The Role of Family-Supportive Policies in the Decision to Have Children

2020 ◽  
pp. 112-130
Author(s):  
Barbara Bennett Woodhouse
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Public Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
Universal Healthcare ◽  
Universal Family ◽  
The Social ◽  
Poor Children ◽  
The Village

Chapter six explores the relationship between declining birth rates and family supportive policies. Research on the social construction of parenthood shows that Italians continue to desire children and see parenthood as an important and fulfilling role. Disincentives to childbearing include economic insecurity, escalating costs of childrearing, and insufficient funding of family supportive policies. Rather than avoiding parental responsibility, fathers are increasingly involved in childrearing and grandparents and extended family provide significant caregiving support. The author’s field observations in the village of Scanno confirm the positive involvement of fathers, extended family, and the community in childrearing. The principle of duty on the part of government to protect and support families is embedded in the Italian Constitution, so there is broad support for policies such as universal healthcare, paid parenting leave, subsidized day care and early childhood education, and cash subsidies for families raising children. In the United States, traditions favouring individualism and assigning responsibility for childrearing to the private family have blocked the development of universal, family-supportive policies. Despite its wealth, the U.S. lags far behind peer nations in providing public support during early childhood, exacerbating inequalities between rich and poor children.

Gender Difference in Living Apart Together

2020 ◽  
pp. 52-77
Author(s):  
Cynthia Grant Bowman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Intimate Relationships ◽  
The United States ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Work Lives ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
Living Apart Together ◽  
The Social ◽  
Supportive Relationship

This chapter focuses on the attraction of a LAT lifestyle for women, in part based on indications from the social science literature from outside the United States and in part drawing on my interviews of women LATs in the United States and England. There are gender differences in living apart. LAT allows women to maintain their independence without forgoing the benefits of intimate relationships. For some women, who are intensely involved in their work lives, raising children from a previous marriage, or both, LAT offers a way to have a physically and emotionally supportive relationship when cohabitation or marriage would be difficult.

scholarly journals MODEL DESA TERPADU PAUDNI MEWUJUDKAN MASYARAKAT PEMBELAJAR SEPANJANG HAYAT

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-67
Author(s):  
Agus Sadid
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Learning Community ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Childhood Education ◽  
Life Long Learning ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Village ◽  
Informal Groups

The pattern of rural development should move towards an integral-concept of development. Early childhood education program, (PAUDNI) has a huge potential to enhance people’s welfare. The village model of PAUDNI would be the best alternative solution of empowering community. The problem is how to develop the integrated village model that establishes a life-long learning community. This article describes, discusses, and explores the integrated village model of PUDNI. The conclusion is (1) the PAUDNI village is constructed by the andragogy theory by Knowles and Pannen, emphasizing the community empowerment on integral and integrated aspects; (2) the construction of PAUDNI village model includes community participations, cooperation, commitment, and integrity; (3) the implementation of the model should consider data and analysis, community participation, PAUDNI Units such as PKBM, LKP, PAUD and other non-formal and informal groups; (4) in supervision and guidance process, the model of PAUNI village should involve some related people or institutions. Implementing such a village model properly would create a life-long learning community and enhance the social welfare and the life quality of the community.

scholarly journals The Health Insurance Exchange: An Oligopolistic Market In Need Of Reform

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 569
Author(s):  
Wali I. Mondal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Affordable Care Act ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
The United States ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Universal Healthcare ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Security Act

<p>Until the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act commonly known as the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was signed into law in March 2010, United States was the only industrialized rich country in the world without a universal healthcare insurance coverage. While pioneering works by Burns (1956, 1966) focused on the Social Security Act of 1935 in addressing the health insurance needs of U.S. retired population through Medicare, and later Medicaid was created by the Social Security Amendments of 1965, U.S. health insurance has remained a private, for-profit venture. The passage of ACA was one of the most contentious legislations of modern times. Soon after it was signed into law, various groups of private citizens and a number of States challenged some provisions of the ACA; however, the Supreme Court of the United States upheld its key provisions. A segment of the Congress remains opposed to the ACA on ideological ground and continues to challenge it with a variety of legal maneuvers. Notwithstanding the political or ideological arguments for or against the ACA, the objective of this paper is to analyze the competitiveness of the health insurance marketplace which opened on October 1, 2013. In doing so, the paper will address the structure of the health insurance exchange and suggest ways and means to make it more competitive.</p>

Republican Schoolmaster: The U.S. Supreme Court, Public Opinion, and Abortion

1989 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 751-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles H. Franklin ◽  
Liane C. Kosaki
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Public Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Media ◽  
Historical Role ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Roe V Wade

The United States Supreme Court has a historical role as a “republican schoolmaster,” inculcating virtues in the citizenry. The role as teacher to the republic also serves the interests of the Court. As the “weakest branch,” the Supreme Court needs public support if its decisions are to be effective. We investigate the Court's ability to win popular support for its rulings, specifically in the case of Roe v. Wade. The analysis shows that the Court's decision did affect public attitudes but not as previous work would predict. While support for abortions to protect health increased as a result of the Court's decision, the public became more polarized over “discretionary” abortions. The puzzle is what process can account for these disparate reactions. We develop a theory resting on interpersonal influences to explain these results, arguing that the social interpretation of events drives the differing outcomes. This theory is then tested against a purely psychological alternative. The closing discussion considers how these results can be extended to the general problem of public decisions and popular responses, including presidential actions and the influence of the media.

Displaying the American genius: the electromagnetic telegraph in the wider world

2001 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
YAKUP BEKTAS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Skills ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Far East ◽  
The United States ◽  
Working Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Demonstrations

Shortly after he made a working model of his electromagnetic telegraph in 1837, Samuel F. B. Morse and his associates began an intense initiative to publicize and market it to the world. At first, using the social skills he had learned during his years as a portrait painter, Morse strove to gain the support of the upper classes in Europe. He and his agents saw the physical seats of institutions such as palaces and academy lecture halls as the most desirable settings for public demonstrations of the apparatus. To win public support back at home, they made a point of politicizing the invention by presenting it as an example of American mechanical ingenuity. Their efforts to market the invention were not confined to the United States, Britain and France, but included the rest of Europe and the Near and Far East as well. The telegraph promoters, presuming an oriental fascination with magic, endeavoured to exploit potential markets in the East, particularly the Ottoman Empire and Japan, by making the most of its wondrous effects. The Sultan's palace provided a most exotic setting for display of the electromagnetic telegraph.

scholarly journals A Pedagogia do Destino: baby sacer na Educação Infantil

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (43) ◽  
pp. 202
Author(s):  
Maria Cristina Schefer ◽  
Gelsa Knijnik
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Education ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Childhood Education ◽  
Homo Sacer ◽  
The Social ◽  
Poor Children

<em><em></em></em><p>What if nothing is like the official documents that protect childhood say? What if, in practice, there is the planned birth of right-naked beings in the peripheries of the peripheries – baby sacer – and what if for them the passage through Early Childhood Education is nothing more than a stage of “Destiny Pedagogy”, an “educational process” that keeps them on the sidelines? This study,which is an excerpt of a thesis with further reflections, addresses the contingencies of schooling of poor children. Bauman, Boaventura, Pinto and Sarmento, respectively, emphasize the ideas of “Modern Liquid Consumption Society”, “Abyssal Thinking”, and the “Social Structure as a constraint to inequalities and discrimination” with and among children.</p><div><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div><p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/MCris/Desktop/baby%201.docx#_ftnref1">[1]</a> Termo produzido a partir da ideia de <em>homo sacer</em>, contudo, reforçando a influência estadunidense nas regras de consumo no Brasil.</p></div></div>

scholarly journals The disempowerment of early childhood practitioners in impoverished and marginalised communities

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilana Knafo ◽  
Brigitte Smit ◽  
Petro Marais
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Predominantly White ◽  
Narrative Inquiry ◽  
Early Childhood Development ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
The Social ◽  
Poor Children ◽  
Do So

Background: Quality early childhood programmes have proven to be highly cost-effective in reversing the detrimental consequences of poverty on children’s development. However, these programmes can only influence developmental outcomes of poor children if their needs are considered.Aim: The purpose of this article was to inquire into the experiences of two early childhood development (ECD) practitioners working and living in impoverished and marginalised predominantly white communities where the involvement of volunteers from charity organisations was prominent. The researchers argued that the practitioners’ experiences regarding their work should inform the kind of complementary volunteer aid and support sought for.Setting: The research sites were two informal predominantly white settlements where unemployed residents lived in makeshift housing.Methods: A narrative inquiry, nested in the social constructivist paradigm, was employed to explore the experiences of two practitioners. Data were collected from narrative interviews, observations, documents, photographs and artefacts.Results: Both participants knew well that the needs of the children in their care differed significantly from those of their more affluent peers and believed that training would equip them better for their task. Although both centres (and communities) benefitted from volunteer support, this well-intended aid was often misguided as the volunteers were not qualified educators and did not understand the context.Conclusion: The volunteers did not empower the practitioners to use their insight and experience to deliver a quality programme fit for context. Instead, they left the practitioners with a sense of disempowerment by dictating the programmes and practices to be followed in the respective ECD centres, even though they were not qualified to do so.

scholarly journals Knowledge mapping on temperament in early childhood: A visualized analysis using Cite Space

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-264
Author(s):  
Meltem Yurtçu ◽  
Serpil Pekdogan
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Knowledge Mapping ◽  
Social Network Structure ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Bibliometric Studies

In this study, the social network structure of the studies conducted in the early childhood towards the concept of temperament was examined. The research was considered as a descriptive study since it examined the relation between the existing studies according to the citations. The concept of temperament in early childhood has taken its place in the literature as a concept that began to be studied in 1955. 1025 studies on this subject in the Web of Science database were examined. Studies conducted between 1975-2020 were analyzed. In this study, Cite Space program, one of the social network analysis programs, was used. Documents were examined in relation to co-citations by authors, journals, countries and sources. As a result of the examinations, it was concluded that the most cited country was the United States, the most cited author Mary K. Rothbart, and the most cited journal Child Development. As a result of examining the co-references in the documents, 18 clusters named using the LLR (log-likelihood) algorithm were obtained. The names of the clusters and the most cited articles were determined in accordance with the network structure. At the same time, it is possible to see which clusters are more active in which periods and when the co-citations are analyzed according to the references and which articles are referred to more frequently. The current studies on this subject have been included in child obesity risk, postnatal plasticity revisited and extended and dispositional negativity clusters. With the results of this research, a map of information is presented to the researchers who want to study on the subject of temperament in early childhood. It can direct the researchers according to their sub-fields. It gives information about important sources, authors, and journals about the subject of interest, according to the tendency of the researcher. In addition, the researcher could see current issues or what topics the literature lacks. Therefore, as with this topic, authors can obtain detailed information about the subject area with such bibliometric studies while choosing the field of study.

scholarly journals Relationship between The Education of Parents and Democratic Update Patterns To The Social Development of Early Ages

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-70
Author(s):  
Rhosma Juarus Ilma
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Village

From the results that have been examined, it can be concluded that there is a relevant relationship between the educational background of parents and democratic parenting towards the social development of early childhood in the village of Bandar Magetan. this incident can be seen from the magnitude of r square of 33.6% can be interpreted the higher level of parental education resulted in parents increasingly understanding good parenting to help social development of young children.From the research also can be underlined the existence of democratic parenting can be influenced by the age of parents and educational background in order to support the social development of children.

Use of Prescribed Medicines: A Proxy Indicator of Access and Health Status

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith A. Kasper ◽  
Renate Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Social Class ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Medical Care Costs ◽  
The Social ◽  
Educational Groups ◽  
Prescribed Medicines ◽  
Poor Children ◽  
Care Costs

This paper summarizes data on the use of prescribed medicines in the United States in 1977. Likelihood and volume of use by selected demographic characteristics are presented, as well as age-specific rates by condition groups. Differences in prescribed medicine use for 1977 indicate that children from poor and less educated families have a lower likelihood of receiving a prescription than do the better-off in their age group. This difference appears to correspond to levels of physician use, which differed by 20 percent across educational groups, despite the existence of Medicaid which covers medical care costs for eligible poor children. Once poorer children did see a physician, however, there was no difference in the number of prescriptions written for this age group, reflecting similar physician responses to the diseases of childhood regardless of the social class of the patient. For older persons, these differences in access by social class were not observed. Their likelihood of receiving at least one prescription was comparable regardless of income and education. However, the poor and less educated elderly required more prescriptions than the better-off. The likelihood is that the differences in prescribing seen for this age group reflect differences in levels of illness or health status.

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