scholarly journals Actualization of interjections’ potential in the English-language multimodal text (based on ‘Disney Magic Kingdom Comics’)

Author(s):  
N. V. Panina

In the article the author analyzes interjections as signals of emotions in order to determine their functions in creating the perlocutionary effect of comics, which is especially relevant in the era of ever-increasing emotionalization of the global communicative space. The research is based on 'Disney Magic Kingdom Comics' anniversary collection, which presents comics created by various authors and artists, which thereby indicates the objective nature of the research. The block of empirical materials includes both interjections that autonomously form the speech acts of comic book characters, and those which pragmatic potential is revealed in combination with verbal and iconic components. The research is carried out on the basis of linguistic description methods of the qualitative-quantitative and functional-semantic characteristics of interjections. In the course of the study the author is revealed that interjections are able to participate in the formation of speech acts of comic book characters. Interjections in the imperative function represent directive speech acts. However, the most numerous and variable group is made up of interjections expressing the emotional state of the characters, which may be explained by the nature of interjections. Further on the concentration of interjections in speech balloons is recorded and it is revealed that interjections occupy 1/5 of the entire communicative space of each of the analyzed comics. Actualizing the emotional component of comics, interjections are involved in creating the maximum similarity between the formation of a speech act in a speech balloon and in live speech. Graphic tools and illustrations allow the reader to determine the intensity of the emotion transmitted by this or that interjection, and the nature of its expression. According to the results of the study, the author is found that comics, revealing the unity of narration and visual action, serve as a valid platform for actualization of the potential of interjections, which are an integral element of this type of a multimodal text.

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-170
Author(s):  
Wira Kurniawati

One of the main community problems related to rubbish is disposing of it carelessly. This fact then gave rise to various responses such as placing the no-littering signs conveyed through prayer and swearing. This paper aims to examine the discourse elements, the functions and strategies of speech acts, and the use of discourse context.  By qualitatively classifying data obtained from several articles and pictures related to the issue, this paper found that in various no-littering-sign through prayers and/or swearing, the discourse was formed from the core elements of the prohibition and various supporting elements, namely more alert preparation, gounder, imposition, and identity. The speech act is in the form of a forbidden-directive speech act to others, but is conveyed through a request-directive speech act to God in order to get a more substantial perlocutionary effect. This is conveyed by explicit and implicit, direct and indirect strategies, literal and non-literal, and express and implied speech acts. The context used relates to life quality and condition. Thus, the emotive function of language is more dominantly used in this type of no-littering sign than the conative function which is generally found in directive speech acts. Salah satu masalah utama masyarakat terkait sampah adalah membuangnya secara sembarangan. Sebagai respons, kemudian muncullah berbagai reaksi seperti rambu larangan membuang sampah sembarangan yang disampaikan melalui doa dan sumpah serapah. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji unsur-unsur wacana, fungsi dan strategi tindak tutur, serta pemanfaatan konteks wacana tersebut. Dengan mengklasifikasikan data secara kualitatif melalui beberapa artikel dan gambar yang terkait dengan masalah tersebut, tulisan ini menemukan bahwa dalam berbagai tanda larangan membuang sampah sembarangan melalui doa dan/atau umpatan, wacana terbentuk dari unsur inti larangan dan berbagai unsur pendukung. Tindak tutur tersebut berupa tindak tutur direktif terlarang kepada orang lain, tetapi disampaikan melalui tindak tutur direktif permintaan kepada Tuhan agar memperoleh efek perlokusi yang lebih substansial. Hal ini disampaikan melalui strategi eksplisit dan implisit, strategi langsung dan tidak langsung, literal dan non literal, serta tindak tutur tersurat dan tersirat. Konteks yang digunakan berkaitan dengan kualitas dan kondisi hidup, khususnya yang bersifat celaka dan penderitaan. Dengan demikian, fungsi emotif bahasa lebih dominan digunakan pada jenis tanda larangan membuang sampah sembarangan daripada fungsi konatif yang umumnya terdapat pada tindak tutur direktif.


Author(s):  
Zizinska A.P.

The article is aimed to investigate speech acts in the Old English language (7–11 centuries). Our study focuses on one of the types of speech acts – directives. Literary monuments of the Old English language, the oldest of which date back to the 7th century, served as illustrative material.We have studied and identified the main types of directives that were most manifested in the language of the above mantioned period. Based on previous researches, and analyzing the sources of illustrative material, we were able to trace back the peculiarities of the directives usage in the Old English language, and to make a comparative analysis.The diachronic analysis revealed that orders were the most commonly used type of directive speech acts. They proved to be the most diachronically stable and have retained a one-part structure since the Old English period. That is why our research focuses on this period, as it is important to investigate the origin and formation of directives, which in its further development became an important part of the imperatives. The grammaticalization of directives and imperative sentences in general was mainly pragmatic and morphological. It was connected to the development of the imperative mood and language in general.The usage of electronic corpora has helped us to determine the frequency of manifestation of a particular directive marker in literary monuments. The article analyzes four main types of directives: ic bidde, sceu scealt / ge sculon, uton, neodþearf / þearf. Performative directives were among the most widely used and widespread in the written literature of the period under study. In Old English, the typical model of a directive speech act was: a directive verb in the first person singular or plural + object. A subordinate clause with a request was often added with the specified action that the speaker required to perform.Our study allowed us to establish that the choice of directives depended (in most cases) on face threat. Instead, the peculiarities of their manifestation had a different purpose. Thus, performatives were used to emphasize the effect of the speech act and to ensure the performance of a certain action. Other types of directives were used to emphasize the urgency and necessity of the implementation of a particular act, and to clarify to whom it applies. We found that the above mentioned directives were used mainly in religious texts.Key words: imperative, diachrony, historical pragmatics, request, order. Стаття присвячується дослідженню мовленнєвих актів в англійській мові давньоанглійського періоду (7–11 ст.). Наша розвідка зосереджується на одному з видів мовленнєвих актів – директивах. Ілюстративним матеріалом слугували літературні пам’ятки давньоанглійської мови, найдавніші з яких датуються 7 століттям.Нами були досліджені й виділені основні типи директивів, які були найбільш вживаними в зазначений період. Взявши за основу попередні розвідки й проаналізувавши джерела ілюстративного матеріалу, нам вдалося прослідкувати особливості використання директивів у давньоанглійській мові й зробити порівняльний аналіз.Діахронічний аналіз дозволив визначити, що накази є найбільш вживаним типом директивних мовленнєвих актів. Вони виявилися діахронічно стійкими й зберегли односкладову структуру ще із часів давньоанглійського періоду. Саме тому наше дослідження зосереджується на цьому періоді, оскільки важливо дослідити зародження та утворення директивів, які в подальшому своєму розвитку стали невіддільною частиною імперативів. Граматикалізація, що відбулась із директивами й наказовими реченнями загалом, мала переважно прагматичний і морфологічний характер. Вони були пов’язані з розвитком наказового способу й мовою загалом.Застосування електронних корпусів допомогло визначити частоту вживання певного директивного маркера в пам’ятках літератури. У статті аналізуються чотири основні типи директивів: ic bidde, þu scealt / ge sculon, uton, neodþearf / þearf. Перформативні директиви належали до найбільш вживаних і поширених у письмових пам’ятках літератури досліджуваного періоду. У давньоанглійській мові типовою моделлю було директивне дієслово в першій особі однини чи множини + додаток. Часто додавалось підрядне речення з вказаною дією, яку мовець вимагав виконати.Наше дослідження дозволило нам встановити, що вибір директивів залежав (у більшості випадків) від «загрози (не загрози) обличчю». Натомість особливості їх вживання мали іншу мету. Таким чином, перформативи вживались для підкреслення дії мовленнєвого акту й забезпечення виконання певної дії. Інші види директивів використовувались для наголошення на терміновості й необхідності виконання того чи іншого акту й уточнення адресата. Нами було встановлено, що зазначені вище директиви вживались переважно в релігійних текстах.Ключові слова: імператив, діахронія, історична прагматика, прохання, наказ.


Author(s):  
Leslie K. Arnovick

The best pedagogical practices in the teaching of the History of the English Language (HEL) recommend the incorporation of new research paradigms. Historical pragmatics and historical sociolinguistics are both relatively new fields of study, and both clearly locate the English language in its social and cultural context. This chapter will give you examples of historical pragmatic studies (e.g., the evolution of discourse markers and changes in directive speech acts) and historical sociolinguistics (e.g., the use of you/thou in relation to social rank and gender, changes from positive (neutral) politeness to negative politeness) that can fruitfully be incorporated into HEL courses.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-81
Author(s):  
Sayyora Azimova ◽  

This article is devoted to the pragmatic interpretation of the illocutionary action of the speech act “expression of refusals”. The article discusses different ways of reflecting cases of denial. This article was written not only for English language professionals, but also for use in aggressive conflicts and their pragmatic resolution, which naturally occur in the process of communication in all other languages


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-231
Author(s):  
Sayyora Azimova ◽  

This article is devoted to the pragmatic interpretation of the illocutionary action of the speech act“expression of refusals”. The article discusses different ways of reflecting cases of denial. This article was written not only for English language professionals, but also for use in aggressive conflicts and their pragmatic resolution, which naturally occur in the process of communication in all other languages


2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evi Jovita Putri

<p>The research entitled Directive Speech Act Seen on Family 2.0 Drama Script Written by Walter Wykes purposes to describe and uncover the types of form and intended meaning of directive speech act on that drama script. This descriptive research uses pragmatic approach and theory. The collecting and analysing data are focused on the using of declarative, imperative, and interrogative sentences in the text of drama. The forms of those sentences will be analysed to find out the types of form of directive speech act, while the context of those sentences will be used to analyze the intended meaning of directive speech act uttered by speakers. The results of the research are found that, first, there are two types of the form of directive speech acts, direct directive speech acts and indirect directive speech acts. Direct directive speech acts are represented by imperative sentence without subject; imperative sentence with let; and negative imperative sentence. Meanwhile the indirect directive speech acts are represented by declarative sentence statement; declarative sentence if clause; negative declarative sentences; and interrogative sentences. Second, the intended meanings seen on drama script of Family 2.0 are command, prohibition, request, treat, and persuasion. It can be concluded that, the most frequent intended meaning appeared in directive speech acts on this script is command by the use of imperative forms. Then, the declarative and interrogative forms are used to request something by adults charaters; in contrast the kids characters use them to command and prohibit the hearer.<strong></strong></p><strong>Keywords: </strong> family 2.0, pragmatic, speech act, directive, form and intended meaning


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-162
Author(s):  
Atiya Mahmud Hana

  This study aims to observe and describe the use of speech acts by Barack Obama when he announced the death of Osama bin Laden. The writer focuses on illocutionary acts used by Barack Obama. The primary data source is the transcript of Barack Obama’s speech at White House on May 1st, 2011 after the death of Osama bin Laden. The types of illocutionary acts are observed by the writer according to Searle’s Taxonomy of Illocutionary Act. They are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations. The result of the study shows that representatives are frequetnly used by Obama in his speech. Representatives are used in 54 utterances (74%); Commissives are used in 11 utterances (15%); Expressives are used in 7 utterances (11%). Barack Obama used none both directive speech acts and declaration speech acts. Representatives are frequently used in Barack Obama speech because the purpose of the speech is to announce the death of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan. The evidence is that most utterances in the transcipt use statements, descriptions, and reports.   


2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-85
Author(s):  
Sunni L. Sonnenburg-Winkler ◽  
Zohreh R. Eslami ◽  
Ali Derakhshan

AbstractThe present study investigates variability among raters from different linguistic backgrounds, who evaluated the pragmatic performance of English language learners with varying native languages (L1s) by using both self- and peer-assessments. To this end, written discourse completion task (WDCT) samples of requesting speech acts from 10 participants were collected. Thereafter, the participants were asked to assess their peers’ WDCTs before assessing their own samples using the same rating scale. The raters were further asked to provide an explanation for their rating decisions. Findings indicate that there may indeed be a link between a rater’s language background and their scoring patterns, although the results regarding peer- and self-assessment are mixed. There are both similarities and differences in the participants’ use of pragmatic norms and social rules in evaluating appropriateness.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-125
Author(s):  
Carlos de Pablos-Ortega

AbstractThe main aim of the study is to ascertain contrastively, in English and Spanish, how directive speech acts are represented in film discourse. For the purpose of the investigation, the directive speech acts of 24 films, 12 in English and 12 in Spanish, were extracted and analysed. A classification taxonomy, inspired by previous research, was created in order to categorize the different types of directive speech acts and determine their level of (in)directness. The results show that indirectness is more widely represented in the English than in the Spanish film scripts, thus confirming the assertion that being indirect is a distinctive feature of English native speakers (Grundy, 2008). This research makes a valuable contribution to the exploration of speech acts in filmspeak and informs the existing local grammar descriptions of the linguistic patterns of directive speech acts.


Author(s):  
Taulia Taulia ◽  
Laraiba Nasution

Speech acts play an essential role in language learning as an aspect that can improve a learner's ability to speak orally. In this research, illocutionary speech-acts  were described in the Japanese language learning process for students of the Mandarin Language Department, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, University of Sumatera Utara. This research is qualitative. The data are speech acts in the lecture process in class, especially in the discussion. The data sources were 40 fourth-semester students of the Mandarin Language Department. The theory used was the Searle speech act theory. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation, recording , and note-taking techniques. Data analysis techniques were carried out applying Miles & Huberman's opinion by condensing data through transcription of recorded data into written form, identifying forms, speech act functions, data presentation, and concluding. As a result, there were forms of illocutionary speech acts, namely directive, expressive, and declarative. Furthermore, the purpose used in class was in directive speech acts which were to order, ask, invite (engage). In other words, in expressive speech-act was praising, and in declarative speech-act was prohibiting. In conclusion, Japanese speech acts in Japanese class occured between lecturers and students and only consisted of several types of speech acts due to students' limited mastery of Japanese.


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