scholarly journals DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS IN OLD ENGLISH LANGUAGE

2021 ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
Zizinska A.P.
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
English Language ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Object A ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
Directive Speech ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Imperative Mood

The article is aimed to investigate speech acts in the Old English language (7–11 centuries). Our study focuses on one of the types of speech acts – directives. Literary monuments of the Old English language, the oldest of which date back to the 7th century, served as illustrative material.We have studied and identified the main types of directives that were most manifested in the language of the above mantioned period. Based on previous researches, and analyzing the sources of illustrative material, we were able to trace back the peculiarities of the directives usage in the Old English language, and to make a comparative analysis.The diachronic analysis revealed that orders were the most commonly used type of directive speech acts. They proved to be the most diachronically stable and have retained a one-part structure since the Old English period. That is why our research focuses on this period, as it is important to investigate the origin and formation of directives, which in its further development became an important part of the imperatives. The grammaticalization of directives and imperative sentences in general was mainly pragmatic and morphological. It was connected to the development of the imperative mood and language in general.The usage of electronic corpora has helped us to determine the frequency of manifestation of a particular directive marker in literary monuments. The article analyzes four main types of directives: ic bidde, sceu scealt / ge sculon, uton, neodþearf / þearf. Performative directives were among the most widely used and widespread in the written literature of the period under study. In Old English, the typical model of a directive speech act was: a directive verb in the first person singular or plural + object. A subordinate clause with a request was often added with the specified action that the speaker required to perform.Our study allowed us to establish that the choice of directives depended (in most cases) on face threat. Instead, the peculiarities of their manifestation had a different purpose. Thus, performatives were used to emphasize the effect of the speech act and to ensure the performance of a certain action. Other types of directives were used to emphasize the urgency and necessity of the implementation of a particular act, and to clarify to whom it applies. We found that the above mentioned directives were used mainly in religious texts.Key words: imperative, diachrony, historical pragmatics, request, order. Стаття присвячується дослідженню мовленнєвих актів в англійській мові давньоанглійського періоду (7–11 ст.). Наша розвідка зосереджується на одному з видів мовленнєвих актів – директивах. Ілюстративним матеріалом слугували літературні пам’ятки давньоанглійської мови, найдавніші з яких датуються 7 століттям.Нами були досліджені й виділені основні типи директивів, які були найбільш вживаними в зазначений період. Взявши за основу попередні розвідки й проаналізувавши джерела ілюстративного матеріалу, нам вдалося прослідкувати особливості використання директивів у давньоанглійській мові й зробити порівняльний аналіз.Діахронічний аналіз дозволив визначити, що накази є найбільш вживаним типом директивних мовленнєвих актів. Вони виявилися діахронічно стійкими й зберегли односкладову структуру ще із часів давньоанглійського періоду. Саме тому наше дослідження зосереджується на цьому періоді, оскільки важливо дослідити зародження та утворення директивів, які в подальшому своєму розвитку стали невіддільною частиною імперативів. Граматикалізація, що відбулась із директивами й наказовими реченнями загалом, мала переважно прагматичний і морфологічний характер. Вони були пов’язані з розвитком наказового способу й мовою загалом.Застосування електронних корпусів допомогло визначити частоту вживання певного директивного маркера в пам’ятках літератури. У статті аналізуються чотири основні типи директивів: ic bidde, þu scealt / ge sculon, uton, neodþearf / þearf. Перформативні директиви належали до найбільш вживаних і поширених у письмових пам’ятках літератури досліджуваного періоду. У давньоанглійській мові типовою моделлю було директивне дієслово в першій особі однини чи множини + додаток. Часто додавалось підрядне речення з вказаною дією, яку мовець вимагав виконати.Наше дослідження дозволило нам встановити, що вибір директивів залежав (у більшості випадків) від «загрози (не загрози) обличчю». Натомість особливості їх вживання мали іншу мету. Таким чином, перформативи вживались для підкреслення дії мовленнєвого акту й забезпечення виконання певної дії. Інші види директивів використовувались для наголошення на терміновості й необхідності виконання того чи іншого акту й уточнення адресата. Нами було встановлено, що зазначені вище директиви вживались переважно в релігійних текстах.Ключові слова: імператив, діахронія, історична прагматика, прохання, наказ.

Directive Speech Act Seen on Family 2.0 Drama Script Written by Walter Wykes

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evi Jovita Putri
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Declarative Sentence ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
Directive Speech

<p>The research entitled Directive Speech Act Seen on Family 2.0 Drama Script Written by Walter Wykes purposes to describe and uncover the types of form and intended meaning of directive speech act on that drama script. This descriptive research uses pragmatic approach and theory. The collecting and analysing data are focused on the using of declarative, imperative, and interrogative sentences in the text of drama. The forms of those sentences will be analysed to find out the types of form of directive speech act, while the context of those sentences will be used to analyze the intended meaning of directive speech act uttered by speakers. The results of the research are found that, first, there are two types of the form of directive speech acts, direct directive speech acts and indirect directive speech acts. Direct directive speech acts are represented by imperative sentence without subject; imperative sentence with let; and negative imperative sentence. Meanwhile the indirect directive speech acts are represented by declarative sentence statement; declarative sentence if clause; negative declarative sentences; and interrogative sentences. Second, the intended meanings seen on drama script of Family 2.0 are command, prohibition, request, treat, and persuasion. It can be concluded that, the most frequent intended meaning appeared in directive speech acts on this script is command by the use of imperative forms. Then, the declarative and interrogative forms are used to request something by adults charaters; in contrast the kids characters use them to command and prohibit the hearer.<strong></strong></p><strong>Keywords: </strong> family 2.0, pragmatic, speech act, directive, form and intended meaning

scholarly journals BENTUK TINDAK TUTUR DIREKTIF DALAM ACARA MARIO TEGUH GOLDEN WAYS

Vidya Karya ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Arifin
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
Directive Speech ◽  
Descriptive Method

Abstract: This research deals with directive speech in the Mario Teguh Golden Ways. This study uses a qualitative approach. That is, data that has been found later identified, analyzed and classified through a qualitative analysis. In line with the approach, the method used is descriptive method. From the results of the study, it is showed that the speech act in Mario Teguh Golden Ways is a directive speech act, which is seen from the number of words used by Mario in giving advice. This can be seen in terms of understanding that researcher found. Directive speech acts (directives) illocutionary aim to produce an effect of an act committed by the addressees; this illocutionary is for example, ordering, commanding, pleading, demanding, and giving advice. Keywords: Discourse, Directives Speech Acts, Mario Teguh Golden Ways Abstrak: Penelitian ini berkenaan dengan bentuk tidak tutur direktif dalam acara Mario Teguh Golden Ways. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Artinya, data yang telah ditemukan kemudian diidentifikasi, dianalisis dan diklasifikasikan melalui analisis secara kualitatif. Sejalan dengan pendekatannya, metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tindak tutur yang banyak terdapat pada acara Mario Teguh Golden Ways adalah tindak tutur direktif yang dapat diamati dari banyaknya kalimat yang digunakan oleh Mario Teguh dalam berbicara memberi saran dan nasihat. Hal ini bisa dilihat dari segi pengertian yang telah peneliti dapatkan. Tindak tutur direktif (directives) ilokusi ini bertujuan menghasilkan suatu efek berupa tindakan yang dilakukan oleh petutur; ilokusi ini misalnya, memesan, memerintah, memohon, menuntut, memberi nasihat.Kata kunci : Wacana, Tindak Tutur Direktif, Acara Mario Teguh Golden Ways

scholarly journals Speech Act Realization on Handbook Mitigation Disaster in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Rd. Januar Radhiya ◽  
Asteria Permata Martawijaya
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Politeness Theory ◽  
Earthquake Mitigation ◽  
The People ◽  
The Government ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
Directive Speech

This study investigates speech act strategies used in earthquake mitigation handbooks in Japan, and focuses on finding the type of communicative functions of the speech act strategies used. The government of Japan has provided online and printed handbooks for the people, to reduce risks to a minimum level regarding the disaster so people can prepare beforehand. The data in this study were collected from online leaflet and handbook regarding earthquake mitigation provided by 9 government city’s websites, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, and by collecting actual handbook and leaflets from Indonesian lives in Japan. The data were analysed using descriptive qualitative method. Collected data then categorized into assertive and directive speech acts, negative and positive politeness based on Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory, and focusing on expression of consideration (hairyo hyougen). This study found that there are 659 statements related to earthquake disaster mitigation collected from the data. Also, the findings showed that there are 179 assertive and 480 directives speech acts, with more of imperative directive speech than prohibition directive speech. Moreover, Japanese government tend to use hairyou hyougen on their leaflet and handbook disaster mitigation to show respect to the reader.

scholarly journals AN ANALYSIS OF DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS BY SEARLE THEORY IN “SLEEPING BEAUTY” MOVIE SCRIPT

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
Fara Della ◽  
Barnabas Sembiring
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Sleeping Beauty ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Movie Script ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
Directive Speech ◽  
Research Show

This research aims to find out the types of Directive Speech Acts by the characters in “Sleeping Beauty” movie script based on the theory that proposed by Searle theory and analyze the types of directive speech acts that most frequently used in the movie script and the possible reason for it. The subject of the research was the script of the conversation between the characters. The type of this research is Descriptive Quantitative research. In this research, the researcher used documentation as the instrument. The object of this study is the “Sleeping Beauty” movie script by Casper Van Dien. The results of the research show that, first, the types of directive speech acts were Command, request, permission, prohibition, and question. Second, the types of directive speech act that most frequently used were command type. In terms of types, the command is in the highest rank (51 utterances) and prohibition ( 2 utterances)) is in the lowest rank. In terms of reason, the command types (51 utterances) is the most frequently used, because it usually shows the strength of each character very clearly. And also the movie genre also influences the use of its directive speech acts itself.

scholarly journals Tindak Tutur Direktif Langsung Literal Guru pada Pembelajaran Teks Eksposisi di Kelas X IPS-3 SMA Negeri 3 Boyolali (Literal Directive Speech Act in Exposition Text Learning in Class X IPS-3 SMA Negeri 3 Boyolali)

JALABAHASA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Siti Maesaroh
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Text Learning ◽  
Classroom Communication ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
Directive Speech

Bahasa merupakan alat interaksi sosial atau alat komunikasi antarmanusia, termasuk di dalamnya komunikasi antara guru dengan siswa dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar di kelas. Dalam setiap komunikasi di kelas, guru dan siswa saling menyampaikan informasi yang dapat berupa pikiran, gagasan, maksud, perasaan, maupun emosi secara langsung. Setiap proses komunikasi memunculkan tindak tutur dalam satu situasi tutur. Hal inilah yang melatarbelakangi penulis untuk melakukan penelitian. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk-bentuk tindak tutur direktif guru dalam pembelajaran teks eksposisi di Kelas X IPS-3 SMA Negeri 3 Boyolali. Strategi yang penulis pilih adalah langsung literal agar mempermudah pemahaman terhadap mitra tutur. Objek penelitian ini adalah tindak tutur guru dan siswa dalam proses pembelajaran. Subjek penelitian ini adalah seorang guru yang mengajar bahasa Indonesia di Kelas X IPS-3 SMA Negeri 3 Boyolali. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode pengamatan, perekaman, dan pencatatan. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa bentuk tindak tutur direktif langsung literal yang dilakukan guru dalam pembelajaran teks eksposisi di Kelas X IPS-3 SMA Negeri 3 Boyolali berfungsi untuk menyuruh, memohon, menuntut, menyarankan, dan menantang. Tindak tutur direktif langsung literal yang dominan dilakukan guru dalam pembelajaran adalah menyuruh. Language is a means of social interaction or communication among people, including the communication among teachers and students in the teaching and learning activities in the classroom. In every classroom communication, the teacher and student convey information to each other that can be thoughts, ideas, intentions, feelings, or emotions directly. Every communication process brings up acts of speech in a speech situation. This is what lies behind the author to do this study. The purpose of this study is to describe the forms of directive speech acts of the teacher in learning text exposition in Class X IPS-3 SMA Negeri 3 Boyolali. The strategy choosen by the author is literal direct to facilitate understanding towards the interlocutor. The object of this study is the speech acts of teachers and students in the learning process. The subject of this study is a teacher who teaches Indonesian in Class X IPS-3 SMA Negeri 3 Boyolali. The data are collected using observation, recording and noting methods. The result of the research proves that the form of literal direct directive speech act done by teacher in exposition text lesson in Class X IPS-3 SMA Negeri 3 Boyolali serves to ask, to beg, to demand, to advise, and to challenge. The literal direct directive speech act that is dominant done by the teacher in learning is to order.

scholarly journals Speech Acts Used In The Film � The Curious Case Of Benjamin Button�

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
Hendri Hendri
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Role Play ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Status ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
Directive Speech ◽  
The Way

From the analysis, I found that the kinds of speech acts in dialogues of the film was dominated by directive speech acts, 340 times or 68%. The second speech act performed was commisive, 64 times or 13%. The third type of speech acts was expressive, 53 times or 11%. The last type of speech acts was representative, 42 times or 8%.. There was no declaration found in the dialogues of the film. Directive is attempt by the speaker to get the addresse to do something, it influnced by the status between the speaker and the hearer. Commisive commits the speaker to some future course of act. Representative commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition, it also deals with the use of language to tell people how things are. Expressive is used to express our feeling and attitudes. In declarative, the person performing the act must have authority to do it, and must do it in appropriate circumstance and with appropriate actions. Students can learn from the film how people speak and how they perform an act by saying something and learn by using role-play. For learners, it is also an interesting thing watching film by observing the way people speak. At least it will give them inputs in terms of custom, behavior and also values hidden in the film.

scholarly journals KESANTUNAN TINDAK TUTUR DIREKTIF DALAM TALK SHOW SATU JAM LEBIH DEKAT DI TV ONE (TINJAUAN PRAGMATIK)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Nur Aini Syah
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Data Validation ◽  
Data Sampling ◽  
Talk Show ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
Directive Speech

The aim of this research are to explain the politeness of directive speech acts and politeness strategy, which supports the effectiveness of the talk show. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. The data resources are spoken data from three episodes of Satu Jam Lebih Dekat Talk Show on TV One. The technique of data sampling is determined by purposive sampling. The data validation technic in this research is triangulation technic. The result of the research shows that the types of directive speech acts in Satu Jam Lebih Dekat are to please, to request, to ask, to order, to invite, and to forbid. The politeness strategies of Satu Jam Lebih Dekat are bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off record. The politeness of directive speech acts supports the effectiveness of the talk show because of some factors, such as types of directive speech act and politeness strategy.

scholarly journals Directive Speech Acts in Aisha Saeed’s Novel Amal Unbound

2021 ◽  
Vol 317 ◽  
pp. 02004
Author(s):  
Amarylis Duta Pertiwi ◽  
Mytha Candria ◽  
Dwi Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Linguistic Data ◽  
Illocutionary Acts ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
Directive Speech

Communication within society comprises diverse linguistic choices influenced by social interaction. This study discusses how structures of utterances and types of directive illocutionary acts pertain to the characters’ qualities and non-linguistic factors in Amal Unbound (2018) by Aisha Saeed. This analysis aims to find out the connection between utterances the characters’ qualities such as age, occupation, education, relationship, social status, and non-linguistic factor like the topic or purpose. The underlying theory used in this study is Bach and Harnish’s directive speech act categorization. This study was conducted using qualitative method since it involves discussion on linguistic data (words, phrases, sentences, and utterances). The result of the analysis shows that the utterances of the novel’s characters are affected by the quality they possess and surrounding non-linguistic factors. In conclusion, understanding illocutionary acts open our eyes of the significance of appropriate uses of language in social practice.

scholarly journals STRATEGI PENERJEMAHAN KATA NON-EQUIVALENT

Metahumaniora ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 271
Author(s):  
Erlina Zulkifli Mahmud
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Speech Act Theory ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Expressive Speech ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
Directive Speech ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

AbstrakArtikel ini membahas satu jenis strategi penerjemahan yang berfokus pada penerjemahan pada level kata yang bersifat non-equivalent menurut Mona Baker. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan jenis strategi penerjemahan apa saja dalam taksonomi tersebut  yang diaplikasikan pada penerjemahan kata-kata non-equivalent yang ditemukan pada novel-novel Indonesia sebagai bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa sasaran; dan juga untuk mengidentifikasi apakah pesan yang terdapat pada kata-kata bersifat non-equivalent pada bahasa sumber tersampaikan sama pada bahasa sasaran. Metode yang digunakan untuk membahas aplikasi strategi penerjemahan ini adalah metode kualitatif-komparatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kata-kata yang bersifat non-equivalent diterjemahkan dengan menggunakan 7 dari 8 strategi penerjemahan yang ada dan secara keseluruhan strategi penerjemahan untuk kata non-equivalent mampu menyampaikan pesan yang terdapat pada kata-kata non-equivalent tersebut meskipun tidak semua secara detil.Kata kunci: strategi penerjemahan, kata non-equivalent, strategi penerjemahan Mona Baker AbstractSpeech act is the activity of uttering speech with a specific purpose. Research on speech acts has been done by many researchers before, but the number is still limited that reviewed the speech acts during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study discussed the types of speech acts on Instagram social media during the Covid-19 period. This study used a pragmatic approach with Searle's speech act theory (1979). The method used is descriptive qualitative. Based on the results of data analysis, researcher found that 3 types of speech acts, namely 1) Directive speech acts with the implicature of persuading and encouraging; 2) Representative speech acts with the implicature of commanding and challenging; 3) Expressive speech acts with the implicature of encouraging.Keywords: Covid-19, Pragmatic, Speech act         

scholarly journals Directive Speech Act in Moluccan Children Traditional Game Songs in Maluku

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1013-1022
Author(s):  
Mariana Lewier ◽  
Merlyn Rutumalessy ◽  
Viona Sapulette
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
Interrogative Sentence ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Directive Speech ◽  
Traditional Game

Up to the present time, there are still many children games played with their respective accompanying songs by young children in Maluku. The lyrics of these children songs can be categorized as one form of texts that can be analyzed in terms of language aspects. This paper discusses directive speech acts contained in the children songs-attached games in Maluku. The purpose of this paper is to describe the various acts of directive speech, the social-cultural context that embodies it, and the level of politeness they may carry. The approach used was pragmatic approach, specifically the framework of speech act theory. The data used in this study was children songs in Ambon-Maluku, both oral and written data containing directive statements. Data analysis was done by interpreting, making inferences, and presenting it in the form of descriptive analysis. Descriptive analysis is intended to describe, provide an overview and identify the relationship between the phenomena being studied. The directive act of speech contained in the children game songs in Maluku can be categorized as direct or indirect. The direct way of directive speech acts is used for requesting, ordering, inviting, and forbidding, while the indirect way is preferred than imperative mode by using interrogative sentence, news report, and a particular request statement. Thus, through this analysis, we may come to an understanding of the dynamics of socio-cultural realm that underlies the presence of children game traditions in Maluku.

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