scholarly journals Operational Semantics of Annotated Reflex Programs

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-487
Author(s):  
Igor S. Anureev
Keyword(s):  
Operational Semantics ◽  
Control Object ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Transition Management ◽  
Control Software ◽  
C Language ◽  
Global Clock ◽  
Verification Methods ◽  
Shared Variables ◽  
History Of

Reflex is a process-oriented language that provides a design of easy-to-maintain control software for programmable logic controllers. The language has been successfully used in a several reliability critical control systems, e. g. control software for a silicon single crystal growth furnace and electronic equipment control system. Currently, the main goal of the Reflex language project is to develop formal verification methods for Reflex programs in order to guarantee increased reliability of the software created on its basis. The paper presents the formal operational semantics of Reflex programs extended by annotations describing the formal specification of software requirements as a necessary basis for the application of such methods. A brief overview of the Reflex language is given and a simple example of its use – a control program for a hand dryer – is provided. The concepts of environment and variables shared with the environment are defined that allows to disengage from specific input/output ports. Types of annotations that specify restrictions on the values of the variables at program launch, restrictions on the environment (in particular, on the control object), invariants of the control cycle, pre- and postconditions of external functions used in Reflex programs are defined. Annotated Reflex also uses standard annotations assume, assert and havoc. The operational semantics of the annotated Reflex programs uses the global clock as well as the local clocks of separate processes, the time of which is measured in the number of iterations of the control cycle, to simulate time constraints on the execution of processes at certain states. It stores a complete history of changes of the values of shared variables for a more precise description of the time properties of the program and its environment. Semantics takes into account the infinity of the program execution cycle, the logic of process transition management from state to state and the interaction of processes with each other and with the environment. Extending the formal operational semantics of the Reflex language to annotations simplifies the proof of the correctness of the transformation approach to deductive verification of Reflex programs developed by the authors, transforming an annotated Reflex program to an annotated program in a very limited subset of the C language, by reducing a complex proof of preserving the truth of program requirements during the transformation to a simpler proof of equivalence of the original and the resulting annotated programs with respect to their operational semantics.

scholarly journals A community-based randomized trial for the prevention and control of brucellosis among rural populations in Iran: application of the PRECEDE planning model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Jahangiry ◽  
Maryam Khazaee-Pool ◽  
Towhid Babazadeh ◽  
Parvin Sarbakhsh ◽  
Koen Ponnet
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Community Based ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: Brucellosis is one of the most frequently occurring zoonotic diseases of veterinary and a public health problem in developing countries. It affects human and animal health and has measurable effects on the productive and reproductive performance of livestock. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to develop a community-based intervention program for brucellosis prevention and control. A two-arm parallel cluster randomized controlled trial investigated the effectiveness of the program over six months in a rural population in Ahar, East Azerbaijan, Iran. A total of 16 village health houses were randomly allocated to the intervention and the control groups (eight per arm), and 400 participants were recruited via household health records in the health houses. The PRECEDE model, which is an acronym for Predisposing, Reinforcing and Enabling Constructs in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation, was used to design, implement, and evaluate the brucellosis prevention and control program. Knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, social support, environmental enabling, and behavioral factors were measured at the baseline and the six-month follow-up. A generalized mixed effects model was used to analyze data. Results: The mean ages (SD) of the intervention and control group respondents were 35.9 (11.87) and 37.28 (11.04) years, respectively. After the six-month intervention, significant between-group differences were found on all PRECEDE variables, adjusted for education, history of brucellosis, and family history of brucellosis. Conclusion: There is a need to consolidate collaborative health and veterinary sector efforts, as well as increase regular vaccination practices and financial resources to support farmers willing to slaughter animals and/or offer slaughter facilities. The present study was able to demonstrate which educational and ecological factors influence behaviors and environments related to brucellosis and, as such, provide evidence of the effectiveness of interventions based on the PROCEDE model.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of major infectious causes of dairy cattle reproductive problems in central Ethiopia 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohannes Equar Messele ◽  
Gebrerufael Girmay ◽  
Bezina Arega Emeru ◽  
Shelema Kelbesa Bora ◽  
Workitu Firomsa Gudeta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Central Ethiopia ◽  
History Of ◽  
Combined Infection ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Reproductive problem is one of the main constraints of livestock genetic improvement efforts in tropical countries. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of major infectious causes of reproductive problems of dairy cattle in selected dairy farms in central Ethiopia. Overall 86 serum samples were collected from October 2018 to February 2019 from animals with history of reproductive problems. The collected serum was tested for antibody titer against Brucella species, Neospora caninum, Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD), Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) and Q-fever using rose-bengal and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests. Result Among the animals with the history of reproductive disordered; abortion, still birth and repeat breeding cases were found in 61.6%, 19.8% and 18.6%, respectively. The prevalence of IBR, BVD, Neospora caninum and Coxiella brunetti was found to be 79.1%, 38.4%, 3.5% and 1.2%, respectively. The combined infection of both BVD and IBR were detected in 21% of animals. Out of the total animals examined in this study, 95.9% of Jersey breeds were found seropositive to IBR than Boran-Friesian crosses (57.7%). The incidence of BVD was significantly higher in Boran-Friesian crossbred cattle than in Jersey which was found to be 69.3% and 14.3, respectively. The prevalence of IBR and BVD was directly proportional with age of the animal and parity. Conclusion Vaccination against IBR and BVD is not practiced in Ethiopia, the rising level of those diseases in dairy sector needs regular surveillance and control program.

Case of mistaken identity: resolving the taxonomy between Trioza eugeniae Froggatt and T. adventicia Tuthill (Psylloidea: Triozidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 340-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary S. Taylor ◽  
Francesco Martoni
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Mistaken Identity ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Native And Introduced Ranges

AbstractThe ‘Eugenia psyllid’ or ‘Lilly pilly psyllid’, widely recognized in Australia and in the USA as Trioza eugeniae Froggatt (Hemiptera: Triozidae), is not T. eugeniae, but rather T. adventicia Tuthill. In this study we assessed morphological comparisons of materials from throughout the native and introduced ranges and re-examined original descriptions of both taxa, together with Froggatt's type specimens of T. eugeniae. Furthermore, through DNA barcoding analyses, we confirmed the validity of both T. adventicia and T. eugeniae as separate species. We re-described both species to include additional characters not previously included and designated a lectotype for T. eugeniae. T. eugeniae has smaller fore wings that are slightly more elongate. These lack infuscation around veins R and R1, vein Rs is relatively longer, meeting the costa closer to the wing apex; with certain veins bearing long, fine divergent setae, a character not previously described. It has consistently three inner and one outer metatibial spurs. The male parameres appear narrowly pyriform with a weak dorsolateral lobe and weakly sclerotized apices. T. adventicia has larger fore wings that are slightly more ovate with dark infuscation around veins R and R1; vein Rs is relatively shorter, meeting the costa further from the wing apex, with veins lacking long, fine divergent setae. The usual configuration of two inner and one outer metatibial spurs, previously used to separate the two species, appears inconsistent. The male parameres appear a little more broadly pyriform with slightly more sclerotized apices. T. eugeniae refers to a distinct species which has a restricted distribution only in its native range in southern subcoastal New South Wales, Australia. T. adventicia refers to a separate species, with a natural distribution in eastern subcoastal Australia, but has been introduced widely in southern Australia, to New Zealand and the USA. This study elucidates a long history of misidentification of T. eugeniae in the nursery industry and in almost 30 years of literature on its biological control in the USA. Regardless, the biological control program, unknowingly, targeted the correct species of psyllid, T. adventicia, in its foreign exploration and importation of the appropriate parasitoid as a biocontrol agent in the USA. Despite being firmly entrenched in both the nursery trade and scientific literature, the name T. eugeniae is misapplied. While the acceptance of the valid name, T. adventicia, might be regarded as both problematic and protracted, this is the correct taxonomical attribution.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis among Aboriginal and Nonaboriginal Persons in British Columbia

2000 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Wang ◽  
K Noertjojo ◽  
RK Elwood ◽  
J Mark FitzGerald
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Aboriginal People ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Directly Observed Therapy ◽  
Purified Protein Derivative ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tb 53 ◽  
Tb Control Program ◽  
Control Study

OBJECTIVE:To compare cases of tuberculosis (TB) diagnosed among aboriginal persons with a random sample of nonaboriginal persons diagnosed with TB, and evaluate the trends in rates of disease between both groups during the same period.DESIGN:A case-control study.SETTING:A provincial TB control program.PATIENTS AND METHODS:All patients with TB diagnosed among aboriginal persons in British Columbia between 1992 and 1996 were compared with control patients diagnosed during the same period. For each patient a control patient was identified.INTERVENTION:The demographic details, type of disease, bacteriology, risk factors for TB, therapy received as well as mode of administration were documented. The number of contacts identified for each patient as well as the number of patients completing chemoprophylaxis were identified. The rates of disease during the same period were also documented.RESULTS:During the study, 202 patients with TB were diagnosed among aboriginal persons and 201 controls were chosen. Apart from age at diagnosis (35.1±20 years versus 45.7±19.7), differences in the prevalence of lymphadenopathy (5.9% versus 16.4%, P=0.0008) and pleural disease (21.3% versus 16.4%, P=0.00008), there were no differences in presentation between aboriginal and nonaboriginal people. Aboriginal people were more likely to have a  history of contact with a patient with TB (53% versus 17.9%, PÃ0.05), to have received directly observed therapy (55% versus 33.8%, P=0.00002) and to have contacts who were purified protein derivative (PPD) positive (4±9 versus 2±3, P=0.002). These contacts were more likely to start isoniazid (2±3 versus 1±1, P=0.002). Overall, there was a significant decline in rates of TB among aboriginal persons compared with the general population, but there was a small increase in rates among all subjects in the final year of the study.CONCLUSIONS:In the present study, significant variations in rates of TB among different population groups in British Columbia were found. During the study period, there was a greater decline in the rates of TB among aboriginal persons. A greater use of directly observed therapy and greater use of chemoprophylaxis occurred among aboriginal persons, which may have contributed to this decline, or alternatively, it simply reflects the natural evolution of the TB epidemic.

A Web-Based Embedded Sequential Controller with USB 1-N Wireless I/O Modules

2006 ◽  
Vol 505-507 ◽  
pp. 535-540
Author(s):  
Yung Hoh Sheu ◽  
Wu Jeng Li ◽  
Yen Chao Chen ◽  
Jheng Yi Yang
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Control Software ◽  
Core System ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Linux Operation System ◽  
Server Side ◽  
Sequential Control ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
Client Side

This paper designs web-based USB 1-N wireless I/O modules embedded sequential controller. The controller consists of ARM-based core system, a set of USB 1-N wireless I/O data acquisition modules, and sequential control software. The ARM-based core system running Linux operation system forms the basic hardware/software foundation of the controller. The set of USB devices used as I/O interface (sensor and actuator) of thecontroller. With the use of RF chip, the USB I/O is cascaded by wireless 1-N channel such that multiple data acquisition modules can communicate with the controller by a USB port. The device driver of the USB set for the ARM-base Linux system is developed. The sequential control software is designed as client/server structure. The server-side program and client-side program communicate through the Internet. The server-side control program, mainly a PLC interpreter, is an application developed in C++ in the Linux system. The client-side control program is developed in Java and put under a web server of the controller such that the program can be easily deployed by network and run in remote computer. The client program is also used as GUI of the controller.

scholarly journals Smoking and pulmonary tuberculosis treatment failure: a case-control study

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Pablo Aguilar ◽  
María B Arriaga ◽  
Monica Ninet Rodas ◽  
Eduardo Martins Netto
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Tuberculosis Treatment ◽  
Promote Smoking Cessation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Control Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the association between smoking and pulmonary tuberculosis treatment failure. Methods: This was a case-control study conducted at the Brazilian Institute for Tuberculosis Research in the city of Salvador, Brazil, between 2007 and 2015. We evaluated 284 patients treated for pulmonary tuberculosis, comparing 50 cases of treatment failure with 234 control cases in which the final outcome was cure. Results: Treatment failure was attributed to smoking and age rather than to gender, income, level of education, alcohol consumption, or marital status. Therefore, even after adjustment for age, the risk of treatment failure was 2.1 times (95% CI: 1.1-4.1) higher among the patients with a history of smoking. In addition, being over 50 years of age was found to increase the likelihood of treatment failure by 2.8 times (95% CI: 1.4-6.0). Conclusions: Smoking and aging are both associated with pulmonary tuberculosis treatment failure. Therefore, as part of a tuberculosis control program, health personnel should be prepared to offer strategies to promote smoking cessation and should be more careful with older patients.

Epidemiology of Cholera in Bangladesh: Findings From Nationwide Hospital-based Surveillance, 2014–2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 1635-1642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashraful Islam Khan ◽  
Md Mahbubur Rashid ◽  
Md Taufiqul Islam ◽  
Mokibul Hassan Afrad ◽  
M Salimuzzaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Food History ◽  
Control Plan ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Despite advances in prevention, detection, and treatment, cholera remains a major public health problem in Bangladesh and little is known about cholera outside of limited historical sentinel surveillance sites. In Bangladesh, a comprehensive national cholera control plan is essential, although national data are needed to better understand the magnitude and geographic distribution of cholera. Methods We conducted systematic hospital-based cholera surveillance among diarrhea patients in 22 sites throughout Bangladesh from 2014 to 2018. Stool specimens were collected and tested for Vibrio cholerae by microbiological culture. Participants’ socioeconomic status and clinical, sanitation, and food history were recorded. We used generalized estimating equations to identify the factors associated with cholera among diarrhea patients. Results Among 26 221 diarrhea patients enrolled, 6.2% (n = 1604) cases were V. cholerae O1. The proportion of diarrhea patients positive for cholera in children <5 years was 2.1% and in patients ≥5 years was 9.5%. The proportion of cholera in Dhaka and Chittagong Division was consistently high. We observed biannual seasonal peaks (pre- and postmonsoon) for cholera across the country, with higher cholera positivity during the postmonsoon in western regions and during the pre–monsoon season in eastern regions. Cholera risk increased with age, occupation, and recent history of diarrhea among household members. Conclusions Cholera occurs throughout a large part of Bangladesh. Cholera-prone areas should be prioritized to control the disease by implementation of targeted interventions. These findings can help strengthen the cholera-control program and serve as the basis for future studies for tracking the impact of cholera-control interventions in Bangladesh.

THE PROBLEM OF RODENTS IN OUR MODERN ENVIRONMENT1

1971 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 471-474
Author(s):  
L. A. Penn
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Solid Waste Disposal ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
History Of ◽  
Effective Community ◽  
Recent Origin

Although two species of rats have become thoroughly domesticated and have lived parasitically in man's environment for several centuries, organized urban rat control programs are of comparatively recent origin. A brief history of commensal rats and their relationship to man is presented. Some early urban control programs are summarized. Recent social developments in cities have focused attention on rat control programs and have intensified efforts to free urban areas of rats, particularly in proverty-stricken neighborhoods. An effective community rat control program depends upon motivation and education of citizens as well as enforcement of wisely written rat control ordinances and related solid waste disposal rules. A good rat control ordinance should require rat-proofing of buildings, elimination of rat harborages and sources of food for rats, as well as rat extermination on all premises. For the future, not only will more sophisticated means of citizen motivation be needed, but further studies of the role of sewers and other heretofore neglected areas of rat control in the urban environment.

Design and Realization of the Calibration Equipment for Inertial Navigation System by the Control Computer

2013 ◽  
Vol 380-384 ◽  
pp. 3354-3357
Author(s):  
Chao Feng Zhao ◽  
Guo Dong Li ◽  
Xiang Jin Wang ◽  
Zhi Lu Zhang ◽  
Cheng Yu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inertial Navigation System ◽  
Control Technique ◽  
Automatic Calibration ◽  
Control Software ◽  
Embedded Control ◽  
C Language ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
Control Computer

Aiming at the problem of calibrating the INS in non-laboratory conditions, this thesis proposes the calibration methods by as the core and combined use of double-position directional gyro calibration, four-position horizontal gyro calibration and Schuler circuit accelerometer calibration etc. It builds up the model for scale factor calibrating, controls the inertial platform by the embedded control technique to make it the three-axis turntable state, and uses the Linux OS and C language design control software to design and develop the automatic calibration equipment for the INS. This equipment is simple in operation, easy in use and portable, and therefore can realize automatic calibration in non-laboratory conditions. And the results meet the requirements for guarantee the precision of the system in use.

scholarly journals Human onchocerciasis in Brazil: an overview

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1167-1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Shelley
Keyword(s):  
Control Program ◽  
Border Region ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Brazilian Government ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control ◽  
Future Work

Human onchocerciasis was recently discovered in Brazil among Yanomámi Indians living along the border region with Venezuela in the States of Amazonas and Roraima. The article reports on the history of the disease's discovery, its distribution, and incrimination of vector simuliid species. The literature that has been generated on the parasite, its vectors, and control of the disease is critically analyzed as well as the organization of epidemiological surveys and the control program developed by the Brazilian government and an international agency. Suggestions for future work are made.

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