.2 years among men and from 0.2 to 0 years among women). Conclusions: Future research should identify policy innovations and economic changes at the state level to better understand New York’s success, which may help other states emulate its performance.

The assessment of the aging artery

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Fantin ◽  
C Rajkumar ◽  
CJ Bulpitt
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The Uk

The elderly population has greatly increased in the last few decades as life expectancy has risen. In 2005 life expectancy at birth for females born in the UK is 80.2 years, compared with 75.2 years for males. This is in contrast to 49 and 45 years respectively in 1901. Cardiovascular disease is still the most important cause of death in the population over the age of 65, causing 40% of deaths in women and 42% in men of this age.

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