The Immune System at the Metallic Implant Interface; Metal Ions Inhibit Immune Function but are not Cytotoxic

It is the most unreliable truth that anybody can get infected by the COVID-19, and nobody can escape from the danger of getting tainted by the virus. Yet, the line of hope is that anyone and everyone can boost their resistance, thus avoid the risk of getting affected by the illness. The immunity of humans pulls down as they grow older. If their immune system is robust, them falling sick is feeble. If their resistance is weak, them getting ill is sound. Several factors affect the immune system and its ability, including its nourishment. A two-way connection between nutrition, infection and immunity presents. Changes in one part will affect the others part in our body that's the nature's rule. Well defined immune system quality which is present between each life phase may influence the type, generality and the degree of infections. At the same time, low nutrition to the body will decrease the immune function and expose the body to the danger of getting infected by infectious diseases. Different quantity of micronutrients is required for increasing the immunity power of our body. Generally the vitamins A,C,D,E,B2,B6,B12, iron, zinc and selenium.The deficiencies of micronutrients are acknowledged as a global health issue, and also low nutrition makes it prone to establishes the infections in the body.

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Effects of age on immune function in broiler chickens

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology ◽

10.1186/s40104-021-00559-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bochen Song ◽

Dazhi Tang ◽

Shaojia Yan ◽

Hao Fan ◽

Guang Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Immune Function ◽

Cellular Immunity ◽

Mucosal Immunity ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Cell Ratio ◽

Cell Functions ◽

Ifn Γ

Abstract Background There are many diseases in poultry, many of which are caused by poor immune function. It is not clear how cytokines and various immune cell functions change with age in modern broilers. The purpose of this study was to explore the patterns of development of the immunity of the broiler chickens in cage. Results The results showed that there were 3 development patterns of immunity in the broiler chickens. The first pattern was Down-Up. Cytokines and some immune indicators first decreased and then increased, and the lowest levels of immunity basically occurred from d 6 to 13. The second pattern was Up-Down, and from d 30 to 34, the highest levels of non-specific cellular immunity components, such as the peripheral blood mononuclear macrophage ratio, specific cellular immunity components, such as the peripheral blood helper T (Th) cell ratio and T cell and B cell proliferation activity, and mucosal immunity components, such as the ileal CD4, TGF-β1 and IgA mRNA levels, were observed. The third pattern was Up-Up, and the levels of the non-specific cellular immunity components, such as the serum nitric oxide (NO), C3 and C4 levels, the specific cellular immunity components, such as the spleen index, peripheral blood IL-2, IFN-γ/IL-4, cytotoxic T (Tc) cell ratio, and splenic NF-κB mRNA levels, the humoral immunity components, such as the serum IgG level, the mucosal immunity components, such as the ileal MHC-II, CD3d, TCRβ subunit, TCRζ subunit, IFN-γ, pIgR mRNA and ileal mucosa sIgA levels, were continuing to increase from d 1 to 34. Conclusions It could be concluded that the immune system and its function have not developed well in the broiler chickens d 6 to 13 and that the immune system does not mature until d 30 to 34 in the broiler chickens in cages. It is necessary to enhance the immune function of the broiler chickens through nutritional measures from d 1 to 30.

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Coenzyme Q10 and Immune Function: An Overview

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10050759 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 759

Author(s):

David Mantle ◽

Robert A. Heaton ◽

Iain P. Hargreaves

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Immune Function ◽

Coenzyme Q10 ◽

Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain ◽

Inflammatory Gene Expression ◽

Optimal Functioning ◽

Human Immune ◽

Coq10 Supplementation ◽

Lipid Soluble Antioxidant

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) has a number of important roles in the cell that are required for optimal functioning of the immune system. These include its essential role as an electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, enabling the process of oxidative phosphorylation to occur with the concomitant production of ATP, together with its role as a potential lipid-soluble antioxidant, protecting the cell against free radical-induced oxidation. Furthermore, CoQ10 has also been reported to have an anti-inflammatory role via its ability to repress inflammatory gene expression. Recently, CoQ10 has also been reported to play an important function within the lysosome, an organelle central to the immune response. In view of the differing roles CoQ10 plays in the immune system, together with the reported ability of CoQ10 supplementation to improve the functioning of this system, the aim of this article is to review the current literature available on both the role of CoQ10 in human immune function and the effect of CoQ10 supplementation on this system.

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Nutrition and Covid-19 epidemic

Acta agriculturae Slovenica ◽

10.14720/aas.2021.117.2.1980 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 117 (2) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Tanja PAJK ŽONTAR ◽

Rajko VIDRIH

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Immune System ◽

Immune Function ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Healthy Foods ◽

Susceptibility To Infection ◽

Iron And Zinc ◽

Dietary Nutrient ◽

Current Context ◽

Increased Susceptibility

Proper nutrition is an essential part of an individual’s defence against numerous diseases including coronavirus disease SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19). Nutritional status of individual is affected by several factors such as age, sex, health status, physical activity, life style and medications. Optimal nutrition and dietary nutrient intake impact the immune system, therefore the sustainable way to survive in current context is to strengthen the immune system. Inadequate intake of energy, protein, and specific micronutrients are associated with depressed immune function and increased susceptibility to infection. Predominantly vital for the encouraging of immune function are elements selenium, iron and zinc and vitamins A, D, C, E, B6, B9 (folate) and B12 as well as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thus, during this time it is important to take care of nutritional habits, following a healthy and balanced nutritional pattern containing a high amount of elements, antioxidants and vitamins. It is also recommended, that individuals should be mindful of physical activity, known to be associated with all-cause mortality. Regular physical activity also improves mental health and overall feelings of wellbeing. Thus, now in the time of epidemic, more than ever, wider access to healthy foods should be a top priority for governments around the world

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Aging and Options to Halt Declining Immunity to Virus Infections

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.681449 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Miguel Ángel Palacios-Pedrero ◽

Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus ◽

Tanja Becker ◽

Husni Elbahesh ◽

Guus F. Rimmelzwaan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Immune System ◽

Immune Function ◽

Adaptive Immunity ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Age Group ◽

Virus Infections ◽

Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽

Chronic Viral Infections

Immunosenescence is a process associated with aging that leads to dysregulation of cells of innate and adaptive immunity, which may become dysfunctional. Consequently, older adults show increased severity of viral and bacterial infections and impaired responses to vaccinations. A better understanding of the process of immunosenescence will aid the development of novel strategies to boost the immune system in older adults. In this review, we focus on major alterations of the immune system triggered by aging, and address the effect of chronic viral infections, effectiveness of vaccination of older adults and strategies to improve immune function in this vulnerable age group.

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The Immune System Can Hear Noise

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2020.619189 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Andi Zhang ◽

Tianyuan Zou ◽

Dongye Guo ◽

Quan Wang ◽

Yilin Shen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Immune Function ◽

Noise Exposure ◽

The Body ◽

Intensity Noise ◽

Short Term ◽

Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽

Exposure During Pregnancy

As a stressor widely existing in daily life, noise can cause great alterations to the immune system and result in many physical and mental disorders, including noise-induced deafness, sleep disorders, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine diseases and other problems. The immune system plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis by recognizing and removing harmful substances in the body. Many studies have shown that noise may play vital roles in the occurrence and development of some immune diseases. In humans, both innate immunity and specific immunity can be influenced by noise, and different exposure durations and intensities of noise may exert various effects on the immune system. Short-term or low-intensity noise can enhance immune function, while long-term or high-intensity noise suppresses it. Noise can lead to the occurrence of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) through the production of autoantibodies such as anti-Hsp70 and anti-Hsp60 and exert adverse effects related to other immune-related diseases such as some autoimmune diseases and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The neuroendocrine system, mainly including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) system, is involved in the mechanisms of immune-related diseases induced by noise and gut microbiota dysfunction. In addition, noise exposure during pregnancy may be harmful to the immune system of the fetus. On the other hand, some studies have shown that music can improve immune function and alleviate the adverse effects caused by noise.

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Sexual dimorphism in immune function: The role of sex steroid hormones

SHS Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/shsconf/20185102007 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 02007

Author(s):

Anna Mihailova ◽

Indrikis Krams

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Sexual Dimorphism ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Immune Function ◽

Steroid Hormones ◽

Adaptive Immunity ◽

Gonadal Hormones ◽

Sex Steroid ◽

Innate And Adaptive Immunity

There is evidence of the relation of sex steroid hormones and sexual dimorphism in immune system response to infectious diseases. The aim of this review was to identify the role of sex hormones in immune function and sexual dimorphism of immune reactions. Gonadal hormones together with the immune system play an important role in process of immune responses to the disease [1]. Estrogens, progesterone and testosterone have different impacts on immune cells and different gonadal hormones are of high importance for responses of innate and adaptive immunity [1, 2]. Estrogens mainly enhance immune function while testosterone has a suppressive role. Higher progesterone during pregnancy leads to autoimmune disease remission and an elevated susceptibility toward certain infectious diseases [2, 3, 4]. The intensity and prevalence of viral infections are typically higher in males, whereas disease outcome could be worse for females [5]. Sexual dimorphism of immune function is based on different concentrations of sex hormones in males and females and on a specific mediating role of these hormones in immune function and response along with differences in innate and adaptive immunity.

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Experimental toxoplasmosis in hypoiodemic mice

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/5806-vetmed ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 47 (No. 2 - 3) ◽

pp. 67-74

Author(s):

S. Šlosárková ◽

V. Híbalová ◽

I. Literák ◽

I. Herzig ◽

E. Bártová ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Toxoplasma Gondii ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Immune Function ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Laboratory Mouse ◽

Lymphocyte Transformation ◽

Lymphocyte Transformation Test ◽

Spleen Lymphocyte ◽

Spleen Cells

The hypothesis, that hypoiodemia of goats causes such a compromise of the immune system, which during subsequent Toxoplasma gondii infections results in clinically more pronounced signs of toxoplasmosis, was verifying in laboratory mouse. Hypoiodemic mice (fed by wheat and supplied by water), normoiodemic mice (fed by wheat and supplied by water containing 1.25 mg KI/l) and the majority of standard mice (fed by commercial grain mixture containing 0.83 mg I/kg) were experimentally infected with T. gondii oocysts or tachyzoites. The susceptibility to acute T. gondii infection was evaluated according to mortality rate. As a criterion of cell-mediated immune function has been chosen the spleen-lymphocyte transformation test (LTT). We observed no difference in LTT between hypoiodemic and normoiodemic mice infected with T. gondii oocysts or tachyzoites and no difference in mortality of both infected groups. Four days after the exposure to 100 tachyzoites of T. gondii (K24 strain), all experimentally infected groups of mice showed statistically significant decrease (P = 0.004) in spleen cells responsiveness to stimulation by all mitogens used – as compared to non-infected standard mice group. Reduced responsiveness of cells was probably caused by T. gondii infection itself – the relation to iodine deficiency has not been found.

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Commentary on ‘Prebiotics, immune function, infection and inflammation: a review of the evidence’

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s000711450805561x ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 101 (5) ◽

pp. 631-632 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

K. M. Tuohy

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Immune Function ◽

Human Health ◽

Population Statistics ◽

Infection And Inflammation ◽

Inflammatory Component

There is a growing awareness that the gut microbiota and an appropriately functioning immune system play an important role in maintaining human health. Recent population statistics have highlighted some worrying trends, specifically that there is a growing burden of immunological disease in Western populations, that Western populations are ageing, and that obesity, with its strong inflammatory component, is reaching epidemic proportions.

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Activation of an inflammatory response is context-dependent during early development of the California sea lion

Royal Society Open Science ◽

10.1098/rsos.150108 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 150108 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Camila Vera-Massieu ◽

Patrick M. Brock ◽

Carlos Godínez-Reyes ◽

Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Inflammatory Response ◽

Immune Function ◽

Early Development ◽

Body Condition ◽

Sea Lion ◽

California Sea Lion ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Current Infection ◽

Circulating Levels

Variations in immune function can arise owing to trade-offs, that is, the allocation of limited resources among costly competing physiological functions. Nevertheless, there is little information regarding the ontogeny of the immune system within an ecological context, and it is still unknown whether development affects the way in which resources are allocated to different immune effectors. We investigated changes in the inflammatory response during early development of the California sea lion ( Zalophus californianus ) and examined its association with body condition, as a proxy for the availability of energetic resources. We found that the relationship between inflammation and body condition varied according to developmental stage and circulating levels of leucocyte populations, a proxy for current infection. Body condition was related to the magnitude of the inflammatory response during two of the three developmental periods assessed, allowing for the possibility that the availability of pup energetic reserves can limit immune function. For older pups, the ability to mount an inflammatory response was related to their circulating levels of neutrophils and the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, implying that the infection status of an individual will influence its ability to respond to a new challenge. Our results suggest that trade-offs may occur within the immune system and highlight the importance of taking into account ontogeny in ecoimmunological studies.

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