Dental stem cells and their application in Dentistry: a literature review

Objective: the aim of this study was to conduct a literature review of the types of stem cells of dental origin and their applications in Dentistry. Material and Methods: for this, we selected scientific articles published between 2000 and 2016 through the databases PUBMED and LILACS. Results: there are five main sources of stem cells of dental origin: stem cells from dental pulp of permanent teeth and deciduous teeth, apical papilla, periodontal ligament and dental follicle. These cells have been studied for the treatment of periodontitis, bone repair, regeneration of the pulp after necrosis as well as the development of new teeth. Conclusion: stem cells from dental origin are an interesting alternative for research and application in regenerative therapies in Dentistry.

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Therapeutic applications of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth: a review

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20203705 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 3413

Author(s):

Mani Baweja

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Animal Studies ◽

Permanent Teeth ◽

Deciduous Teeth ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Dental Stem Cells ◽

Medline Search ◽

Therapeutic Applications ◽

Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth

Dental stem cells have been found to have the ability to differentiate into nerve cells, adipose cells, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, myocytes, hepatocytes, and odontoblasts. They can be derived from permanent teeth or deciduous teeth. Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) have a higher proliferation rate and higher osteogenic and neurogenic potential than dental pulp stem cells (DPSC). Therefore, SHEDs are an attractive cell source for tissue regeneration. A large plethora of in vitro and animal studies have been conducted in the last few decades that has demonstrated the potential uses of these cells for the treatment of oral and non-oral diseases. The aim of this article was to review the potential therapeutic applications of stem cells derived from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. A Medline search was done, including international literature, published in English between 2003 and 2020. In this area, further research is needed to ensure the applicability of SHED in the treatment of diseases in humans.

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Stem Cells of Dental Origin: Current Research Trends and Key Milestones towards Clinical Application

Stem Cells International ◽

10.1155/2016/4209891 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Athina Bakopoulou ◽

Imad About

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Well Being ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Deciduous Teeth ◽

Regenerative Dentistry ◽

Dental Origin ◽

Apical Papilla ◽

Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth

Dental Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), including Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs), Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous teeth (SHED), and Stem Cells From Apical Papilla (SCAP), have been extensively studied using highly sophisticatedin vitroandin vivosystems, yielding substantially improved understanding of their intriguing biological properties. Their capacity to reconstitute various dental and nondental tissues and the inherent angiogenic, neurogenic, and immunomodulatory properties of their secretome have been a subject of meticulous and costly research by various groups over the past decade. Key milestone achievements have exemplified their clinical utility in Regenerative Dentistry, as surrogate therapeutic modules for conventional biomaterial-based approaches, offering regeneration of damaged oral tissues instead of simply “filling the gaps.” Thus, the essential next step to validate these immense advances is the implementation of well-designed clinical trials paving the way for exploiting these fascinating research achievements for patient well-being: the ultimate aim of this ground breaking technology. This review paper presents a concise overview of the major biological properties of the human dental MSCs, critical for the translational pathway “from bench to clinic.”

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Dental Tissue — New Source for Stem Cells

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1100/tsw.2009.125 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 1167-1177 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Vladimir Petrovic ◽

Vladisav Stefanovic

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Deciduous Teeth ◽

Future Research ◽

Dental Stem Cells ◽

Dental Tissue ◽

Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells ◽

New Findings ◽

Apical Papilla ◽

In The Beginning ◽

Dental Stem Cell

Stem cells have been isolated from many tissues and organs, including dental tissue. Five types of dental stem cells have been established: dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth, stem cells from apical papilla, periodontal ligament stem cells, and dental follicle progenitor cells. The main characteristics of dental stem cells are their potential for multilineage differentiation and self-renewal capacity. Dental stem cells can differentiate into odontoblasts, adipocytes, neuronal-like cells, glial cells, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, melanocytes, myotubes, and endothelial cells. Possible application of these cells in various fields of medicine makes them good candidates for future research as a new, powerful tool for therapy. Although the possible use of these cells in therapeutic purposes and tooth tissue engineering is still in the beginning stages, the results are promising. The efforts made in the research of dental stem cells have clarified many mechanisms underlying the biological processes in which these cells are involved. This review will focus on the new findings in the field of dental stem cell research and on their potential use in the therapy of various disorders.

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Stem Cells Derived from Human Exfoliated Deciduous teeth [shed] in Neuronal Disorders: A Review

Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy ◽

10.2174/1574888x16666201221151512 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

Minu Anoop ◽

Indrani Datta

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽

Dental Pulp ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Permanent Teeth ◽

Deciduous Teeth ◽

Proliferative Potential ◽

Pulp Tissue ◽

Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth

: Most conventional treatments for neurodegenerative diseases fail due to their focus on neuroprotection rather than neurorestoration. Stem cell‐based therapies are becoming a potential treatment option for neurodegenerative diseases as they can home in, engraft, differentiate and produce factors for CNS recovery. Stem cells derived from human dental pulp tissue differ from other sources of mesenchymal stem cells due to their embryonic neural crest origin and neurotrophic property. These include both dental pulp stem cells [DPSCs] from dental pulp tissues of human permanent teeth and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth [SHED]. SHED offer many advantages over other types of MSCs such as good proliferative potential, minimal invasive procurement, neuronal differentiation and neurotrophic capacity, and negligible ethical concerns. The therapeutic potential of SHED is attributed to the paracrine action of extracellularly released secreted factors, specifically the secretome, of which exosomes is a key component. SHED and its conditioned media can be effective in neurodegeneration through multiple mechanisms, including cell replacement, paracrine effects, angiogenesis, synaptogenesis, immunomodulation, and apoptosis inhibition, and SHED exosomes offer an ideal refined bed-to-bench formulation in neurodegenerative disorders. However, in spite of these advantages, there are still some limitations of SHED exosome therapy, such as the effectiveness of long-term storage of SHED and their exosomes, the development of a robust GMP-grade manufacturing protocol, optimization of the route of administration, and evaluation of the efficacy and safety in humans. In this review, we have addressed the isolation, collection and properties of SHED along with its therapeutic potential on in vitro and in vivo neuronal disorder models as evident from the published literature.

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Comparative evaluation of osteogenic differentiation potential of stem cells derived from dental pulp and exfoliated deciduous teeth cultured over granular hydroxyapatite based scaffold

BMC Oral Health ◽

10.1186/s12903-021-01621-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Manal Nabil Hagar ◽

Farinawati Yazid ◽

Nur Atmaliya Luchman ◽

Shahrul Hisham Zainal Ariffin ◽

Rohaya Megat Abdul Wahab

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Osteogenic Differentiation ◽

Dental Pulp ◽

3D Culture ◽

Permanent Teeth ◽

Deciduous Teeth ◽

Osteogenic Potential ◽

Control Group ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Differentiation Potential

Abstract Background Mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the dental pulp of primary and permanent teeth can be differentiated into different cell types including osteoblasts. This study was conducted to compare the morphology and osteogenic potential of stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) and dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) in granular hydroxyapatite scaffold (gHA). Preosteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1) were used as a control group. Methodology The expression of stemness markers for DPSC and SHED was evaluated using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Alkaline phosphatase assay was used to compare the osteoblastic differentiation of these cells (2D culture). Then, cells were seeded on the scaffold and incubated for 21 days. Morphology assessment using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was done while osteogenic differentiation was detected using ALP assay (3D culture). Results The morphology of cells was mononucleated, fibroblast-like shaped cells with extended cytoplasmic projection. In RT-PCR study, DPSC and SHED expressed GAPDH, CD73, CD105, and CD146 while negatively expressed CD11b, CD34 and CD45. FESEM results showed that by day 21, dental stem cells have a round like morphology which is the morphology of osteoblast as compared to day 7. The osteogenic potential using ALP assay was significantly increased (p < 0.01) in SHED as compared to DPSC and MC3T3-E1 in 2D and 3D cultures. Conclusion gHA scaffold is an optimal scaffold as it induced osteogenesis in vitro. Besides, SHED had the highest osteogenic potential making them a preferred candidate for tissue engineering in comparison with DPSC.

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Taxa de sucesso de restaurações com resina composta bulk-fill: Revisão de literatura / Success rate of bulk-fill composite restorations: Literature review

ID on line REVISTA DE PSICOLOGIA ◽

10.14295/idonline.v13i47.2027 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (47) ◽

pp. 397-409

Author(s):

Atyla Freitas Soares ◽

Ana Clara De Sá Pinto

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Survival Rate ◽

Literature Review ◽

Success Rate ◽

Composite Resin ◽

Clinical Excellence ◽

Google Scholar ◽

Permanent Teeth ◽

Deciduous Teeth ◽

De Se

Desde a introdução das resinas compostas na Odontologia, foram evidenciadas muitas melhorias em suas propriedades. No entanto, estes materiais apresentam limitações, como a contração de polimerização, que pode resultar em fissuras de esmalte, defeito marginal, formação de fenda e microinfiltração. Para superar estas deficiências, algumas estratégias práticas incluem o uso de técnicas de inserção incremental das resinas. Porém, a mesma é demorada quando utilizada para preencher cavidades grandes e volumosas em dentes posteriores, o que tornou desejável o desenvolvimento de uma alternativa a este procedimento, e assim surgiram as resinas compostas do tipo bulk-fill, que podem ser inseridas em incrementos de 4 a 5 mm de espessura devido à sua maior translucidez. Diante deste contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi apresentar as taxas de sucesso das resinas bulk-fill em restaurações de dentes permanentes e decíduos, comparando ainda o resultado do seu uso em relação às resinas convencionais. A pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada online, utilizando a ferramenta de busca Google Scholar e outras seis bases de dado eletrônicas, que são o Pubmed, Web of Sciences, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, Clinical Trials–US National Institute of Health e Lilacs, sem restrição de data da publicação. Foram utilizadas as palavras-chave: “composite resin; bulk-fill composite resin; survival rate; deciduous teeth; permanent teeth”. Desta forma, foram encontrados 273 artigos que, excluindo-se os revisão de literatura, cartas ao editor e editoriais, foram reduzidos para 22 estudos a serem revisados. A lista de artigos obtida foi analisada e os artigos foram selecionados baseados nos seus títulos e resumos, de forma que foram incluídos artigos publicados em português, inglês e espanhol. Foi possível observar que há uma grande semelhança entre as resinas bulk-fill e as resinas compostas convencionais no que diz respeito às taxas de sucesso. No entanto, sugere-se que sejam realizados estudos com metodologias e amostras similares, a fim de se confirmar os resultados obtidos no presente estudo.

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Dental pulp stem cells: Potential significance in regenerative medicine

Stomatoloski glasnik Srbije ◽

10.2298/sgs0803170t ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 170-179 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Vera Todorovic ◽

Dejan Markovic ◽

Nadezda Milosevic-Jovcic ◽

Marijana Petakov ◽

Bela Balint ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Dental Pulp ◽

Matrix Protein ◽

Dental Pulp Stem Cells ◽

Deciduous Teeth ◽

High Plasticity ◽

Dental Stem Cells ◽

Periodontal Tissues ◽

Extracellular Matrix Components

To date, three types of dental stem cells have been isolated: Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSC), Stem Cells From Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth (SHED) and Immature Dental Pulp Stem Cells (IDPC). These dental stem cells are considered as mesenchymal stem cells. They reside within the perivascular niche of dental pulp. They are highly proliferative, clonogenic, multipotent and are similar to mesenchymal Bone Marrow Stem Cells (BMSC). Also, they have high plasticity and can be easy isolated. The expressions of the alkaline phosphatase gene, dentin matrix protein 1 and dentinsialophosphoprotein are verified in these cells. Analyses of gene expression patterns indicated several genes which encode extracellular matrix components, cell adhesion molecules, growth factors and transcription regulators, cell signaling, cell communication or cell metabolism. In both conditions, in vivo and in vitro, these cells have the ability to differentiate into odontoblasts, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, adipocytes, neurons, melanocytes, smooth and skeletal muscles and endothelial cells. In vivo, after implantation, they have shown potential to differentiate into dentin but also into tissues like bone, adipose or neural tissue. In general, DPSCs are considered to have antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory abilities. After being grafted into allogenic tissues these cells are ableto induce immunological tolerance. Immunosuppressive effect is shown through the ability to inhibit proliferation of T lymphocytes. Dental pulp stem cells open new perspectives in therapeutic use not only in dentin regeneration, periodontal tissues and skeletoarticular, tissues of craniofacial region but also in treatment of neurotrauma, autoimmune diseases, myocardial infarction, muscular dystrophy and connective tissue damages.

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Viability and Stimulation of Human Stem Cells from the Apical Papilla (hSCAPs) Induced by Silicate-Based Materials for Their Potential Use in Regenerative Endodontics: A Systematic Review

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13040974 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 974 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

José Luis Sanz ◽

Leopoldo Forner ◽

Alicia Almudéver ◽

Julia Guerrero-Gironés ◽

Carmen Llena

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Blood Clot ◽

Present Review ◽

Permanent Teeth ◽

Human Stem Cells ◽

Qualitative Synthesis ◽

Alizarin Red ◽

Apical Papilla ◽

Stimulation Of

Blood clot formation in the apical third of the root canal system has been shown to promote further root development and reinforcement of dentinal walls by the deposition of mineralized tissue, resulting in an advancement from traditional apexification procedures to a regenerative endodontic treatment (RET) for non-vital immature permanent teeth. Silicate-based hydraulic biomaterials, categorized as bioactive endodontic cements, emerged as bright candidates for their use in RET as coronal barriers, sealing the previously induced blood clot scaffold. Human stem cells from the apical papilla (hSCAPs) surviving the infection may induce or at least be partially responsible for the regeneration or repair shown in RET. The aim of this study is to present a qualitative synthesis of available literature consisting of in vitro assays which analyzed the viability and stimulation of hSCAPs induced by silicate-based hydraulic biomaterials. A systematic electronic search was carried out in Medline, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane and SciELO databases, followed by a study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment following the PRISMA protocol. In vitro studies assessing the viability, proliferation, and/or differentiation of hSCAPs as well as their mineralization potential and/or osteogenic, odontogenic, cementogenic and/or angiogenic marker expression in contact with commercially available silicate-based materials were included in the present review. The search identified 73 preliminary references, of which 10 resulted to be eligible for qualitative synthesis. The modal materials studied were ProRoot MTA and Biodentine. Both bioceramic materials showed significant positive results when compared to a control for hSCAP cell viability, migration, and proliferation assays; a significant up-regulation of hSCAP odontogenic/osteogenic marker (ALP, DSPP, BSP, Runx2, OCN, OSX), angiogenic growth factor (VEGFA, FIGF) and pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) expression; and a significant increase in hSCAP mineralized nodule formation assessed by Alizarin Red staining. Commercially available silicate-based materials considered in the present review can potentially induce mineralization and odontogenic/osteogenic differentiation of hSCAPs, thus prompting their use in regenerative endodontic procedures.

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Serine Metabolism Controls Dental Pulp Stem Cell Aging by Regulating the DNA Methylation of p16

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/0022034520958374 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 100 (1) ◽

pp. 90-97

Author(s):

R.L. Yang ◽

H.M. Huang ◽

C.S. Han ◽

S.J. Cui ◽

Y.K. Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dna Methylation ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Dental Pulp ◽

Permanent Teeth ◽

Deciduous Teeth ◽

Cell Aging ◽

Differentiation Capacity ◽

Stem Cell Aging ◽

Serine Metabolism

To investigate the characteristics and molecular events of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) for tissue regeneration with aging, we isolated and analyzed the stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) and permanent teeth of young (Y-DPSCs) and old (A-DPSCs) adults. Results showed that the stemness and osteogenic differentiation capacity of DPSCs decreased with aging. The RNA sequencing results showed that glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism was one of the most enriched gene clusters among SHED, Y-DPSCs, and A-DPSCs, according to analysis based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. The expression of serine metabolism–related enzymes phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 (PSAT1) and phosphoglycerate (PHGDH) decreased in A-DPSCs and provided less methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) for DNA methylation, leading to the hypomethylation of the senescence marker p16 (CDNK2A). Furthermore, the proliferation and differentiation capacity of Y-DPSCs and SHED decreased after PHGDH siRNA treatment, which reduced the level of SAM. Convincingly, the ratios of PSAT1-, PHGDH-, or proliferating cell nuclear antigen–positive cells in the dental pulp of old permanent teeth were less than those in the dental pulp of deciduous teeth and young permanent teeth. In summary, the stemness and differentiation capacity of DPSCs decreased with aging. The decreased serine metabolism in A-DPSCs upregulated the expression of p16 via attenuating its DNA methylation, resulting in DPSC aging. Our finding indicated that serine metabolism and 1 carbon unit participated in stem cell aging, which provided new direction for stem cell aging study and intervention.

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Stem Cells from the Apical Papilla: A Promising Source for Stem Cell-Based Therapy

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/6104738 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Jun Kang ◽

Wenguo Fan ◽

Qianyi Deng ◽

Hongwen He ◽

Fang Huang

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Embryonic Stem ◽

Permanent Teeth ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Dental Tissues ◽

Cell Based Therapy ◽

Apical Papilla ◽

Promising Source

Stem cells are biological cells that can self-renew and can differentiate into multiple cell lineages. Stem cell-based therapy is emerging as a promising alternative therapeutic option for various disorders. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent adult stem cells that are isolated from various tissues and can be used as an alternative to embryonic stem cells. Stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs) are a novel population of MSCs residing in the apical papilla of immature permanent teeth. SCAPs present the characteristics of expression of MSCs markers, self-renewal, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and immunosuppression, which support the application of SCAPs in stem cell-based therapy, including the immunotherapy and the regeneration of dental tissues, bone, neural, and vascular tissues. In view of these properties and therapeutic potential, SCAPs can be considered as promising candidates for stem cell-based therapy. Thus the aim of our review was to summarize the current knowledge of SCAPs considering isolation, characterization, and multilineage differentiation. The prospects for their use in stem cell-based therapy were also discussed.

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