On the Indicators of the Radioecological Situation at the Mid-Botuobin Oil and Gas Condensate Field with Underground Nuclear Explosions

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.E. Stepanov ◽  
V.D. Yakovleva ◽  
E.V. Sleptsova
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Nuclear Explosion ◽  
Underground Nuclear Explosion ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Underground Nuclear Explosions ◽  
Nuclear Explosions ◽  
Radionuclide Composition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Impact Zones

The results of expeditionary and laboratory studies of the radiation situation of 2001–2002 and dosimetry measurements of 2017 are presented. there are small radioactive spots. The radionuclide composition in the soil-vegetation cover of the impact zones of the underground nuclear explosion has been studied. Data obtained prior to the industrial development of the field are reperator for further radioecological research and can be used by subsoil users in the development of the area.

Quantitative assessment to the impact of InSAR ionospheric and tropospheric corrections on source parameter modelling: application to the 4th nuclear test, North Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 224 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-99
Author(s):  
Meng Zhu ◽  
Qiming Zeng ◽  
Jian Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Focal Mechanism ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Nuclear Explosion ◽  
Nuclear Test ◽  
Focal Mechanism Solution ◽  
Atmospheric Effects ◽  
Underground Nuclear Explosion ◽  
Tropospheric Corrections ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARY Although many studies have revealed that the atmospheric effects of electromagnetic wave propagation (including ionospheric and tropospheric water vapour) have serious impacts on Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) measurement results, atmospheric corrections have not been thoroughly and comprehensively investigated in many well-known cases of InSAR focal mechanism solutions, which means there is no consensus on whether atmospheric effects will affect the InSAR focal mechanism solution. Moreover, there is a lack of quantitative assessment on how much the atmospheric effect affects the InSAR focal mechanism solution. In this paper, we emphasized that it was particularly important to assess the impact of InSAR ionospheric and tropospheric corrections on the underground nuclear explosion modelling quantitatively. Therefore, we investigated the 4th North Korea (NKT-4) underground nuclear test using ALOS-2 liters-band SAR images. Because the process of the underground nuclear explosion was similar to the volcanic magma source activity, we modelled the ground displacement using the Mogi model. Both the ionospheric and tropospheric phase delays in the interferograms were investigated. Furthermore, we studied how the ionosphere and troposphere phase delays could bias the estimation of Mogi source parameters. The following conclusions were drawn from our case study: the ionospheric delay correction effectively mitigated the long-scale phase ramp in the full-frame interferogram, the standard deviation decreased from 1.83 to 0.85 cm compared to the uncorrected interferogram. The uncorrected estimations of yield and depth were 8.44 kt and 370.33 m, respectively. Compared to the uncorrected estimations, the ionospheric correction increased the estimation of yield and depth to 9.43 kt and 385.48 m, while the tropospheric correction slightly raised them to 8.78 kt and 377.24 m. There were no obvious differences in the location estimations among the four interferograms. When both corrections were applied, the overall standard deviation was 1.16 cm, which was even larger than the ionospheric corrected interferogram. We reported the source characteristics of NKT-4 based on the modelling results derived from the ionospheric corrected interferogram. The preferred estimation of NKT-4 was a Mogi source located at 129°04′22.35‘E, 41°17′54.57″N buried at 385.48 m depth. The cavity radius caused by the underground explosion was 22.66 m. We reported the yield estimation to be 9.43 kt. This study showed that for large-scale natural deformation sources such as volcanoes and earthquakes, atmospheric corrections would be more significant, but even if the atmospheric signal did not have much complexity, the corrections should not be ignored.

THE PARTICLE STATISTICS OF RUBBLE PRODUCED BY UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS

Geophysics ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 616-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard C. Rodean
Keyword(s):  
Rock Fracture ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Underground Nuclear Explosion ◽  
Underground Nuclear Explosions ◽  
Nuclear Explosions ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Prediction And Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
Particle Statistics ◽  
Mean Particle Diameter

Underground nuclear explosions produce cavities into which the overburden may collapse, forming a rubble‐filled chimney. The particle statistics, especially mean surface‐volume diameter, are important to various potential applications of nuclear explosives. The available rubble statistics are rather limited, even with the best data obtained from post‐shot exploration of the Hardhat event. Two sets of Hardhat data are presented: one based on photographs of relatively undisturbed rubble, and another obtained from visual estimates of what would be obtained by screening. The method of obtaining particle statistics must be consistent with the intended use of the statistics, because the method of measurement, such as handling for sieving, affects the statistics. It has long been established that crushing and grinding (which occur during chimney collapse) force particle statistics toward the lognormal frequency distribution. Both sets of Hardhat data fit the lognormal distribution in a satisfactory manner. The volume‐surface mean particle diameter for the undisturbed Hardhat rubble is 1.33 ft, and the estimate for the volume‐surface mean particle diameter obtained by screening is 0.433 ft. Additional statistics from the field plus a better understanding of rock‐fracture phenomena are required to develop statistical relations for use in prediction and control of underground nuclear explosion effects.

Theoretical signature of a cavern created by an underground nuclear explosion in 2-D exploration seismic data

2020 ◽  
Vol 221 (3) ◽  
pp. 1789-1801
Author(s):  
Stephany Ortiz-Aguilar ◽  
Jonas D De Basabe ◽  
Mario Gonzalez-Escobar ◽  
Vanesa Magar
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
Nuclear Explosion ◽  
Spectral Element ◽  
Nuclear Test ◽  
Underground Nuclear Explosion ◽  
Nuclear Explosions ◽  
Quadrilateral Elements ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
The Time Domain ◽  
Test Ban

SUMMARY The proliferation of nuclear tests is a problem that threatens the safety and health of everybody. In order to tackle this problem, the UN is promoting the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), which includes protocols for monitoring and On-Site Inspections (OSI). The purpose of OSI is to verify if a nuclear test has been carried out by identifying with a geophysical technique the presence of a cavern, hole or some device that indicates the violation of the treaty. In this context, it is desirable to be able to use exploration-seismology techniques to detect caverns created by an underground nuclear explosion. However, there is scarce information about the seismic signature of this type of cavern. We present the results of elastic wave propagation simulations, in the time domain, with a cavern created by an underground nuclear explosion. The wave equation is solved using the spectral element method with 4th order basis functions and quadrilateral elements. We show the results for models with cavities and caverns corresponding to explosions of 1, 20 and 100 kilotons, and obtain seismic traces in which we can observe the effect of the structures. We conclude that caverns created by nuclear explosions can be detected using seismic data and distinguished from caves because they behave like two concentric diffractor bodies, as opposed to caves-like diffractors.

scholarly journals Poisonous Effects of Asteroid Impacts or Nuclear Explosions in the Western Regions of the Black Sea

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viorel Badescu
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Nuclear Explosion ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Gas Release ◽  
Nuclear Explosions ◽  
Cloud Dynamics ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The impact of an asteroid or a very large nuclear explosion in the Black Sea may cause a poisonous hydrogen sulfide gas release into the atmosphere. Some effects of this phenomenon on the western Black Sea coasts are evaluated in this paper. Two simple models are proposed to describe the generation of the H2S cloud. The wind speed plays an important role in H2S cloud dynamics. The land surface area covered by the H2S cloud generated by a 1000-m-sized asteroid during the run-in ranges between about 4480 and 9600 km2. This may affect up to 230 000 people. In the case of a 70-m-sized asteroid, the cloud covers between 70 and 210 km2 of land. This may affect between about 1600 and 5100 people. The evaluations do not include the population of the towns on the seashore and may be a few times underestimated for some particular wind directions. These effects are briefly compared with more usual effects associated with asteroids impacting the sea, such as shock waves and tsunamis. Nuclear explosions of 1 and 50 Mton TNT may be assimilated to the impact by asteroids of about 33- and 120-m diameter, respectively.

ASTEROID IMPACTS OR NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS IN THE NORTHERN PART OF BLACK SEA AND RISKS FOR POISONING THE INLAND POPULATION

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 131-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
VIOREL BADESCU
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Nuclear Explosion ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Nuclear Explosions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Poisonous Gas

The impact of a large asteroid or a nuclear explosion in Black Sea may cause a catastrophic poisonous gas ( H 2 S ) release in the atmosphere. Some effects of this phenomenon are evaluated. The land surface area covered by the H 2 S cloud generated by a 1,000 m size asteroid ranges between about 5,760 km2 and 9,920 km2. This may affect between 1,400,000 and 2,470,000 people. In case of a 70 m size asteroid, the cloud covers between 105 km2 and 210 km2 and 26,000 to 52,000 people may be affected. The evaluations may be a few times underestimated for some particular wind directions. Nuclear explosions of 1 Mton and 50 Mton TNT may be assimilated to the impact by asteroids of about 33 m and 120 m diameter, respectively. The social effects of these events may be diminished if some general procedures are implemented.

TECHNIQUES OF ON‐SITE INSPECTION

Geophysics ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-258
Author(s):  
Warren H. Westphal ◽  
Sylvan Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Event ◽  
Nuclear Explosion ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Underground Nuclear Explosions ◽  
Nuclear Explosions ◽  
Aerial Imaging ◽  
Gravity Measurements ◽  
On Site Inspection ◽  
Sufficient Precision ◽  
Electrical Geophysics

On‐site inspection of an unidentified seismic event comprises observations and measurements in a defined geographic area to distinguish between underground nuclear explosions and other sources of signals. If the event is determined to be a nuclear explosion, the detonation point must be located with sufficient precision to permit collection of radiochemical samples. This target will be a relatively small cavity or rubble zone buried at a depth at least ten times its diameter. A well‐executed test will be essentially devoid of surface evidences of emplacement activities and explosion. Suggested techniques of on‐site inspection include visual observations, aerial imaging, seismic‐noise monitoring, radiochemical and radioactivity exploration, electrical geophysics, and magnetic, geothermal, and gravity measurements. Some of these techniques are similar to those used by the exploration industry. Successful application to on‐site inspection problems requires intensive research and important modifications.

Key Aspects for the Definition of On-site Inspection Challenging Environments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feihong Kuang ◽  
Gustavo Haquin Gerade
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Explosion ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Coverage ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Underground Nuclear Explosions ◽  
Nuclear Explosions ◽  
Challenging Environment ◽  
On Site Inspection ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Key Aspects

<p>On-site inspection (OSI) is an element of the verification regime of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), with the sole purpose to clarify whether a nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion has been carried out in violation of the Treaty. An OSI could be launched in any environment where a triggering event occurred. A challenging environment may affect not only the signatures and observables of a nuclear explosion, but also the possibility to conduct the OSI. Harsh environmental conditions, such as extreme climate conditions, high vegetation coverage and complicated topographic characteristics, among others, could slow down the deployment of field missions, and affect the state-of-health of OSI equipment and even the performance of inspectors, thereby compromising the whole inspection. Thus, the operationalization of OSI in different environments is an important aspect in the development of OSI capability. In this respect, well defined OSI environment is an important step towards the development of comprehensive OSI capabilities. Based on the analysis of historical underground nuclear explosions data and knowledge on the environmental impact on observables, equipment and inspectors, a definition of OSI environment was developed. Climatic conditions were grouped into the main five groups of the Köppen-Geiger classification scheme. Vegetation coverage was re-grouped in four of the 16 classes of land coverage (not including water bodies) following the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme. Complicated landforms grouped in topographic classification using a digital elevation model based on slope gradient, surface texture and local convexity within neighboring cells was used to classify topographic relief of four types of landforms for OSI. In this presentation, it is shown how these key environmental aspects will impact the conduct of an OSI.</p>

Hydrogen Cyanide Polymers from the Impact of Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 179-187
Author(s):  
Clifford N. Matthews ◽  
Rose A. Pesce-Rodriguez ◽  
Shirley A. Liebman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Nitrogen Heterocycles ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Heterogeneous Solids ◽  
The Many ◽  
Comet Halley ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products

AbstractHydrogen cyanide polymers – heterogeneous solids ranging in color from yellow to orange to brown to black – may be among the organic macromolecules most readily formed within the Solar System. The non-volatile black crust of comet Halley, for example, as well as the extensive orangebrown streaks in the atmosphere of Jupiter, might consist largely of such polymers synthesized from HCN formed by photolysis of methane and ammonia, the color observed depending on the concentration of HCN involved. Laboratory studies of these ubiquitous compounds point to the presence of polyamidine structures synthesized directly from hydrogen cyanide. These would be converted by water to polypeptides which can be further hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. Black polymers and multimers with conjugated ladder structures derived from HCN could also be formed and might well be the source of the many nitrogen heterocycles, adenine included, observed after pyrolysis. The dark brown color arising from the impacts of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter might therefore be mainly caused by the presence of HCN polymers, whether originally present, deposited by the impactor or synthesized directly from HCN. Spectroscopic detection of these predicted macromolecules and their hydrolytic and pyrolytic by-products would strengthen significantly the hypothesis that cyanide polymerization is a preferred pathway for prebiotic and extraterrestrial chemistry.

Consideration of Geopolitical Challenges within the Analysis of Geoenvironmental Risks for Oil and Gas Development of the Russian Arctic

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 50-59
Author(s):  
O. P. Trubitsina ◽  
V. N. Bashkin
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Optimal Operation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Stage Model ◽  
Oil And Gas Development ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Geopolitical Risks

The article is devoted to the consideration of geopolitical challenges for the analysis of geoenvironmental risks (GERs) in the hydrocarbon development of the Arctic territory. Geopolitical risks (GPRs), like GERs, can be transformed into opposite external environment factors of oil and gas industry facilities in the form of additional opportunities or threats, which the authors identify in detail for each type of risk. This is necessary for further development of methodological base of expert methods for GER management in the context of the implementational proposed two-stage model of the GER analysis taking to account GPR for the improvement of effectiveness making decisions to ensure optimal operation of the facility oil and gas industry and minimize the impact on the environment in the geopolitical conditions of the Arctic.The authors declare no conflict of interest

Effective service delivery through quality management system (QMS) in oil and gas servicing companies, a case study of selected firms, Port Harcourt

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Quality Management ◽  
Service Delivery ◽  
Management System ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Quality Management System ◽  
Local Content ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Test Of Hypotheses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Effective Service

This study investigated the impact of Quality Management System (QMS) on effective service delivery in Oil and Gas Servicing Companies in selected firms in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The opinion of 50 respondents were sampled using questionnaires, interviews as well as observation from journals and texts used in this work to examine the Quality Management System (QMS) of the selected firms. Using simple percentages and the Chi-square (X2) test of hypotheses, it was hypothetically established that the implementation of QMS practices, has impacted the work process, procedure and improvement on quality over the years in the Oil and Gas Servicing companies in Port Harcourt Nigeria. The research identified an adopted use of Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) tool as a continual quality improvement initiative developed in the local content oil and gas servicing operation for equipment handling, management and to drive sustained improved performance quality processes as a key driver of a progressive that will place local content companies as an options for producing companies and at par with multinational oil and gas companies.

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