Effect of the Protein Cunsumption Over the Immune System Responses Given During Covid-19

It has long been known that insufficient intake of quality dietary protein or amino acids impairs immune function and increases susceptibility to infectious diseases Nutritional status in people infected with SARS-CoV-2 is a crucial factor for optimal prognosis and can determine the clinical severity of COVID-19. Insufficient energy and protein intake to reduce weight gain due to inactivity during the pandemic is a common mistake people make. Insufficient intakes of energy, protein and specific micronutrients; It is associated with suppressed immune function and increased susceptibility to infection. The morbidity and mortality of the disease is higher, especially in low immune function people. It is known that increasing protein intake is a priority in order to reduce catabolism due to inflammatory mediators Eating healthy before, during and after the illness is the main key to the immune system and health. Patients who can eat during illness should be advised to consume sufficient and high quality protein despite the loss of their sense of taste. In order to prevent muscle loss and strengthen respiratory muscles, 1.5 g / kg / day protein and branched chain amino acid would be a good decision for this pandemic periods.

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Nutrition and Covid-19 epidemic

Acta agriculturae Slovenica ◽

10.14720/aas.2021.117.2.1980 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 117 (2) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Tanja PAJK ŽONTAR ◽

Rajko VIDRIH

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Immune System ◽

Immune Function ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Healthy Foods ◽

Susceptibility To Infection ◽

Iron And Zinc ◽

Dietary Nutrient ◽

Current Context ◽

Increased Susceptibility

Proper nutrition is an essential part of an individual’s defence against numerous diseases including coronavirus disease SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19). Nutritional status of individual is affected by several factors such as age, sex, health status, physical activity, life style and medications. Optimal nutrition and dietary nutrient intake impact the immune system, therefore the sustainable way to survive in current context is to strengthen the immune system. Inadequate intake of energy, protein, and specific micronutrients are associated with depressed immune function and increased susceptibility to infection. Predominantly vital for the encouraging of immune function are elements selenium, iron and zinc and vitamins A, D, C, E, B6, B9 (folate) and B12 as well as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thus, during this time it is important to take care of nutritional habits, following a healthy and balanced nutritional pattern containing a high amount of elements, antioxidants and vitamins. It is also recommended, that individuals should be mindful of physical activity, known to be associated with all-cause mortality. Regular physical activity also improves mental health and overall feelings of wellbeing. Thus, now in the time of epidemic, more than ever, wider access to healthy foods should be a top priority for governments around the world

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Nutritional Recommendation for COVID-19

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.3078 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽

pp. 753-757

Author(s):

Anagha Gulhane ◽

Shamli Hiware

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Global Health ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Immune Function ◽

The Body ◽

Health Issue ◽

System Quality ◽

Life Phase ◽

Global Health Issue ◽

Nutritional Recommendation

It is the most unreliable truth that anybody can get infected by the COVID-19, and nobody can escape from the danger of getting tainted by the virus. Yet, the line of hope is that anyone and everyone can boost their resistance, thus avoid the risk of getting affected by the illness. The immunity of humans pulls down as they grow older. If their immune system is robust, them falling sick is feeble. If their resistance is weak, them getting ill is sound. Several factors affect the immune system and its ability, including its nourishment. A two-way connection between nutrition, infection and immunity presents. Changes in one part will affect the others part in our body that's the nature's rule. Well defined immune system quality which is present between each life phase may influence the type, generality and the degree of infections. At the same time, low nutrition to the body will decrease the immune function and expose the body to the danger of getting infected by infectious diseases. Different quantity of micronutrients is required for increasing the immunity power of our body. Generally the vitamins A,C,D,E,B2,B6,B12, iron, zinc and selenium.The deficiencies of micronutrients are acknowledged as a global health issue, and also low nutrition makes it prone to establishes the infections in the body.

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Effects of age on immune function in broiler chickens

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology ◽

10.1186/s40104-021-00559-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bochen Song ◽

Dazhi Tang ◽

Shaojia Yan ◽

Hao Fan ◽

Guang Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Immune Function ◽

Cellular Immunity ◽

Mucosal Immunity ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Cell Ratio ◽

Cell Functions ◽

Ifn Γ

Abstract Background There are many diseases in poultry, many of which are caused by poor immune function. It is not clear how cytokines and various immune cell functions change with age in modern broilers. The purpose of this study was to explore the patterns of development of the immunity of the broiler chickens in cage. Results The results showed that there were 3 development patterns of immunity in the broiler chickens. The first pattern was Down-Up. Cytokines and some immune indicators first decreased and then increased, and the lowest levels of immunity basically occurred from d 6 to 13. The second pattern was Up-Down, and from d 30 to 34, the highest levels of non-specific cellular immunity components, such as the peripheral blood mononuclear macrophage ratio, specific cellular immunity components, such as the peripheral blood helper T (Th) cell ratio and T cell and B cell proliferation activity, and mucosal immunity components, such as the ileal CD4, TGF-β1 and IgA mRNA levels, were observed. The third pattern was Up-Up, and the levels of the non-specific cellular immunity components, such as the serum nitric oxide (NO), C3 and C4 levels, the specific cellular immunity components, such as the spleen index, peripheral blood IL-2, IFN-γ/IL-4, cytotoxic T (Tc) cell ratio, and splenic NF-κB mRNA levels, the humoral immunity components, such as the serum IgG level, the mucosal immunity components, such as the ileal MHC-II, CD3d, TCRβ subunit, TCRζ subunit, IFN-γ, pIgR mRNA and ileal mucosa sIgA levels, were continuing to increase from d 1 to 34. Conclusions It could be concluded that the immune system and its function have not developed well in the broiler chickens d 6 to 13 and that the immune system does not mature until d 30 to 34 in the broiler chickens in cages. It is necessary to enhance the immune function of the broiler chickens through nutritional measures from d 1 to 30.

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Severe anemia in patients with Propionic acidemia is associated with branched-chain amino acid imbalance

Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases ◽

10.1186/s13023-021-01865-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sinziana Stanescu ◽

Amaya Belanger-Quintana ◽

Borja Manuel Fernandez-Felix ◽

Francisco Arrieta ◽

Victor Quintero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Food Consumption ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Propionic Acidemia ◽

Study Data ◽

Metabolic Decompensation ◽

Severe Anemia ◽

Medical Food ◽

Natural Protein ◽

Branched Chain

Abstract Background Propionic acidemia (PA), an inborn error of metabolism, is caused by a deficiency in propionyl-CoA carboxylase. Patients have to follow a diet restricted in the propiogenic amino acids isoleucine (Ile), valine (Val), methionine (Met) and threonine (Thr); proper adherence can prevent and treat acute decompensation and increase life expectancy. However, chronic complications occur in several organs even though metabolic control may be largely maintained. Bone marrow aplasia and anemia are among the more common. Materials and methods In this retrospective study, data for patients with PA being monitored at the Hospital Ramón y Cajal (Madrid, Spain) (n = 10) in the past 10 years were examined to statistically detect relationships between persistent severe anemia outside of metabolic decompensation episodes and dietary practices such as natural protein intake and medical food consumption (special mixture of precursor-free amino acids) along with plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA). High ferritin levels were deemed to indicate that a patient had received repeated transfusions for persistent anemia since data on hemoglobin levels at the moment of transfusion were not always passed on by the attending centers. Results Three patients had severe, persistent anemia that required repeated blood transfusions. Higher medical food consumption and plasma Leu levels were associated with iron overload. Notably, natural protein intake and plasma Val were negatively correlated with ferritin levels. We also observed an inverse relationship between plasma Val/Leu and Ile/Leu ratios and ferritin. Conclusion The present results suggest that severe anemia in patients with PA might be associated with low natural protein intake and BCAA imbalance.

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Coenzyme Q10 and Immune Function: An Overview

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10050759 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 759

Author(s):

David Mantle ◽

Robert A. Heaton ◽

Iain P. Hargreaves

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Immune Function ◽

Coenzyme Q10 ◽

Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain ◽

Inflammatory Gene Expression ◽

Optimal Functioning ◽

Human Immune ◽

Coq10 Supplementation ◽

Lipid Soluble Antioxidant

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) has a number of important roles in the cell that are required for optimal functioning of the immune system. These include its essential role as an electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, enabling the process of oxidative phosphorylation to occur with the concomitant production of ATP, together with its role as a potential lipid-soluble antioxidant, protecting the cell against free radical-induced oxidation. Furthermore, CoQ10 has also been reported to have an anti-inflammatory role via its ability to repress inflammatory gene expression. Recently, CoQ10 has also been reported to play an important function within the lysosome, an organelle central to the immune response. In view of the differing roles CoQ10 plays in the immune system, together with the reported ability of CoQ10 supplementation to improve the functioning of this system, the aim of this article is to review the current literature available on both the role of CoQ10 in human immune function and the effect of CoQ10 supplementation on this system.

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Aging and Options to Halt Declining Immunity to Virus Infections

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.681449 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Miguel Ángel Palacios-Pedrero ◽

Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus ◽

Tanja Becker ◽

Husni Elbahesh ◽

Guus F. Rimmelzwaan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Immune System ◽

Immune Function ◽

Adaptive Immunity ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Age Group ◽

Virus Infections ◽

Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽

Chronic Viral Infections

Immunosenescence is a process associated with aging that leads to dysregulation of cells of innate and adaptive immunity, which may become dysfunctional. Consequently, older adults show increased severity of viral and bacterial infections and impaired responses to vaccinations. A better understanding of the process of immunosenescence will aid the development of novel strategies to boost the immune system in older adults. In this review, we focus on major alterations of the immune system triggered by aging, and address the effect of chronic viral infections, effectiveness of vaccination of older adults and strategies to improve immune function in this vulnerable age group.

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The Immune System Can Hear Noise

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2020.619189 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Andi Zhang ◽

Tianyuan Zou ◽

Dongye Guo ◽

Quan Wang ◽

Yilin Shen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Immune Function ◽

Noise Exposure ◽

The Body ◽

Intensity Noise ◽

Short Term ◽

Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽

Exposure During Pregnancy

As a stressor widely existing in daily life, noise can cause great alterations to the immune system and result in many physical and mental disorders, including noise-induced deafness, sleep disorders, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine diseases and other problems. The immune system plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis by recognizing and removing harmful substances in the body. Many studies have shown that noise may play vital roles in the occurrence and development of some immune diseases. In humans, both innate immunity and specific immunity can be influenced by noise, and different exposure durations and intensities of noise may exert various effects on the immune system. Short-term or low-intensity noise can enhance immune function, while long-term or high-intensity noise suppresses it. Noise can lead to the occurrence of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) through the production of autoantibodies such as anti-Hsp70 and anti-Hsp60 and exert adverse effects related to other immune-related diseases such as some autoimmune diseases and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The neuroendocrine system, mainly including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) system, is involved in the mechanisms of immune-related diseases induced by noise and gut microbiota dysfunction. In addition, noise exposure during pregnancy may be harmful to the immune system of the fetus. On the other hand, some studies have shown that music can improve immune function and alleviate the adverse effects caused by noise.

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Immunologic and clinical effects of repeated blood exchange in familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v60.4.814.bloodjournal604814 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

pp. 814-821 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S Ladisch ◽

W Ho ◽

D Matheson ◽

R Pilkington ◽

G Hartman

Keyword(s):

Immune Function ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Clinical Effects ◽

Cellular Immune Function ◽

Susceptibility To Infection ◽

Blood Exchange ◽

Cellular Immunodeficiency ◽

Cellular Immune ◽

Immune Defects

Depressed cellular immune function and increased susceptibility to infection characterize familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FEL), a usually fatal autosomal recessive disease. One component of the immunodeficiency is plasma-mediated inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation. We have tested whether repeated plasma or blood exchange would decrease plasma inhibitory activity and improve cellular immune function in FEL. Following this treatment, reduction in plasma inhibitory activity, reversal of depressed antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferative responses and monocyte antibody-dependent cytotoxic function in vitro, and clinical improvement were complete in two and partial in one of three patients studied. Relapse, which was ultimately fatal, was associated with recurrence of the immune defects. These findings suggest that cellular immunodeficiency in FEL is acquired and possibly related to circulating immunosuppressive activity, the removal of which is associated with transient immunologic and clinical recovery.

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