scholarly journals O MÉTODO EM MARX

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Renata Machado De Assis
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Scientific Production ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Construction Of Knowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
Unknown Object ◽  
Dialectic Materialism

 Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar um estudo realizado sobre o método em Marx, a partir de algumas de suas publicações e de outros autores que estudaram suas obras. A metodologia utilizada foi pesquisa bibliográfica, por meio de revisão teórica, utilizando os escritos deste autor e de outros. A análise das obras selecionadas permite depreender que os princípios defendidos por Marx se caracterizam na ideia de que a solução para os mistérios especulativos, para os problemas e contradições da ordem social, efetivamente existentes, deve ser buscada por meio de uma reorientação extrema do próprio pensamento, em contraste com as concepções filosóficas do passado, buscando uma forma de abordagem qualitativamente diferente, ou seja, toda investigação teórica deve se focar na prática transformadora relevante aos seus interesses. Para este autor, não importa apenas a interpretação, mas a transformação; e o método cientificamente exato é o último método. O concreto só o é porque sintetiza as múltiplas determinações, isto é, “unidade do diverso”. Por isso o concreto é o processo da síntese, o resultado, e não o ponto de partida, ainda que o seja. Pode-se concluir que a proposta apresentada por Marx supera o dualismo sujeito e objeto na construção do conhecimento. O que ele propõe, é o método como um instrumento de mediação entre o homem que pretende conhecer e o objeto desconhecido, como parte da realidade a ser desvelada. A abstração utilizada pela dialética revela a essência além da aparência. O que importa é o que é abstrato, o que é imediado, ao contrário do que é mediado; é partir do simples para o complexo; do abstrato para o concreto; da parte para o todo; do singular para o universal.Palavras-chave: Método. Materialismo histórico-dialético. Produção científica.THE METHOD IN MARX Abstract: This article aims to present a study about the method in Marx, from some of his publications and other authors who studied his works. The methodology used was a bibliographical research, through theoretical revision, using the writings of this author and others. The analysis of the selected works allows us to understand that the principles defended by Marx characterised in the idea that the solution to the speculative mysteries, to the problems and contradictions of the social order, effectively existing, must be fetched of a reorientation of the extreme own thought, in contrast with the philosophical conceptions of the past, seeking a way to qualitatively different approach, that is, the total theoretical research must focus on the practical transforming relevant to their interests. For this author, not only important to the interpretation, but the transformation; and the scientifically accurate method is the last method. The concrete is only because it summarises the multiple determinations, that is, "unity of different". For this reason the concrete is the process of synthesis, the result and not the point of departure, that is still. It can be concluded that the proposal submitted by Marx surpasses the dualism subject and object in the construction of knowledge. What he proposes, is the method as an instrument of mediation between the man who wants to know and the unknown object, as part of the reality to be unraveled. The abstraction used by dialectic reveals the essence beyond the appearance. The important thing is what is abstract, what is imediated, contrary to what is mediated; is from simple to complex; of abstract for the concrete; the part for the whole; the singular to universal.Keywords: Method. Historical-dialectic materialism. Scientific production. EL MÉTODO DE MARXResumen: Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar un estudio sobre el método de Marx, de algunas de sus publicaciones y otros autores que han estudiado sus obras. La metodología utilizada fue la literatura, a través de revisión de la literatura, usando los escritos de este autor y otros. El análisis de las obras seleccionadas nos permite concluir que los principios defendidos por Marx caracteriza en la idea de que la solución a la especulación, a los misterios de los problemas y las contradicciones del orden social existente, eficazmente, debe buscarse por medio de una reorientación de la extrema pensamiento propio, en contraste con las concepciones filosóficas del pasado, en busca de una manera cualitativamente diferente enfoque, es decir, toda la investigación teórica debe centrarse en la transformación de prácticas relevantes para sus intereses. Para este autor, no sólo es importante para la interpretación, pero la transformación; y el método científicamente exacto es el último método. El hormigón es sólo porque resume las múltiples determinaciones, es decir, "la unidad de diferentes". Por esta razón, el hormigón es el proceso de síntesis, el resultado y no el punto de partida, sin embargo, quién es. Se puede concluir que la propuesta presentada por Marx supera el dualismo sujeto y objeto en la construcción del conocimiento. Lo que él propone, es el método como un instrumento de mediación entre el hombre que quiere saber y el objeto desconocido, como parte de la realidad de ser develado. La abstracción utilizados por la dialéctica revela la esencia más allá de la apariencia. Lo importante es lo abstracto, qué es imediado, contrariamente a lo que está mediado; es de simple a complejo de abstract para el hormigón; la parte por el todo; lo singular a lo universal.Palabras clave: Método. Materialismo histórico-dialéctico. Producción científica.

The Constitutional Crisis in Austria

1930 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-157
Author(s):  
Malbone W. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Social Revolution ◽  
Party Organization ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Parliamentary Supremacy ◽  
The Government

Constitutionalism, in Austria, is not a new slogan. It was a phrase to conjure with during the entire lifetime of Francis Joseph, though in practice the whole history of the country down to the revolution of 1918 was its virtual negation. Only in the latter days of the monarchy, when the scepter passed from the hands of Francis Joseph to the inexperienced young emperor Karl, was a modicum of popular expression allowed to supplant the personal autocracy of the sovereign. The old Austria passed out of existence in 1918 without the successful implantation of a régime of liberal legality in any of its parts.The young Austrian Republic, coming into existence in the hour of the Empire's dissolution, thus inherited a legacy of unconstitutional government, and only the solidity of socialist and clerical party organization, bred of the stress and strain of clashing conceptions of the social order, gave support to the government in the days when social revolution swept almost to the doors of Vienna. It was under such circumstances that Austria entered, in 1918, upon the way of constitutionalism and sought, through her provisional instruments of government, to avoid the autocratic excesses of the past and avert the impending perils of a proletarian dictatorship.In a series of revolutionary pronouncements and decisions of her provisional assembly, she discarded, under socialist leadership, the arbitrary régime attendant on the monarchy, and, establishing a unitary democratic republic with far-reaching local self-government as a stepping-stone toward union with Germany, inaugurated a régime of unquestioned parliamentary supremacy, strict ministerial responsibility, virtual executive impotence, and extensive socialization.

Tomb cult and the ‘Greek renaissance’: the past in the present in the 8th century BC

Antiquity ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (237) ◽  
pp. 750-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Morris
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Greek City ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Complexity ◽  
Early Modern Italy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Common ◽  
Multiple Meanings ◽  
City State

Greek society was changing rapidly in the 8th century BC. The archaeological record reveals population growth, increasing political complexity, artistic experiments and a strong interest in the past. Because these processes resemble those at work in early modern Italy, the period has often been referred to as the ‘Greek renaissance’ (e.g. Ure 1922; Hägg 1983a; cf. Burke 1986). This paper is about the glorification of the past in the 8th century, and its relationship to the rise of the polis, the Greek city state. I concentrate on one particular phenomenon, the spread of cults at tombs dating to the Mycenaean period (c. 1600-1200 BC). I argue that the common renaissance analogy has limited value, and that the 8thcentury Greeks created a past narrowly focussed on the persons of powerful ancient beings, from whom they could draw authority in the social upheavals which came about as the loose, aristocratic societies of the ‘Dark Age’ (c. 1200-750 BC) were challenged. Tomb cults go back at least to 950 BC, but after 750 they were redefined and used as a source of power in new ways. I have adapted my subtitle from Maurice Bloch’s well-known paper ‘The past and the present in the present’ (1977), where he argues that rituals bring the past into the present to form a system of cognition mystifying nature and preserving the social order. The argument here is slightly different. I stress the variety of the cults and the range of meanings they must have had, making their recipients highly ambiguous figures. The same cults could simultaneously evoke the new, relatively egalitarian ideology of the polis and the older ideals of heroic aristocrats who protected the grateful and defenceless lower orders, while standing far above them. Bloch's paper borrowed Malinowski’s idea of culture as a ‘long conversation’; developing the analogy, I look at the multiple meanings which any statement in such a conversation may have for the different actors.

scholarly journals Indigenous African Education for Socio- Economic Development

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-316
Author(s):  
Moses Wandera
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
World View ◽  
Emile Durkheim ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
The Past ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
The Social ◽  
Vision 2030 ◽  
Available Information

Education in Africa has been in existence since time immemorial. This study sought to examine the activities of Lantana in Benin on their specialised training, Dogon of Mali in their world view, Futo Toro of Senegal in their various trades, Poro of Sierra Leone in the training of the youth, Takensi of Ghana in their social order and the Akan of Ghana. Also examined are the activities of the Chamba and Yoruba of Nigeria in their adult centred training and forecasting of the future respectively. The Chagga of Tanzania and the Abakwayaare were also examined on their initiative plays and economic activities. The paper also studied the Ndembu of Zambia on the past analysis and the activities of the Mijikenda of Kenya among other Kenyan tribes. The study used the theoretical framework of Emile Durkheim on the social and moral order, while the design of the study was on content analysis of available information and expectations. The study recommends positive approaches in the indigenouseducation that can be adapted, mainly for Kenya in its desire to achieve Vision 2030. However, further research should be done on specific values, foods, attitudes and the rule of law, how achieve social, political and economic progress in African nations and especially how the current economic integration blocks have followed the same pattern of the communities and their values.

scholarly journals Reconstructing communities and individuals after conflict and violence: An avant-garde quest for a forgiveness process that includes koinonia and diakonia

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudy A. Denton
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Spiritual Healing ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Social ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Point Of Departure

Overwhelming feelings of resentment and revenge by individuals in emotionally wounded and traumatised communities inflicted by injustice, violence and oppressive systems, often become a way of life, and people seldom deal with forgiveness in their healing process. Too often, the story of traumatic experiences surfaces as an indication of societies struggling to achieve lasting peace. This article explored a process of spiritual healing and life fulfilment that relates to a forgiveness process which includes koinonia and diakonia as indispensable elements on the road to reconstructing communities and individuals following conflict and violence. The point of departure in this article was taken from scriptural and academic literature to provide a forgiveness process to contain revenge and violence without resorting to it, and to protect individuals, communities and the social order within larger systems in society. The imperative to forgive could raise a persistent attitude and a way of life to encourage communities’ and individuals’ resilience.Contribution: The article offers an avant-garde quest for a forgiveness process that includes koinonia and diakonia as indispensable elements on the road to reconstructing communities and individuals following conflict and violence.

Racism in recent Greek migrant jokes

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Argiris Archakis ◽  
Villy Tsakona
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Social Order ◽  
National Sovereignty ◽  
The Past ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
The Social ◽  
Migration Crisis ◽  
Methodological Guidelines ◽  
Of Greece

Abstract One of Davies’ significant contributions to the sociology of humor involves the exploration of the relation between jokes and the social order. He particularly argues that jokes seem to work like a “thermometer” conveying truths for the sociopolitical system. In our study, we aim to analyze jokes related to the migration crisis and circulated online since 2014 following Davies’ methodological guidelines. During the past few years, the number of migrants arriving at Greek shores has significantly increased. The prospect of Greece becoming a permanent base for these people has evoked diverse reactions. Migrant jokes seem to be part of Greek majority’s response to the migration ‘threat’ against national sovereignty and linguocultural homogeneity. They (re)produce and perpetuate xenophobia and racism by portraying migrants as ‘dangerous invaders’ in the Greek territory and as ‘culturally inferior’ people. Hence, such jokes align with dominant values and standpoints circulating in the Greek public sphere via underscoring the inequality between the Greek majority and migrants and via naturalizing the latter’s assimilation to majority norms and values.

“TO HELP THE NATION TO SAVE ITS SOUL”: MUSEUM PURPOSES IN JAMES'S THE PRINCESS CASAMASSIMA

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-254
Author(s):  
John Pedro Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
The Past ◽  
Explicit Statement ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Activist ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
A Site

In a 1927 lecture the Director of the British Museum Sir Frederic Kenyon countered the futurist leader F. T. Marinetti's calls for the destruction of museums by arguing that “in times of upheaval . . . salvation is to be found in adherence to tradition” rather than in “break[ing] loose from” it. Kenyon explained the museum's role in promoting this salvation: A visit to a museum will not by itself quench a revolution. It would have been useless to invite the pétroleuses of the Commune to an official lecture in the Egyptian Gallery at the Louvre; but if they had been brought up to respect the past, there might have been a revolution without pétroleuses. Every form of instruction or experience which teaches men to link their lives with the past makes for stability and ordered progress. Hence the value of history and hence also the value of those institutions which teach history informally and without tears. (24–25) This is perhaps the most explicit statement of the British Museum's ideological function in early twentieth-century museum discourse. The museum acts as an ideological state apparatus that calls out to museum-goers to identify with, rather than agitate against, the social order symbolized in the “examples of great men” and the “monuments of the past” (23–24). Though not without critics, much of the new museology since the 1980s draws on this historical record and poststructuralist theory to argue that the modern museum operates as a site for the reflection or reinforcement of existing power relations. Critics have associated the museum, for example, with racism and sexism (Haraway), with classism (Bourdieu and Darbel), with imperialism and colonialism (Barringer and Flynn), with mechanisms of social control (Sherman and Rogoff), and with the consecration of state authority (Duncan and Wallach). Whereas Kenyon's defense of the museum suggests a reactionary position, the cultural destruction he combats amounts to a revolutionary act, whether accomplished by the “gay incendiaries with charred fingers” exhorted by Marinetti in his movement-founding manifesto of 1909 or the communardes accused of torching the French capital during the semaine sanglante in 1871 (43). For cultural destruction is inescapably political, as Antonio Gramsci argued in “Marinetti the Revolutionary” (1916). The Italian theorist and political activist identified the futurist discourse against the museum and the aesthetic tradition it perpetuates with the Marxist task of destroying “spiritual hierarchies, prejudices, idols and ossified traditions” to make way for the creation of a new, proletarian civilization (Gramsci 215).

scholarly journals Understanding the revival and survival of grass-roots associations in China: the perspective of four categories of legitimacy

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (27) ◽  
pp. 49-68
Author(s):  
Gao Bingzhong
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Social Legitimacy ◽  
Grass Roots ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Legal Legitimacy ◽  
Social Associations ◽  
Administrative Legitimacy

Chinese grass-roots social groups have had a complicated relation with the social order during the past thirty years. This paper aims at using a series of practical concepts about legitimacy, from Weber and Habermas, to analyze the revival and present functioning of these groups, especially associations based on folk religion. As I see it, the fact that social groups are able to exist "normally" and to operate, even though they are not in conformity with the law, should be understood with the help of three categories: political legitimacy, administrative legitimacy and social legitimacy. At the end of the paper, I discuss the promulgation of the "Regulations for the Administration of Social Associations" which sets legal legitimacy as a core process integrating the three other kinds of legitimacy, and I examine the effort of government to require all social groups to possess full legitimacy.

From “friends” to “patrons”

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Hakanen ◽  
Ulla Koskinen
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Power Structure ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Point Of Departure

In this article, we examine a period when Sweden took a leap from a locally-oriented power structure to a more centralised state. This meant a profound social change. We concentrate on the connection between changes in rhetoric and changes in society that took place in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Our point of departure is that, in rhetoric, there occurred a shift in balance from the rhetoric of friendship to the rhetoric of patronage. In the context of Sweden and Finland, we discuss whether this was linked to changes in administration and in the social order as a whole. Were there any real changes behind this rhetorical transition? Our source material provides a glimpse into whether and how social changes were reflected within the correspondence of two noblemen living at the end of the sixteenth and the beginning of the seventeenth centuries.

Norms: An Integrated Framework

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 467-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Horne ◽  
Stefanie Mollborn
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Social Conflict ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Integrated Framework ◽  
The Past ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The Social ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Do So

Norms are a foundational concept in sociology. Following a period of skepticism about norms as overly deterministic and as paying too little attention to social conflict, inequalities, and agency, the past 20 years have seen a proliferation of norms research across the social sciences. Here we focus on the burgeoning research in sociology to answer questions about where norms come from, why people enforce them, and how they are applied. To do so, we rely on three key theoretical approaches in the literature—consequentialist, relational, and agentic. As we apply these approaches, we explore their implications for what are arguably the two most fundamental issues in sociology—social order and inequality. We conclude by synthesizing and building on existing norms research to produce an integrated theoretical framework that can shed light on aspects of norms that are currently not well understood—in particular, their change and erosion.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL OF THE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN THE CULTURE FORMATION OF A FUTURE TEACHERS SAFE LIFESTYLE

2021 ◽  
Vol 229 ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
L.A. Akimov ◽  
◽  
V.G. Ryndak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Educational Environment ◽  
Future Teacher ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
University Teachers ◽  
Organizational Conditions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

The increase in the crisis phenomena of modern life determines the social order for pedagogical universities to establish a culture of a safe lifestyle of the future teacher, who is capable of timely and appropriate actions to meet the ever-increasing challenges of ensuring safety in education and raising a viable generation. The fruitful actualization and realization of the developing potential of the educational environment of the pedagogical university to achieve the effectiveness of the process under study is in demand. The purpose of our theoretical research was to substantiate the developing potential of the educational environment of the pedagogical university in the formation of a culture of a safe lifestyle of the future teacher and the experience of its implementation. The concept of “developing potential of the educational environment of a pedagogical university” is considered by us as a set of resources and opportunities. They can be successfully implemented by the subjects of pedagogical education in the selected areas to ensure the necessary and sufficient pedagogical, didactic, organizational conditions for the formation of a culture of a safe lifestyle of the future teacher. The resources and capabilities of the developing potential of the educational environment of a pedagogical university are classified by us as available means that determine the achievement of the effectiveness of the process under study. What is fundamentally new in the results of our research is the allocation of normative-cultural, didactic-professional and interactive-productive spheres in the developing potential of the educational environment of a pedagogical university, within which the allocated opportunities and resources are implemented. Thus, it is advisable to structure the developing potential of the educational environment in the totality of resources, opportunities, and areas in which the effectiveness of the formation of a culture of a safe lifestyle of the future teacher is achieved. Resources and opportunities can be demanded by university teachers for a socially determined, pedagogically accompanied process of changing the professional and personal quality of a teacher.

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