scholarly journals Apoptosis and Efferocytosis in Inflammatory Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-55
Author(s):  
Chandra Agung Purnama ◽  
Anna Meiliana ◽  
Melisa Intan Barliana ◽  
Keri Lestari Dandan ◽  
Andi Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Tissue Homeostasis ◽  
Macrophage Activity ◽  
Regulated Cell Death ◽  
Cell Clearance ◽  
Multistep Process ◽  
Genetic Interventions

BACKGROUND: Millions of cells in multicellular organisms regenerate every day to replace aged and died cells. Effective cell clearance (efferocytosis) is critical for tissue homeostasis, as the human body recycles its cellular components. We summarize what is known about the mechanisms of efferocytosis and how it impacts the physiology of the organism, effects on inflammation and the adaptive immune response, as well as the consequences of defects in this critical homeostatic mechanism in this review.CONTENT: Cell death is the process by which the human body replaces aged or damaged cells with new ones. It can be triggered by genetically encoded machinery or regulated cell death, or by specific pharmacologic or genetic interventions, resulting in accidental cell death. Dying cells release signals that entice phagocytes to engulf them in a process known as efferocytosis. Efferocytosis is a multistep process involving the release of “find me” and “eat me” signals and destruction of death cells by phagocytes. Different types of cell death including apoptosis and necroptosis can express pro- or anti-inflammatory signals via macrophage activity modulation.SUMMARY: Failed or ineffective efferocytosis can result in disruption of tissue homeostasis, which can contribute to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, obesity, diabetes, and heart failure. Therefore, any therapeutic strategy that enhances efferocytosis will have a beneficial effect on the treatment of these metabolic disorders.KEYWORDS: apoptosis, necroptosis, phagocytosis, efferocytosis, macrophage.

scholarly journals Consensus guidelines for the definition, detection and interpretation of immunogenic cell death

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e000337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Galluzzi ◽  
Ilio Vitale ◽  
Sarah Warren ◽  
Sandy Adjemian ◽  
Patrizia Agostinis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Immunogenic Cell Death ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Regulated Cell Death ◽  
Definition Of

Cells succumbing to stress via regulated cell death (RCD) can initiate an adaptive immune response associated with immunological memory, provided they display sufficient antigenicity and adjuvanticity. Moreover, multiple intracellular and microenvironmental features determine the propensity of RCD to drive adaptive immunity. Here, we provide an updated operational definition of immunogenic cell death (ICD), discuss the key factors that dictate the ability of dying cells to drive an adaptive immune response, summarize experimental assays that are currently available for the assessment of ICD in vitro and in vivo, and formulate guidelines for their interpretation.

scholarly journals Immunogenic Cell Death and Elimination of Immunosuppressive Cells: A Double-Edged Sword of Chemotherapy

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-David Fumet ◽  
Emeric Limagne ◽  
Marion Thibaudin ◽  
Francois Ghiringhelli
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Immunogenic Cell Death ◽  
Regulated Cell Death ◽  
Immunological Effects ◽  
Current Area ◽  
Immunosuppressive Cells ◽  
Main Effects

Chemotherapy is initially used to kill proliferative cells. In the current area of emerging immunotherapy, chemotherapies have shown their ability to modulate the tumor micro environment and immune response. We focus here on two main effects: first, immunogenic cell death, defined as a form of regulated cell death (RCD) that is sufficient to activate an adaptive immune response in immunocompetent hosts; and second, the depletion of suppressive cells, known to play a major role in immune escape and resistance to immunotherapy. In this review, we present a review of different classically used chemotherapies focusing on this double effect on immunity. These immunological effects of chemotherapy could be exploited to promote efficacy of immunotherapy. Broadening our understanding will make it possible to provide rationales for the combination of chemoimmunotherapy in early clinical trials.

scholarly journals STING Modulates CD4 T Cell Necroptosis via Activation of PARP-1/PAR Following Acute Systemic Inflammation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingyi Luan ◽  
Xiao-peng Cao ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Yi-qiu Peng ◽  
Ying-ying Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Atp Depletion ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Regulated Cell Death ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Induced Apoptosis ◽  
Parp 1

Abstract BackgroundRegulated cell death profoundly affects on the progress of inflammatory and immune responses in various acute inflammatory diseases, as seen in sepsis and trauma. However, the mechanisms underlying CD4 T cells death have not yet been fully addressed. ResultsWe demonstrated that interferon genes (STING) promoted excessive Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) activity stimulated by endotoxin, which in turn induced apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)-independent but PARP-1 dependent programmed cell death. Elevated PARP-1 activity triggered a cascade of molecular events, including PAR polymer release from the nucleus and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and ATP depletion. Interestingly, translocation of AIF, a biochemical signature for PARP-1-dependent parthanatos, was not observed in the present study, suggesting a non-canonical mechanism of CD4 T cells parthanatos. In this study, we also identify a STING-mediated mechanism of necroptosis in CD4 T cells in septic animals. Furthermore, we revealed wider effects of STING on the immune functions of CD4 T cells when PARP-1 gene inhibited. ConclusionsThese findings reveal that STING signaling and targeting PARP-1/PAR pathway in CD4 T cells may present a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of acute systemic inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals Cell death–mediated cytokine release and its therapeutic implications

2019 ◽  
Vol 216 (7) ◽  
pp. 1474-1486 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Place ◽  
Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Cytokine Release ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cell Death Pathways ◽  
Regulated Cell Death ◽  
Cellular Components

Targeting apoptosis to treat diseases has seen tremendous success over the past decades. More recently, alternative forms of regulated cell death, including pyroptosis and necroptosis, have been described. Understanding the molecular cascades regulating both pyroptosis and necroptosis will yield even more targets to treat diseases. These lytic forms of cell death are distinct from apoptosis due to their characteristic lysis and release of cellular components that promote disease or direct a beneficial immune response. In this review, we focus on how pyroptosis and necroptosis, which release potent immune cytokines such as IL-1 and IL-18, contribute to various diseases. We also consider the important role that the executioners of these cell death pathways, GSDMD and MLKL, play in the progression of inflammatory diseases. Crosstalk between the different cell death pathways likely plays a major role physiologically. New therapeutic strategies targeting these specific molecules hold enormous potential for managing inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals Regulated cell death: discovery, features and implications for neurodegenerative diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juntao Cui ◽  
Suhan Zhao ◽  
Yinghui Li ◽  
Danyang Zhang ◽  
Bingjing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Tissue Homeostasis ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Regulated Cell Death ◽  
Dependent Cell ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Cumulative Evidence

AbstractRegulated cell death (RCD) is a ubiquitous process in living organisms that is essential for tissue homeostasis or to restore biological balance under stress. Over the decades, various forms of RCD have been reported and are increasingly being found to involve in human pathologies and clinical outcomes. We focus on five high-profile forms of RCD, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy-dependent cell death, necroptosis and ferroptosis. Cumulative evidence supports that not only they have different features and various pathways, but also there are extensive cross-talks between modes of cell death. As the understanding of RCD pathway in evolution, development, physiology and disease continues to improve. Here we review an updated classification of RCD on the discovery and features of processes. The prominent focus will be placed on key mechanisms of RCD and its critical role in neurodegenerative disease. Graphical Abstract

scholarly journals An Immunogenic Cell Death-Related Classification Predicts Prognosis and Response to Immunotherapy in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinwen Wang ◽  
Shouwu Wu ◽  
Feng Liu ◽  
Dianshan Ke ◽  
Xinwu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Immunogenic Cell Death ◽  
Consensus Clustering ◽  
Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Regulated Cell Death ◽  
Tumor Immune Microenvironment

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) has been classified as a form of regulated cell death (RCD) that is sufficient to activate an adaptive immune response. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated the ability of ICD to reshape the tumor immune microenvironment through the emission of danger signals or DAMPs, which may contribute to the immunotherapy. Currently, identification of ICD-associated biomarkers that stratify patients according to their benefit from ICD immunotherapy would be of great advantage. Here, we identified two ICD-associated subtypes by consensus clustering. ICD-high subtype was associated with the favorable clinical outcomes, abundant immune cell infiltration, and high activity of immune response signaling. Besides, we established and validated an ICD-related prognostic model that predicted the survival of HNSCC and was associated with tumor immune microenvironment. In conclusion, we established a new classification system of HNSCC based on ICD signatures. This stratification had significant clinical outcomes for estimating prognosis, as well as the immunotherapy of HNSCC patients

scholarly journals Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns Modulation by microRNA: Relevance on Immunogenic Cell Death and Cancer Treatment Outcome

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2566
Author(s):  
María Julia Lamberti ◽  
Annunziata Nigro ◽  
Vincenzo Casolaro ◽  
Natalia Belén Rumie Vittar ◽  
Jessica Dal Col
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Immunogenic Cell Death ◽  
Basal Expression ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) in cancer is a functionally unique regulated form of stress-mediated cell death that activates both the innate and adaptive immune response against tumor cells. ICD makes dying cancer cells immunogenic by improving both antigenicity and adjuvanticity. The latter relies on the spatiotemporally coordinated release or exposure of danger signals (DAMPs) that drive robust antigen-presenting cell activation. The expression of DAMPs is often constitutive in tumor cells, but it is the initiating stressor, called ICD-inducer, which finally triggers the intracellular response that determines the kinetics and intensity of their release. However, the contribution of cell-autonomous features, such as the epigenetic background, to the development of ICD has not been addressed in sufficient depth. In this context, it has been revealed that several microRNAs (miRNAs), besides acting as tumor promoters or suppressors, can control the ICD-associated exposure of some DAMPs and their basal expression in cancer. Here, we provide a general overview of the dysregulation of cancer-associated miRNAs whose targets are DAMPs, through which new molecular mediators that underlie the immunogenicity of ICD were identified. The current status of miRNA-targeted therapeutics combined with ICD inducers is discussed. A solid comprehension of these processes will provide a framework to evaluate miRNA targets for cancer immunotherapy.

scholarly journals Cryo-EM structural analysis of FADD:Caspase-8 complexes defines the catalytic dimer architecture for co-ordinated control of cell fate

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna L. Fox ◽  
Michelle A. Hughes ◽  
Xin Meng ◽  
Nikola A. Sarnowska ◽  
Ian R. Powley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Catalytic Domain ◽  
Caspase 8 ◽  
Type I ◽  
Signaling Complex ◽  
Catalytic Domains ◽  
Regulated Cell Death ◽  
Death Effector

AbstractRegulated cell death is essential in development and cellular homeostasis. Multi-protein platforms, including the Death-Inducing Signaling Complex (DISC), co-ordinate cell fate via a core FADD:Caspase-8 complex and its regulatory partners, such as the cell death inhibitor c-FLIP. Here, using electron microscopy, we visualize full-length procaspase-8 in complex with FADD. Our structural analysis now reveals how the FADD-nucleated tandem death effector domain (tDED) helical filament is required to orientate the procaspase-8 catalytic domains, enabling their activation via anti-parallel dimerization. Strikingly, recruitment of c-FLIPS into this complex inhibits Caspase-8 activity by altering tDED triple helix architecture, resulting in steric hindrance of the canonical tDED Type I binding site. This prevents both Caspase-8 catalytic domain assembly and tDED helical filament elongation. Our findings reveal how the plasticity, composition and architecture of the core FADD:Caspase-8 complex critically defines life/death decisions not only via the DISC, but across multiple key signaling platforms including TNF complex II, the ripoptosome, and RIPK1/RIPK3 necrosome.

Lytic regulated cell death in aquaculture fish

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojing Xia ◽  
Bin He ◽  
Xiulin Zhang ◽  
Zhe Cheng ◽  
Mingcheng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Regulated Cell Death ◽  
Aquaculture Fish

scholarly journals Calreticulin—Multifunctional Chaperone in Immunogenic Cell Death: Potential Significance as a Prognostic Biomarker in Ovarian Cancer Patients

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Michal Kielbik ◽  
Izabela Szulc-Kielbik ◽  
Magdalena Klink
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Ovarian Cancer Cells ◽  
Immunogenic Cell Death ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a type of death, which has the hallmarks of necroptosis and apoptosis, and is best characterized in malignant diseases. Chemotherapeutics, radiotherapy and photodynamic therapy induce intracellular stress response pathways in tumor cells, leading to a secretion of various factors belonging to a family of damage-associated molecular patterns molecules, capable of inducing the adaptive immune response. One of them is calreticulin (CRT), an endoplasmic reticulum-associated chaperone. Its presence on the surface of dying tumor cells serves as an “eat me” signal for antigen presenting cells (APC). Engulfment of tumor cells by APCs results in the presentation of tumor’s antigens to cytotoxic T-cells and production of cytokines/chemokines, which activate immune cells responsible for tumor cells killing. Thus, the development of ICD and the expression of CRT can help standard therapy to eradicate tumor cells. Here, we review the physiological functions of CRT and its involvement in the ICD appearance in malignant disease. Moreover, we also focus on the ability of various anti-cancer drugs to induce expression of surface CRT on ovarian cancer cells. The second aim of this work is to discuss and summarize the prognostic/predictive value of CRT in ovarian cancer patients.

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