scholarly journals FEATURES OF THE IRAQI ECONOMY: COMPARTIVE STUDY TO SOME ECONOMIC ELEMENTS FOR THE YEARS (1990-1995-2000-2005-2010-2015-2019)

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (15) ◽  
pp. 1414-1422
Author(s):  
Mstfa Rasool Fakhir ◽  
Alaa Kadhim Farhan
Keyword(s):  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Transparency International ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
Essential Services ◽  
Consuming Country ◽  
Industrial Needs

Iraq is considered as a rich country with multiple natural resources, but wars and financial and political crises led to the destruction of the country's infrastructure and prevented the investment and distribution of those recourses in a fair and just ways, as Iraq is still suffering from unemployment, poverty and lack of essential services which have stopped the wheel of industry and agricultural lands receded significantly, so the country transformed into a consuming country depends only on neighboring countries and industrialized countries to secure its agricultural and industrial needs. The results of the study were shocking as the Iraqi government depends mainly on exporting of oil to cover its operational and investment expenses in more than (85%), and neglected the rest of the economic sectors. As for poverty, the percentage of those who fall below the poverty line (23%) as well as the unemployment rate that exceeded (23%). The country's debt has recently reached ($133) billion, and the latest reports by Transparency International organization considered Iraq as one of the worst (20) countries in terms of administrative and financial corruption. Keywords: Iraqi economy, unemployment, poverty, investment, industry, oil exporting.

A UN Specialized Agency for the Environment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Said Mahmoudi
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Institutional Arrangement ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Stockholm Conference

The issue, international organization for the protection of the environment perhaps more than those in any other area of international law, is characterized by the contestation of the policies and aspirations of developing and industrialized countries. The discussions which preceded the 1972 Stockholm Conference concerned partly the type of international institutional arrangement required for addressing the environmental problems. As regards the institutional reforms with respect to international environmental governance (IEG), the main question is whether to focus on the existing global institution, i.e. UNEP, or to create a new functional international organization. After almost five decades of existence, turning UNEP into a ‘specialized agency’ within the UN system is a reasonable move. It would meet the long-felt need to elevate its status and equip it with the necessary competence and financial stability for the demanding task it should have as an efficient global environmental organization.

scholarly journals Women and Poverty in Industrialized Countries

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Line ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Relative Population ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Form Part ◽  
The Relationship

This paper examines empirically the relationship between gender and poverty in eleven industrialized countries that form part of the Luxembourg Income Study. For each of these countries, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty rates, based on a relative poverty line, are calculated separately for men and women. The overall poverty rate for adult men and women is decomposed into male and female poverty shares. These poverty shares are compared to the relative population shares of men and women. The main conclusion is that when the poverty experience of all women is compared to the poverty experience of all men, women are over-represented amongst the poor in some countries and under-represented amongst the poor in others. The latter part of this conclusion is in sharp disagreement with conventional views about the relationship between gender and poverty in industrialized countries.

A UN Specialized Agency for the Environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Said Mahmoudi
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Institutional Arrangement ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Environmental Organization ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Stockholm Conference

The issue, international organization for the protection of the environment perhaps more than those in any other area of international law, is characterized by the contestation of the policies and aspirations of developing and industrialized countries. The discussions which preceded the 1972 Stockholm Conference concerned partly the type of international institutional arrangement required for addressing the environmental problems. As regards the institutional reforms with respect to international environmental governance (IEG), the main question is whether to focus on the existing global institution, i.e. UNEP, or to create a new functional international organization. After almost five decades of existence, turning UNEP into a ‘specialized agency’ within the UN system is a reasonable move. It would meet the long-felt need to elevate its status and equip it with the necessary competence and financial stability for the demanding task it should have as an efficient global environmental organization.

scholarly journals Corruption perceptions index and economic development of the country

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122
Author(s):  
Liviu-Stelian Begu ◽  
Simona-Andreea Apostu ◽  
Andreea-Oana Enache
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Global Civil Society ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Corruption Perception Index ◽  
Transparency International ◽  
The World ◽  
Corruption Perception ◽  
Educational Factors

Abstract The phenomenon of corruption is known all over the world, and its intensity varies according to economic, behavioral and educational factors. Transparency International is a global civil society that carries out regular opinion surveys and publishes the perceptions of corruption in countries around the world. This index identifies the level of corruption perceived in the world and contributes achieving a ranking of countries in this regard. The corruption perception index should be correlated with economic situation of a country. The economic situation of a country can be reflected by GDP and unemployment rate. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the index of corruption is influenced by the economic situation of a country, so the study analyses the corruption perception index, GDP and unemployment rate, establishing whether there is a link between them.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional workforce survey of three traditional and complementary medicine professions in Ontario, Canada

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0250223
Author(s):  
Nadine Ijaz ◽  
Sandy Welsh ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
David Brule ◽  
Heather Boon
Keyword(s):  
Complementary Medicine ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
The Other ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Ethnic Communities ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Practice Characteristics ◽  
Predominantly Female

Background Workforce studies about traditional and complementary medicine (T&CM) occupations in industrialized countries are scant; and, these occupations’ position within the broader occupational workforce remains unclear. This study aims to address these gaps using a comparative approach. Methods Naturopaths, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) / acupuncture practitioners, and homeopaths in Ontario, Canada were surveyed regarding their demographics, practice characteristics and self-reported income. Results were compared with parallel data from within and outside of Ontario. Results Study response rate: 23.3% (n = 1205). While predominantly female (57.9%), Ontario’s TCM/acupuncture profession was less feminized than the naturopathic (77.1%) and homeopathic (78.3%) groups. Naturopaths were significantly younger than, and reported fewer years of clinical experience than, the other two groups. About half of TCM/acupuncture practitioners, and almost one-third of homeopaths had trained outside of Canada, predominantly in East and South Asia, respectively. More TCM/acupuncture practitioners (58.9%) and homeopaths (57.6%) had multilingual clinical practices than naturopaths (19.1%). Homeopaths worked fewer hours and saw fewer patients per week than the other occupations. Self-reported mean incomes varied across groups, with naturopaths earning more on average ($63,834, SD $57,101) than did TCM/acupuncture practitioners ($45,624, SD $44,081) or homeopaths ($29,230, SD $41,645). Holding other variables constant, internationally-trained practitioners reported earning one-third less than their Canadian-trained counterparts. Discussion & conclusions Study findings echo occupationally-specific data from other industrialized jurisdictions; and, affirm that different T&CM occupations have distinctive demographic and practice characteristics. The demographic makeup of Ontario’s TCM/acupuncture and homeopathy occupations suggests a role for these groups in delivering culturally-responsive care within Asian ethnic communities. T&CM practitioner incomes, in particular for internationally-trained practitioners, fell below the provincial population income median, and in many cases below the poverty line. T&CM occupations’ relative socio-political marginality may be impacting clinicians’ ability to earn a viable living.

Comparison of Methods for the Isolation of Thermotolerant Campylobacter from Poultry

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 616-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. TANGVATCHARIN ◽  
S. CHANTHACHUM ◽  
P. KOPAIBOON ◽  
N. INTTASUNGKHA ◽  
M. W. GRIFFITHS
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Thermophilic Campylobacter ◽  
Solution Methods ◽  
Human Campylobacteriosis ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

Human campylobacteriosis has become the major cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in industrialized countries. Although there have been numerous studies investigating the prevalence of Campylobacter in animals and raw meat, sensitive and low-cost detection methods are needed to implement effective control measures during primary production and to use as tools in risk assessment studies. Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in naturally contaminated (n = 64) and inoculated (n = 16) broiler samples were detected using two International Organization for Standardization (ISO)–approved methods. Both enrichment broths (those of Preston and of Park and Sanders) were inoculated with (i) Campylobacter jejuni ATCC35921, (ii) boneless breast from broilers, (iii) boneless breast rinse solution, (iv) boneless breast rinse solution inoculated with C. jejuni ATCC35921 before centrifugation, and (v) boneless breast rinse solution inoculated with C. jejuni ATCC35921 after centrifugation. The results indicated that the Park and Sanders broth was superior to the Preston broth for recovery of Campylobacter spp., and no significant differences (P > 0.05) were found between ISO (meat pieces) and modified ISO (centrifuged chicken rinse solution) methods for the detection of Campylobacter spp.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN SLOVAKIA IN THE CONTEXT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-123
Author(s):  
Lucia Svabova ◽  
Zdenko Metzker ◽  
Tomasz Pisula
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Service Industry ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Support Service ◽  
Service Industries ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

The Covid-19 pandemic has affected all areas of our lives. The non-pharmaceutical anti-pandemic measures taken by the governments of the countries to reduce the number of people infected or reverse adverse developments also have a strong impact on the economic side of citizens' lives. The shutdown measures put an end to the activities of many entrepreneurs, who had to lay off their employees. Thus, the Covid-19 pandemic is a major reason behind the rising unemployment. This is also the case in Slovakia. Since March 2020, when the first measures came into force, the registered unemployment rate has been rising. The highest inflow of new jobseekers occurred in April 2020. In this article, we discuss development of the unemployment rate and of the numbers of newly registered jobseekers in Slovakia during the period from November 2019 to October 2020 and examine in more detail the impact of the shutdown measures on the development of the number of jobseekers in Slovakia and on the individual economic sectors according to the NACE classification. It was confirmed that these measures had the greatest impact on the sectors that are also the most publicized, such as the accommodation and food service industry, real estate, administrative and support service industry, arts, entertainment and recreation and other service industries. In these sectors, the number of new unemployment claims increased several times, especially in April 2020, and in some of them, the rate of the new unemployment claims has not returned to last year’s values or those from the beginning of 2020.

scholarly journals Do foreign direct investments and bank credits affect employment in Uzbekistan?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alisher Suyunov
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Absorptive Capacity ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Economic Time Series ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThe paper investigates the relationship between credit to the economy, foreign direct investment (FDI) and the unemployment rate in Uzbekistan using macroeconomic time series over 2004–2019.Design/methodology/approachThe study estimates the relationship by applying a vector autoregression model, which is considered a “workhorse” model for policy analysis to capture dynamic relationships in economic time series.FindingsThe results suggest both growth in credit to the economy and FDI Granger cause a change in the unemployment rate. The authors found 1% increase in bank credits to the economy growth decreases the unemployment rate by 0.096 pp. over eight years. On the contrary, 1% positive shock to FDI growth increases the unemployment rate by 0.0036% in the context of Uzbekistan.Practical implicationsUzbekistan should improve FDI absorptive capacity, particularly human capital and financial market development, through growth-enhancing structural reforms in the financial sector to stimulate economic growth and employment. The attracted FDI funds should focus on productive and economic sectors with high labor-absorptive capacity, such as financial and professional services, healthcare and biomedicine, creative industries and media, software sector.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the empirical literature on employment effects of FDIs and credit to the economy of Uzbekistan.

scholarly journals Asymmetric influence of corruption distance on FDI

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 845-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgit Burböck ◽  
Anita Macek ◽  
Edith Podhovnik ◽  
Christian Zirgoi
Keyword(s):  
Loss Aversion ◽  
Value Function ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Transparency International ◽  
Positive Performance ◽  
Asymmetric Impact ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Value Function ◽  
Diminishing Sensitivity

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to measure the influence of corruption distance (CD) on foreign direct investment (FDI) with the characteristics of the value function from the Prospect Theory (PT) such as loss aversion and diminishing sensitivity. Design/methodology/approach Data are derived from Transparency International and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and tested on the countries China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, Russia, Spain and the UK and are analysed with a natural log (LN) regression model. Findings The findings indicate a negative asymmetric relationship for China, Germany, Korea, Spain and Russia. This means that negative performance on CD will not have greater impact on FDI outflows than positive performance on CD in the same country. Loss aversion, as well as diminishing sensitivity, as suggested by the PT, cannot be supported with the empirical results. Originality/value Its originality lies in contributing and extending knowledge on CD on FDI in several ways. First, it analyses the data of emerging and industrialized countries, namely, Russia, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, Spain and the UK. Second, a potential asymmetric impact is explained by the characteristics of the hypothetical value function of the PT. Third, it seeks empirical evidence by applying an econometric model developed to analyse the variables CD and FDI.

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