Care seeking behaviour of infertile couples attending a government infertility clinic in Delhi

Background: Childbearing is the reproductive right of every infertile couple. Infertility brings with it, multi-dimensional implications like social, economic and psychological. Care seeking by infertile couples is poorly understood as infertility services are deficient at grass-root level. We aimed to examine treatment seeking behaviour among infertile couples.Methods: A descriptive study was carried from 15 October 2019 to 15 March 2020. Primary data was collected by interviewing 196 married couples seeking care from an infertility clinic in Delhi. Data was tabulated and analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 23.Results: Majority of the couples had primary infertility (73%). In 47% of the couples, care seeking was advised by the household members. Most of the couples (82%) took decision to seek care themselves. Treatment was initiated within 3 years of marriage in 45% of couples. For first consultation, infertility treatment was sought from private sector (73%), public sector (16%) and informal sector (11%). Among public sector consultations, Government Medical College was preferred by 44% of couples while in private sector, 80% of them preferred private clinics. Infertility care was sought in 79% of couples from allopathic specialists. Mean duration of treatment and visits per consultation was 5 months and 10 visits respectively. Main source of information for treatment were friends and close relatives. Females (98%) faced more pressure from family to seek treatment than the males (72%).Conclusions: Main source of infertility care was from private sector. Females faced more pressure to seek treatment. Services in the public sector needs to be developed and strengthened to make infertility care accessible, equitable and affordable.

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Assessing the quality of collaboration towards the achievement of Sustainable Energy Innovation in PFI school projects

International Journal of Managing Projects in Business ◽

10.1108/ijmpb-09-2014-0060 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 408-440 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Sulafa M. Badi ◽

Stephen D Pryke

Keyword(s):

Public Sector ◽

Private Sector ◽

Sustainable Energy ◽

Primary Data ◽

Future Research ◽

Limited Attention ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Content Type ◽

Energy Innovation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the quality of collaboration towards Sustainable Energy Innovation (SEI) in Private Finance Initiative (PFI) projects. While the capacity of PFI to encourage collaboration towards innovation is largely advocated by its proponents; however, it remains to be supported by empirical evidence. Design/methodology/approach – Adopting the Complex Product System (CoPS) innovation management model, the authors assess the quality of collaboration at the interface between the innovation superstructure of public sector clients and users, and the innovation infrastructure of private sector designers, contractors and operators. Two interactional elements are examined upon which the quality of collaboration is assessed: openness of communication and alignment of objectives. The authors apply the model to four new-built PFI school projects within the context of the UK government Building Schools for the Future Programme. Semi-structured interviews with total of 50 key stakeholders were used as the primary data collection method. Findings – PFI has introduced a number of problematic issues weakening collaborative efforts towards innovation in the project environment. Particularly, the study underlines the restricting internal contractual relationships within the integrated Project Company and the misalignment of Design-Construction-Operation sustainability objectives. It also highlights ineffective communication with public sector clients and users brought in by the restricted nature of PFI engagement processes as well as the misalignment of public sector-private sector sustainability objectives. Research limitations/implications – The qualitative nature of the chosen research methodology limits the ability to generalise. The research findings need to be confirmed or rejected by means of quantitative research as representative of all PFI projects. Practical implications – The study emphasizes the public authority’s role in relation to providing the necessary conditions for the creation of a collaborative environment conducive to SEI in PFI projects. Originality/value – The study was able to expand the understanding of innovation and collaboration management processes in PFI projects in three respects: First, addressing the limited attention to innovation in PFI research, the study is the first to examine the quality of collaboration in PFI projects towards the implementation SEI. Second, examining the quality of collaboration in PFI projects through the lens of CoPS provides a new understanding of sustainability innovation and strongly indicates that the CoPS model should be expanded to account for the dynamics of innovation processes in the procurement of sustainable CoPS. Third, the explorative nature of the study was useful in generating research hypotheses that can form the basis for future research on SEI in PFI projects.

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Compensation for State and Local Government Workers

The Journal of Economic Perspectives ◽

10.1257/jep.26.1.217 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 217-242 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Maury Gittleman ◽

Brooks Pierce

Keyword(s):

Public Sector ◽

Local Government ◽

Private Sector ◽

Primary Data ◽

Labor Statistics ◽

State And Local Government ◽

State And Local ◽

Government Workers ◽

Bureau Of Labor Statistics ◽

Public Sector Workers

Are state and local government workers overcompensated? In this paper, we step back from the highly charged rhetoric and address this question with the two primary data sources for looking at compensation of state and local government workers: the Current Population Survey conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and the Employer Costs for Employee Compensation microdata collected as part of the National Compensation Survey of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In both data sets, the workers being hired in the public sector have higher skill levels than those in the private sector, so the challenge is to compare across sectors in a way that adjusts suitably for this difference. After controlling for skill differences and incorporating employer costs for benefits packages, we find that, on average, public sector workers in state government have compensation costs 3–10 percent greater than those for workers in the private sector, while in local government the gap is 10–19 percent. We caution that this finding is somewhat dependent on the chosen sample and specification, that averages can obscure broader differences in distributions, and that a host of worker and job attributes are not available to us in these data. Nonetheless, the data suggest that public sector workers, especially local government ones, on average, receive greater remuneration than observably similar private sector workers. Overturning this result would require, we think, strong arguments for particular model specifications, or different data.

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A Comparative Analysis of Customer Satisfaction between Public and Private Sector Bank with Reference to New Delhi Area

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology ◽

10.22214/ijraset.2021.38694 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 265-266

Author(s):

Ankur Bhadauriya

Keyword(s):

Public Sector ◽

Customer Satisfaction ◽

Private Sector ◽

Banking Sector ◽

Research Work ◽

Survey Study ◽

Primary Data ◽

Satisfaction Level ◽

Public And Private ◽

Public And Private Sector

Abstract: The Aim of this study is to compare the customer perception and customer satisfaction level between Private and Public sector Bank in North West Delhi area and to investigates and understands the relationship variable which leads to customer satisfaction and studies the differences in different perception and thinking of customers with respect to various services provided by 4 Indian banks. It begins with a brief overview of customer satisfaction and past history of the banking sector. This study analysis the details of the various research design is being used and the sampling technique is being also employed, various data collection methods to achieve the objectives of this study and the various tools and techniques used for analyzing the data. This study also elaborates upon the research instrument that is used. Finally, the different hypothesis to be tested during the course of the work has been presented later on. The contents bring out the aims and objectives of this research work. The scopes of the study have been mentioned and it includes the period cycle of study and volume of study carried out in the work. It also presents a detailed roadmap of how the research has been conducted in various stages. A questionnaire has been employed for collection of primary data through questionnaire responses collected from 100 responded and secondary data collected from books, magazine, research paper, journals, articles etc. In this study a detailed analysis of Customer Satisfaction between public and private Sector Banks has been achieved with the help of a survey study of customer of public and private sector Banks. The Analysis of this study of data was carried out using both MS Excel and SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) and hypothesis is also designed to understand the satisfaction level at various banks.. This study reveals the different levels of satisfaction are high in Private Sector as compared to Public Sector. This study also helps identify the various variables factors (or relationship dimensions) which is responsible for satisfying the customer between various Banks.

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PERSEPSI TOP EXECUTIVE (SEKTOR PUBLIK DAN SWASTA) TERHADAP FUNGSI INTERNAL AUDIT

Media Riset Akuntansi Auditing & Informasi ◽

10.25105/mraai.v4i1.1812 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 23 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hery .

Keyword(s):

Public Sector ◽

Private Sector ◽

Internal Audit ◽

T Test ◽

Primary Data ◽

Survey Method ◽

Negative Perception ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Convenience Sampling ◽

Top Executive

The Main purpose of this research is to find out: (1) on how the Top Executive give their perception against the function of internal audit, and (2) on differences, if any, between perception of public Top Executive and private Top Executive against internal audit.The method that is used to Collect data was based on survey method and convenience sampling. Primary data was taken from closed questionnaire, taken from 73 Top Executive, which consist of 41 Top Executive of public sector (BUMN) and 32 Top Executive of private sector. The Scale measurement using the method of Likert's scale on five points. Data then was analysed statistically (quantitative) by used Z observation and t-test to prove the truth of hypothesis .The result of analysis shows that any Top Executive have negative perception about internal audit and no significant difference between public Top Executive and private Top Executive about perception toward the function of internal audit, whether from aspects 'watchdog', audit tee performance, preventive, intemal consultant, or knowledge.Keywords: Internal audit, perception, public & private top executive

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HEALTH CARE SEEKING BEHAVIOUR OF NON-FATAL ROAD TRAFFIC INJURY VICTIMS IN KERALA, INDIA

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i8.2021.4180 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 230-245

Author(s):

S.K Godwin ◽

Varatharajan D

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Public Sector ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Health Care Facilities ◽

Health Facilities ◽

Public Health Care ◽

Primary Data ◽

Care Seeking ◽

Road Traffic Injuries ◽

Health Care Institutions

Road traffic injuries represent a classic case of economic uncertainty for households. In the context of uncertainty, choice of health care facilities and care seeking process is interest of perennial concern. Understanding the injury care seeking process forms the central objective of the paper. It also tries to narrate the process of seeking care between different providers of care, levels of care and duration of treatment, determinants of choice of health care etc. The study utilised primary data collected from the injured (302 cases) who were discharged from selected public and private health facilities from three districts of Kerala, India. The injured had 488 overall interactions with medical care institutions/personnel yielding an average number of 1.6 interactions per injured person; 60.2 per cent of the interactions were accounted by public health care institutions with 54 per cent of the injured choosing them as their first point of contact. Length of treatment at different health facilities by the injured indicate that more than 70 per cent were treated as outpatient (including observation cases) and the rest were prescribed hospitalized treatment at the first pint of contact. Share of public sector health care institutions treating mild, moderate and severe injuries is 55.5 per cent, 54.6 per cent and 48.6 per cent respectively. In sum, public sector is the preferred choice of injury care seeking for moderate and severe road traffic injuries (cost of treatment, poor economic status) while mild injuries are primarily accounted for by the private sector.

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Innovative HRM Practices: A Comparison of Public and Private Sector Banks of India

MANTHAN Journal of Commerce and Management ◽

10.17492/manthan.v2i1.6432 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Harjeet Kour ◽

Kamlesh Gakhar

Keyword(s):

Public Sector ◽

Private Sector ◽

Performance Management ◽

Primary Data ◽

Public And Private ◽

The Public ◽

Public Sector Banks ◽

Hrm Practices ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Public And Private Sector

Due to globalisation, public sector banks are facing tough competition from the private sector banks, both domestic and foreign. To improve their efficiency and to excel in performance, they have realised the significance of innovative HRM practices, which were earlier being used largely by private sector banks. The present study is based on primary data collected from four hundred two employees of eight banks of India comprising of four banks each from the public and private sector. We examine if there is any statistically significant difference between public and private sector banks in the implementation of forty nine innovative HRM practices. These practices fall under seven different heads: recruitment and selection, training and development, performance management, compensation management, career development, employee motivation and employee security. The results of the t-tests indicate that in the area of innovative HRM, organisational policies and practices in the public and private sectors remain different in many important respects. It has been found that the private sector banks are far ahead of the public sector banks regarding the implementation of these practices. Further, it has been found with the help of different statistical tools that the level of implementation of these innovations in the eight surveyed banks also varies when examined individually.

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Accessing DMPA-SC through the public and private sectors in Nigeria: users’ characteristics and their experiences

Gates Open Research ◽

10.12688/gatesopenres.12890.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 73 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jenny Liu ◽

Jennifer Shen ◽

Eric Schatzkin ◽

Olanike Adedeji ◽

Eugene Kongnyuy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Sector ◽

Private Sector ◽

Scale Up ◽

Poor Quality ◽

Private Provider ◽

Care Seeking ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

The Public ◽

Private Providers ◽

Quality Item

Background: Beginning in 2015, subcutaneous depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-SC) was added to the contraceptive method mix in Nigeria, primarily through social marketing in the private sector and community-based distribution in the public sector. We compare user experiences in acquiring DMPA-SC across sectors during this national scale-up. Methods: From October 2017 to February 2018, 459 women (Npublic=235; Nprivate=224) completed a phone survey from a convenience sample of 1,444 women (Npublic=912; Nprivate=532) who obtained DMPA-SC from participating providers and agreed to be contacted. We examined the sociodemographic predictors of attending a public vs. private provider and analyzed differences in care-seeking across sectors (becoming aware of DMPA-SC, choosing a provider, choosing DMPA-SC, quality of care). Results: Respondents obtaining DMPA-SC from public providers were younger and less educated than those attending private providers. Both program respondents were comprised of similar percentages of new users of modern contraception (58.7-60.3%), although most respondents became aware of DMPA-SC through a friend/family member (43.1%) or a provider (41.5%). Relatively more public sector respondents also heard about DMPA-SC through community outreaches whereas relatively more private sector respondents became aware through media. Convenience was the most common reason for choosing a provider—43.8% among all respondents (higher among public sector respondents). Private sector respondents were also more likely to choose a past or usual provider. Having overall higher quality interactions were more likely among clients who attended private providers than public providers, but responses to individual quality item measures show specific areas of poor quality for providers in each sector. Conclusions: Training emphasizing technical thoroughness, sensitivity toward younger women, and client choice may help improve women’s experiences with obtaining DMPA-SC, ultimately contributing to accelerating demand for and uptake of DMPA-SC specifically and contraception in general.

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Infertilitas Pada Pasangan Suami Istri Di Kota Makassar

Window of Health Jurnal Kesehatan ◽

10.33368/woh.v0i0.192 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 285-296

Author(s):

Muhamad Ikhsan ◽

Andi Muhammad Multazam ◽

Andi Asrina

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Married Couple ◽

Married Couples ◽

Phenomenological Approach ◽

Primary Data ◽

Key Informant ◽

Infertile Couples ◽

The Impact ◽

The City ◽

Depth Interviews

The problem of infertility is still a health problem that has not been fully resolved due to various factors that cause this infertility. Infertility also affects the psychology of a married couple where they do not have offspring, which is one of the goals of marriage. So this study aims to study and analyze infertility in infertile couples in the city of Makassar. This research was conducted in the city of Makassar and the time of the study will be held from February to April 2018, during which time primary data collection will be carried out. This study uses qualitative research methods with a phenomenological approach. The informants of this study were four pairs of ordinary informants and / or supporters and one key informant. Data collection techniques using in-depth interviews, observation and documentation. Data analysis using component analysis (content). The results of the study showed that sexual activity, sexual arousal, or interest in sexual intercourse by a married couple during the infertility period did not experience interference and anxiety in infertile couples seems to know at the outset that they have infertility. The conclusion of this study was that the impact of infertility on sexuality experienced was not felt, sexual relations between married couples did not experience problems. As well as the impact of infertility on anxiety in infertile couples appear at the beginning to know that they are infertile, those feelings arise because of the desire to have offspring.

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Partnership towards Synergistic Municipal Solid Waste Management Services in a Coastal Tourism Sub-Region

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13010397 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 397

Author(s):

Surasak Jotaworn ◽

Vilas Nitivattananon ◽

Kyoko Kusakabe ◽

Wenchao Xue

Keyword(s):

Public Sector ◽

Waste Management ◽

Private Sector ◽

Municipal Solid Waste ◽

Solid Waste ◽

Solid Waste Management ◽

Primary Data ◽

Municipal Solid Waste Management ◽

Coastal Tourism ◽

The Public

Solid waste generated on land could potentially contribute continuously to marine waste, with current municipal solid waste management (MSWM) focusing on human-related activities as the main source. While there has been challenges and opportunities in the MSWM’s partnership in the growing waste generation for the coastal tourism area, the aim of this study is to explore public and private sectors as the key players to identify challenges, opportunities, and need for further analysis of the synergistic MSWM services in the Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC), Thailand. A mixed-method approach was adopted, including primary data collected through semi-structured interviews and questionnaire surveys. Content analysis, descriptive statistics, and chi-square tests were applied. The results show that the public sector has different MSWM strategies—with public-private partnership (PPP) and without PPP, with many challenges in the EEC region—while the private sector has a lot of potential for MSWM effectiveness. The synergistic opportunities from both sectors can therefore be considered for possible integration into four aspects: challenging synergies within the public sector, potential synergies via the private sector, synergies with a cross-sectoral partnership, and synergies through other types of partnership. Additionally, a synergic partnership was another appropriate approach for MSWM services enhancement.

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