scholarly journals Rheological behaviour of water based mud formulated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) plant extracts

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Onyeogulu Chibuike ◽  
Ibezim-Ezeani Millicent Uzoamaka ◽  
Akaranta Onyewuchi
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Rheological Behaviour ◽  
Gel Strength ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Emulsifying Agent ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Negative Effect

The rheological behaviour of drilling mud formulated with sodium hydroxide extracts of Bitter-leaf (BL), Pawpaw (PL), Almond (AL) and Moringa (ML) leaves applied as surfactant (emulsifiers) was studied. The rheological properties (plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (YP), and gel strength) of the mud were measured using standard procedures. The mud specific gravity for BLEM and PLEM was observed to give same value (1.08) as that of the C1 mud. pH of the formulated mud were all alkaline and in the order BLEM (8.6) > PLEM (8.3) > ALEM (8.3) > C1(8.3) > MLEM (8.2) > C2 (8.2). The highest PV (19cP) was recorded by PLEM at 30ºC, while the least value (6cP) was by C2 at 60ºC temperatures. Highest YP (70 1b/100ft2) was recorded by C2 while the lowest YP value (22 1b/100ft2) by C1 both at 30ºC. Gel strength at 10 seconds showed reduction in value as the temperature increased for MLEM, ALEM, C2 and C1 formulated mud and recorded maximum of 45 1b/100 ft2 at 30ºC for C2 while the lowest gel strength was reported by C1 at 60ºC. The results obtained from the study showed that the various alkaline plant extracts used as emulsifying agent have no negative effect on the rheological properties of the formulated mud, rather it enhances the rheological properties even after aging of the mud at 65oC. These results therefore, show the need to use the various plant extracts as alternative additive (emulsifying agent) in the formulation of water based drilling mud.

scholarly journals Improving the Rheological Properties of Water Based Mud with Moringa oleifera Leaves

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Tecla C. Biwott ◽  
Onyewuchi Akaranta ◽  
Ambrose K. Kiprop ◽  
Oriji Boniface
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Gel Strength ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Moringa Oleifera Leaves ◽  
Loss Control

This paper aimed at improving the water-based drilling mud using Moringa oleifera (M. Oleifera) plant leaves. The rheological properties (plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (YP), and gel strength) of the mud were measured using standard procedures. The mud weight was not affected by M. oleifera concentration (10.03-10.63 pounds per gallon (ppg)). pH of the formulated mud decreased by 28% with increasing concentration of the M. oleifera leaves. The highest PV (33cP) was recorded by mud with 1% M. oleifera leaves at 50ºC while the least value (22cP) was given by control mud at 70ºC temperature. Highest YP (57 1b/100ft2) was recorded by mud sample with 4% concentration of M. oleifera leaves while 1% gave the lowest YP value of 91b/100ft2 at 30ºC and 49ºC respectively.  Gel strength at 10 seconds showed improvement with 2% concentration of leaves by recording maximum of 5 1 b/100 ft2 at 70ºC while the lowest gel strength was recorded by 1% leaves concentration at 49ºC. A good gel strength (30.21 b/100 ft2) at 10 minutes was recorded by mud sample with 3% leaves of M. oleifera at temperature of 30ºC. The results indicated that the M. oleifera leaves significantly improved the rheological properties of the mud. It was also observed that the mud weight of formulated muds with M. oleifera leaves were not affected which leads to stability of the wellbore if the formulation is used.  These great result calls for the need to use M. oleifera leaves to improve rheological properties of the drilling mud. An investigation of M. oleifera as fluid loss control should be done as well as need to carry out isolation and characterization of the active ingredients from M. oleifera leaves so as to establish the compound (s) associated with its activity in drilling mud.

scholarly journals Analysis of Effects of Foreign Clay and Local Clay Additives on Viscosity of Water Based Drilling Mud

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
Cyprian Obinna Azinta ◽  
Gordian Onyebuchi Mbah ◽  
Monday Omotioma
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Yield Point ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Gel Strength ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Local Clay ◽  
Gas Well ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Kaolinitic Clay

This research compared the viscosity and other allied rheological properties of formulated water based drilling mud using local clay (that is modified with cheap and available additives) and foreign clay. These additives (such as xanthum gum, high viscosity polyanionic cellulose (PAC-R), modified natural polyanionic cellulose (PAC-L), potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), and barite) are added to enhance/control the rheological properties (such as density, viscosity, yield point and gel strength) of the drilling mud. In this work, the viscosity and other allied rheological properties of water based mud were improved by the use of locally sourced clay from Awgu in Enugu State. The local clay was beneficiated/treated with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and characterized using x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer. The results of the characterization revealed that the local clay is more of silica which is typical of a kaolinitic clay. Local clay was examined as a possible replacement for foreign bentonite by comparing the rheological properties of water based mud (WBM) with bentonite and WBM with clay. Plastic viscosities (PV) of WBM with bentonite and WBM with clay were found to be 11.7 and 12.3 cP respectively. Other allied properties such as yield point, gel   strength, pH   and   mud   weight   of   WBM   with bentonite   and   WBM   with   clay    adequately   compared   closely.   Laboratory analyses   on the effects of three process variables (such as temperature, aging time and dosage of clay/bentonite) on the viscosity of the formulated muds were investigated. The laboratory results show that the readily available additives added to the local clay improved its viscosity and other allied rheological properties for effective drilling of oil and gas well when compared with foreign bentonite.

Comparative Analysis of the Rheological Behaviour of Irvingia Gabonensis Ogbono and Foreign Polymer for Bentonite Formulated Mud.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Ayodele ◽  
David Ekuma ◽  
Ikechukwu Okafor ◽  
Innocent Nweze
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Rheological Behaviour ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Local Product ◽  
Irvingia Gabonensis

Abstract Drilling fluid are complex fluids consisting of several additives. These additives are added to enhance and control the rheological properties (such as viscosity, gel strength and yield point) of the mud. These properties are controlled for effective drilling of a well. This research work is focused on determining the rheological behavior of drilling mud using industry-based polymer and Irvingia Gabonensis (ogbono) as viscosifiers. Water based muds were formulated from the aforementioned locally sourced viscosifier and that of the conventional used viscosifier (Carboxylmetyl cellulose, CMC). Laboratory tests were carried out on the different muds formulated and their rheological properties (such as yield stress, shear stress, plastic viscosity and shear rate) are evaluated. The concentration of the viscosifiers were varied. The expected outcome of the research work aims at lowering the total drilling cost by reducing the importation of foreign polymer which promotes the development of local content in the oil and gas industry. The research compares the rheology of mud samples and the effect of varying the concentration (2g, 4g, 6g, 8g, and 10g) of both CMC and Ogbono and determining the changes in their rheological properties. The total volume of each mud sample is equivalent to 350ml which represent one barrel (42gal) in the lab. From the result, at concentration of 2g, the ogbono mud has a better rheology than the CMC mud, but at a concentration above 2g, CMC mud shows a better rheology than ogbono mud, that is, as the concentration of CMC is increased, the rheological properties of the mud increased while as the concentration of ogbono is increased the rheological properties decreased. The viscosity of the drilling fluid produced from the ogbono were lower than that of CMC, it could be used together with another local product such as cassava starch, offor or to further improve the rheology and then be a substitute to the conventional viscosifiers.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of the Effect of Barite and Hematite on the Rheology of Water-Based Drilling Mud

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Osei H
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Attrition Rate ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Cleaning Efficiency ◽  
Drilling Operation ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
Drilling Muds ◽  
The Impact

High demand for oil and gas has led to exploration of more petroleum resources even at remote areas. The petroleum resources are found in deeper subsurface formations and drilling into such formations requires a well-designed drilling mud with suitable rheological properties in order to avoid or reduce associated drilling problems. This is because rheological properties of drilling muds have considerable effect on the drilling operation and cleaning of the wellbore. Mud engineers therefore use mud additives to influence the properties and functions of the drilling fluid to obtain the desired drilling mud properties especially rheological properties. This study investigated and compared the impact of barite and hematite as weighting agents for water-based drilling muds and their influence on the rheology. Water-based muds of different concentrations of weighting agents (5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of the total weight of the drilling mud) were prepared and their rheological properties determined at an ambient temperature of 24ᵒC to check their impact on drilling operation. The results found hematite to produce higher mud density, plastic viscosity, gel strength and yield point when compared to barite at the same weighting concentrations. The higher performance of the hematite-based muds might be attributed to it having higher specific gravity, better particle distribution and lower particle attrition rate and more importantly being free from contaminants. The water-based muds with hematite will therefore be more promising drilling muds with higher drilling and hole cleaning efficiency than those having barite.

scholarly journals Prediction of Formation Damage, Fluid Loss and Rheological Properties of Water Based Mud with Corn Cob

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 1269-1273
Author(s):  
Godwin Chukwuma Jacob Nmegbu ◽  
Bright Bariakpoa Kinate ◽  
Bari-Agara Bekee
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Formation Damage ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Corn Cob ◽  
Core Samples ◽  
Water Based

The extent of damage to formation caused by water based drilling mud containing corn cob treated with sodium hydroxide to partially replace polyanionic cellulose (PAC) as a fluid loss control additive has been studied. Core samples were obtained from a well in Niger Delta for this study with a permeameter used to force the drilling mud into core samples at high pressures. Physio-chemical properties (moisture content, cellulose and lignin) of the samples were measured and the result after treatment showed reduction. The corn cob was combined with the PAC in the ratio of 25-75%, 50-50% and 75-25% in the mud. Analyzed drilling mud rheological properties such as plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity, yield point and gel strength all decreased as percentage of corn cob increased in the combination and steadily decreased as temperature increased to 200oF. Measured fluid loss and pH of the mud showed an increase in fluid loss and pH in mud sample with 100% corn cob. The extent of formation damage was determined by the differences in the initial and final permeability of the core samples. Experimental data were used to develop analytical models that can serve as effective tool to predict fluid loss, rheological properties of the drilling mud at temperature up to 200oF and percentage formation damage at 100 psi.

Development of New Models to Determine the Rheological Parameters of Water-based Drilling Fluid Using Artificial Intelligence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farqad Hadi ◽  
Ali Noori ◽  
Hussein Hussein ◽  
Ameer Khudhair
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Gel Strength ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Drilling Operations ◽  
Marsh Funnel

Abstract It is well known that drilling fluid is a key parameter for optimizing drilling operations, cleaning the hole, and managing the rig hydraulics and margins of surge and swab pressures. Although the experimental works present valid and reliable results, they are expensive and time consuming. On the other hand, continuous and regular determination of the rheological mud properties can perform its essential functions during well construction. More uncertainties in planning the drilling fluid properties meant that more challenges may be exposed during drilling operations. This study presents two predictive techniques, multiple regression analysis (MRA) and artificial neural networks (ANNs), to determine the rheological properties of water-based drilling fluid based on other simple measurable properties. While mud density (MW), marsh funnel (MF), and solid% are key input parameters in this study, the output functions or models are plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (YP), apparent viscosity (AV), and gel strength. The prediction methods were demonstrated by means of a field case in eastern Iraq, using datasets from daily drilling reports of two wells in addition to the laboratory measurements. To test the performance ability of the developed models, two error-based metrics (determination coefficient R2 and root mean square error RMSE) have been used in this study. The current results of this study support the evidence that MW, MF, and solid% are consistent indexes for the prediction of rheological properties. Both mud density and solid content have a relative-significant effect on increasing PV, YP, AV, and gel strength. However, a scattering around each fit curve is observed which proved that one rheological property alone is not sufficient to estimate other properties. The results also reveal that both MRA and ANN are conservative in estimating the fluid rheological properties, but ANN is more precise than MRA. Eight empirical mathematical models with high performance capacity have been developed in this study to determine the rheological fluid properties based on simple and quick equipment as mud balance and marsh funnel. This study presents cost-effective models to determine the rheological fluid properties for future well planning in Iraqi oil fields.

Rheological Study of Nanosilica Based Drilling Fluid

2014 ◽  
Vol 575 ◽  
pp. 128-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Hashimah Alias ◽  
Nuurhani Farhanah Mohd Tahir ◽  
T.A.T. Mohd ◽  
N.A. Ghazali ◽  
E. Yahya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Gel Strength ◽  
Wellbore Stability ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Well Completion ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
Water Based ◽  
The Stability

In drilling and well completion operations, drilling fluid is a crucial element as it is employed for the purposes of several functions. The main functions of drilling fluid are to control formation pressure, maintain the wellbore stability, transport the cuttings up to surface to clean the borehole bottom as well as to lubricate and cool the drill bit. Moreover, it is used to minimize the drilling damage to reservoir and suspend cuttings when the pumping is stop, hence it will not falling back down the borehole. The purpose of this study is to formulate new drilling mud formulation modified with nanosilica. Six samples of water based mud (WBM) were prepared using three types of polymers, (Xanthan Gum, Hydro Zan Plus and Hydro Star HT), starch and nanosilica. Basic rheological tests such as density, viscosity and pH were carried out. The density test was carried out using mud balance meanwhile the pH test was using pH meter. Theplasticviscosity, yield point and gel strength tests were carried out using viscometer. Besides that, physical observation was also performed for as the stability test. The results concluded that water based mud incorporated with polymer Hydro Zan Plus and nanosilica can be a potential candidate to be commercialized as a smart nanodrilling fluid.

scholarly journals Influence of Graphene Nanoplatelet and Silver Nanoparticle on the Rheological Properties of WaterBased Mud †

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazlina Husin ◽  
Khaled Abdalla Elraies ◽  
Hyoung Jin Choi ◽  
Zachary Aman
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Silver Nanoparticle ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Fluid System ◽  
Graphene Nanoplatelet ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
Water Based

Water-based mud is known as an environmental-friendly drilling fluid system. The formulation of water-based mud is designed to have specific rheological properties under specific oil field conditions. In this study, graphene nanoplatelet and silver nanoparticle (nanosilver) were added to a water-based mud formulation in which they act as drilling mud additives. Rheological properties measurements and filtration tests were conducted for evaluating the influence of the added nanoparticles. The results showed that the graphene nanoplatelet and the nanosilver increased the plastic viscosity (PV) by up to 89.2% and 64.2%, respectively. Meanwhile, both the yield point (YP) and the fluid loss values were reduced. In addition, we believe this is the first result ever report where nanosilver is utilized for enhancing-enhanced water-based mud’s performance.

scholarly journals Influence of Common Weighing Agents on Rheological Behaviour of Drilling Mud

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 9720-9722
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Rheological Behaviour ◽  
Plastic Viscosity ◽  
Rheological Characteristics ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Drilling Operation ◽  
Water Based

Drilling fluid or mud is essential fluid in drilling operation which has many important properties and one of the important properties is the viscosity of the drilling fluid and the viscosity is further classified as yield viscosity and plastic viscosity which means different in terms of its function. This paper is attempting to show the rheological characteristics of the different samples of the drilling fluid using Xanthan Gum and Physillum husk and different weighting agents Barite and Calcium Carbonate at ambient conditions. The results showed that xanthan gum acts as good viscosifying agent as compared with physillum husk. In addition that, the water based drilling mud with barite which act as weighing agent proved better as compared with calcium carbonate. The following paper will be valuable to the graduates, future graduates and also to the Industry personnel have a basic idea about the rheology and how the parameters related to the rheology are valuable in mud design.

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