scholarly journals ANOVA APPLICATION TO ASSESS THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON VALUE AND YIELD ON LIQUID FUEL FROM HDPE

Konversi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurull Fanani ◽  
Eky Novianarenti ◽  
Erlinda Ningsih ◽  
Kartika Udyani ◽  
Ari Prayitno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Alkyl Chains ◽  
Thermochemical Process ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Proper processing to overcome the abundance of plastic waste is needed. Currently, pyrolysis technology is one method that can overcome plastic waste. Pyrolysis is a thermochemical process, which breaks down long alkyl chains into hydrocarbons at high temperatures. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature on yield and heating value using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. The pyrolysis of plastic waste is carried out with HDPE plastic material. The pyrolysis process is carried out in a reactor with 50 grams of feed at various temperatures of 500, 550, 600 and 650⁰C. The conclusion that can be drawn from this research is that there is a decrease in yield and calorific value with increasing temperature. The results of the analysis concluded that temperature had an effect on the yield produced and the calorific value of the product. The best yield was obtained at 35.86% and a heating value of 10530.461cal / g at a temperature of 100oC. Based on the results of data analysis using the ANOVA method, it was found that the experimental hypothesis was that temperature had an effect on yield and calorific value.

scholarly journals Design of a Simple Pyrolysis Reactor for Plastic Waste Conversion into Liquid Fuel using Biomass as Heating Source

Eksergi ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Aditya Kurniawan ◽  
Bambang Sugiarto ◽  
Andri Perdana
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Heating Source ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Cooling Media

A design that emphasizes simplicity and cost-effectiveness is applied to the plastic pyrolysis reaction system to produce liquid fuel. The reactor is fabricated from the waste refrigerant tank. The energy source for pyrolysis is generated by the combustion of biomass pellets. Forced convection by an electric blower is utilized to enhance the combustion efficiency and thus increase the heating rate with the overall average temperature at 412 °C. The coiled pipe is employed as a condenser system with water as its cooling media. The quantity of liquid product is measured for a different mass of PET-type plastic waste feed, with a maximum value of 17.7% w/w of feed mass is obtained. The physical characteristic of the liquid product is then analyzed using standard methods. It is found that its characteristics have approached the specification of commercial liquid fuel in the domestic market, with a liquid specific gravity of 0.776 and a heating value of 46 MJ/kg.

scholarly journals Study of The Effect of Zeolite Catalyst Use on Renewable Energy Products from HDPE Plastic Pyrolysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
Nurull Fanani ◽  
Eky Novianarenti ◽  
Erlinda Ningsih ◽  
Kartika Udyani ◽  
Agus Budianto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Zeolite Catalyst ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
The World ◽  
Energy Products

Nowadays, waste is a serious problem, especially plastic waste, which is quite alarming in the world. Plastic is waste that is difficult to degrade and takes hundreds of years to decompose. One of the promising technologies for recycling plastics is pyrolysis. This is the process of breaking long chains of polymers into hydrocarbons which are carried out at high temperatures. The purpose of this paper was to know the effect of using catalysts and non-catalysts on yield and calorific value. In this study, the pyrolysis process used a natural zeolite catalyst with a temperature of 500ºC. 50 grams of HDPE Plastic feed was put into the reactor for 3 hours. The variations in the addition of Zeolite catalyst were 1.5, 2.5, 3.75 and 5%wt. The results goals that the highest yield was 44.36% and the heating value of 10230.295 cal/g for the addition of 5 grams of catalyst. The addition of a catalyst can increase the conversion of plastic to fuelKeywords: Catalyst, Plastic, HDPE, energy, pyrolysis

scholarly journals STUDI KOMPARASI BAHAN BAKAR MINYAK DARI HASIL KONVERSI SAMPAH PLASTIK JENIS PET DAN PE SEBAGAI POTENSI ENERGI ALTERNATIF

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudy Yoga Lesmana ◽  
Nani Apriyani
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Processing Times ◽  
Heat Value

Kuantitas limbah plastik saat ini memang sangat sulit untuk dikelola. Salah satu solusi untuk mengurangi pertumbuhan sampah plastik yaitu dengan membuatnya menjadi bahan bakar alternatif, yaitu minyak mentah. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk menciptakan minyak mentah sebagai energi alternatif dari sampah plastik dan untuk membandingkan kuantitas minyak hasil olahan sampah plastik berjenis PET dan PE dengan bahan bakar konvensional. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan sampel berupa sampah plastik yang berbahan baku PET dan PE melakukan pembuatan reaktor dan mengolah sampel menjadi minyak mentah, melihat kuantitas minyak mentah hasil olahan, melakukan pengujian nilai kalor minyak mentah hasil olahan berdasarkan bahan baku plastik, dan melakukan perbandingan nilai kalor minyak mentah hasil olahan dengan bahan bakar konvensional berdasarkan studi literatur Hasil penelitian menunjukan kuantitas minyak hasil olahan dari PE yaitu sebanyak 80 ml, 240 ml, dan 342 ml dengan waktu pengolahan berturut turut yaitu 120, 240 dan 360 menit, dan plastik jenis PET tidak menghasilkan minyak mentah, dan hanya menghasilkan serbuk berwarna putih. selanjutnya untuk perbandingan nilai kalor dari minyak hasil olahan sampah plastik, hanya plastik berjenis PE yang dapat diketahui nilai kalornya,yaitu sebesar 44.900 Kj/Kg karena plastik berjenis PET tidak menghasilkan minyak Kata kunci: Energi Alternatif, minyak mentah, Plastik.  The Quantity of plastic waste today is indeed very difficult to manage. One of solution to reduce the growth of plastic waste is to replace alternative fuels, namely crude oil.the purpose of this research is to make crude oil as an alternative energy from plastic waste and to compare crude oil processed by plastic PET (Polyethylene Therepthalate) and PE (Polyethylene) waste with conventional fuels. The research methodology includes collecting samples in the form of plastic waste made from PET (Polyethylene Therepthalate) and PE (Polyethylene) raw materials, making reactors and processing samples into crude oil, lokking at the amount of crude oil processed crude oil based on plastic raw materials, and comparing the heat value of crude oil processed with conventional fuel.  The research methodology includes collecting samples in the form of plastic waste made from PET and PE raw materials making reactors and processing samples into crude oil, looking at the quantity of processed crude oil, testing the heating value of processed crude oil based on plastic raw materials, and comparing the heating value crude oil processed with conventional fuels based on literature studies.  The results showed that the quantity of processed oil from PE is 80 ml, 240 ml, and 342 ml with successive processing times of 120, 240 and 360 minutes, and PET-type plastic does not produce crude oil, and only produces white powder. then for the comparison of the calorific value of oil processed plastic waste, only PE-type plastic that can know the heating value, which is equal to 44,900 Kj / Kg because PET-type plastic does not produce oil Keywords: alternative energy, crude oil, plastic

Pyrolysis of Polyethylene Terephthalate and Bisphenol-A-Polycarbonate in a Laboratory Scale Thermal Destruction Facility

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Missoum ◽  
A. K. Gupta ◽  
E. L. Keating
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Thermal Destruction ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Bisphenol A Polycarbonate ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Very High

Abstract Results of pyrolysis tests are presented from a laboratory scale thermal destruction facility on samples containing varying composition of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and bisphenol-A-polycarbonate (PC) mixed with non-plastic material (cellulose). Equilibrium thermochemical calculations were performed under conditions of pyrolysis. Temperature was varied from 600 to 1400K. Data provided the effect of temperature and the chemical composition of the surrogate solid waste on the emissions of NOx, CO, CO2, HC and O2. Increase in temperature enhances thermal destruction behavior of the surrogate waste which results in maximum volume reduction of the waste and an increase in the volume and heating value of the product gases. The numerical calculations using equilibrium conditions show similar trends to those obtained experimentally. Under pyrolysis conditions, the measured levels of CO, CO2 and HC were lower than the calculated ones in the temperature range of 700–1000K and higher in the 1100–1400K range. In all tests the measured O2 concentrations were higher than the calculated results. In general the level of CO was found to be very high while CO2 decreased with an increase in temperature. These results suggest that the composition of the waste as well as the conditions under which the thermal destruction process takes place, (i.e., temperature and rate of heating) affects thermal destruction. These results reveal significant effect of controlled pyrolysis on the amount and nature of species formed. This information can assist in developing strategies for the design and operation of thermal destruction facilities.

scholarly journals The Production of Liquid Fuel from Plastic Wastes by Using Waste Garbage Power Plant: Study on the Effect of Electric Load and Fuel/Gasoline to Solar Ratio

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
Kiagus Ahmad Roni ◽  
Zahrul Mufrodi ◽  
Imam Mustakim
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Fuel Mixture ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Generator System ◽  
Mixture Ratio ◽  
Heating Value

The type of plastic waste that is often a problem in many cities in Indonesia is Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), his is due to the plastic waste plastic waste bags has no longer economic value. One of the goals of plastic waste processing is usng it as a raw material for the Waste Garbage Power Plant (PLTSa). The most profitable in handling plastic waste by converting plastic waste into fuel oil as an alternative energy source because plastic is basically derived from petroleum. Plastic also has a fairly high heating value equivalent to gasoline and diesel fuel. Some studies related to plastic processing have not been integrated from the production process to downstream products in the form of electric products to get the overall level of plant efficiency. Therefore a research of plastic waste power plants needs to be done at the prototype level to determine the performance of the fuel and the level of efficiency of the resulting assemblers. The Pyrolysis Reactor Prototype Unit can be used to convert plastic bottle waste into liquid fuel with a yield of 56.26% carried out at a process temperature of 170 oC and the resulting heating value reaches 19644 Btu/lb close to the heating value of Pertamina Gasoline. The generator system performance test for the liquid fuel mixture (BBC) with Gasoline and Diesel has an optimal mixture ratio in the BBC - Bensi / Solar mixture 3: 2 with an optimal load of 800 Watt. In the generator system performance test for liquid fuel mixture (BBC) with Gasoline/Diesel is more optimal for comparison of BBC fuel with Gasoline, because for the BBC mixture with Gasoline in all generator system comparison values occur ignition. Whereas BBC with Solar does not ignite at a ratio of 0: 5, 1: 4 and 2: 3.

Evaluasi Prediksi Higher Heating Value (HHV) Biomassa Berdasarkan Analisis Proksimat

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Made Dirgantara ◽  
Karelius Karelius ◽  
Marselin Devi Ariyanti, Sry Ayu K. Tamba
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Bomb Calorimeter ◽  
Hhv Prediction

Abstrak – Biomassa merupakan salah satu energi terbarukan yang sangat mudah ditemui, ramah lingkungan dan cukup ekonomis. Keberadaan biomassa dapat dimaanfaatkan sebagai pengganti bahan bakar fosil, baik itu minyak bumi, gas alam maupun batu bara. Analisi diperlukan sebagai dasar biomassa sebagai energi seperti proksimat dan kalor. Analisis terpenting untuk menilai biomassa sebagai bahan bakar adalah nilai kalori atau higher heating value (HHV). HHV secara eksperimen diukur menggunakan bomb calorimeter, namun pengukuran ini kurang efektif, karena memerlukan waktu serta biaya yang tinggi. Penelitian mengenai prediksi HHV berdasarkan analisis proksimat telah dilakukan sehingga dapat mempermudah dan menghemat biaya yang diperlukan peneliti. Dalam makalah ini dibahas evaluasi persamaan untuk memprediksi HHV berdasarkan analisis proksimat pada biomassa berdasarkan data dari penelitian sebelumnya. Prediksi nilai HHV menggunakan lima persamaan yang dievaluasi dengan 25 data proksimat biomassa dari penelitian sebelumnya, kemudian dibandingkan berdasarkan nilai error untuk mendapatkan prediksi terbaik. Hasil analisis menunjukan, persamaan A terbaik di 7 biomassa, B di 6 biomassa, C di 6 biomassa, D di 5 biomassa dan E di 1 biomassa.Kata kunci: bahan bakar, biomassa, higher heating value, nilai error, proksimat  Abstract – Biomass is a renewable energy that is very easy to find, environmentally friendly, and quite economical. The existence of biomass can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels, both oil, natural gas, and coal. Analyzes are needed as a basis for biomass as energy such as proximate and heat. The most critical analysis to assess biomass as fuel is the calorific value or higher heating value (HHV). HHV is experimentally measured using a bomb calorimeter, but this measurement is less effective because it requires time and high costs. Research on the prediction of HHV based on proximate analysis has been carried out so that it can simplify and save costs needed by researchers. In this paper, the evaluation of equations is discussed to predict HHV based on proximate analysis on biomass-based on data from previous studies. HHV prediction values using five equations were evaluated with 25 proximate biomass data from previous studies, then compared based on error value to get the best predictions. The analysis shows that Equation A predicts best in 7 biomass, B in 6 biomass, C in 6 biomass, D in 5 biomass, and E in 1 biomass. Key words: fuel, biomass, higher heating value, error value, proximate 

Production of fuels on the basis of sewage sludge through conditioning using high calorific value fractions

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl-Georg Schmelz ◽  
Anja Reipa ◽  
Hartmut Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Fluidised Bed ◽  
Sludge Treatment ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Fine Coal ◽  
Used Cars ◽  
Plastic Components

Emschergenossenschaft and Lippeverband operate 59 wastewater treatment plants which produce approx. 100,000 Mg TS of sewage sludge each year. Using sludge pressure pipelines, about 60 % of this sludge are transported to the central sludge treatment plant in Bottrop. The digested sludges are conditioned using fine coal and polymers and are dewatered using membrane filters. By adding coal, the heating value of the sludge is raised which enables autothermal combustion of the dewatered sludges in fluidised bed furnaces at the central sludge treatment plant. In order to replace coal, a fossil fuel, as conditioning agent, experiments were conducted using alternative materials with high heating values. The addition of shredder fluff agglomerates proved to be particularly successful. Shredder fluff agglomerates are a residue from the recycling of used cars and are generated in a multistage process (e.g. Volkswagen-SiCon Process) by separating the light shredder fraction (plastic components etc.) from the total shredder fluff. The fibrous material is outstandingly suitable for improving the dewaterability and for sufficiently raising the heating value of the dewatered sludge in order to enable autothermal combustion. Since first experiments showed very positive results, a full-scale long-term test-run will take place in 2007.

scholarly journals Theoretical Effect of Temperature on Threshold in the Hodgkin-Huxley Nerve Model

1966 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 989-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Fitzhugh
Keyword(s):  
Relaxation Time ◽  
Relaxation Times ◽  
Giant Axon ◽  
Temperature Curve ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Ionic Conductances ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
The Right ◽  
Increasing Temperature

In the squid giant axon, Sjodin and Mullins (1958), using 1 msec duration pulses, found a decrease of threshold with increasing temperature, while Guttman (1962), using 100 msec pulses, found an increase. Both results are qualitatively predicted by the Hodgkin-Huxley model. The threshold vs. temperature curve varies so much with the assumptions made regarding the temperature-dependence of the membrane ionic conductances that quantitative comparison between theory and experiment is not yet possible. For very short pulses, increasing temperature has two effects. (1) At lower temperatures the decrease of relaxation time of Na activation (m) relative to the electrical (RC) relaxation time favors excitation and decreases threshold. (2) For higher temperatures, effect (1) saturates, but the decreasing relaxation times of Na inactivation (h) and K activation (n) factor accommodation and increased threshold. The result is a U-shaped threshold temperature curve. R. Guttman has obtained such U-shaped curves for 50 µsec pulses. Assuming higher ionic conductances decreases the electrical relaxation time and shifts the curve to the right along the temperature axis. Making the conductances increase with temperature flattens the curve. Using very long pulses favors effect (2) over (1) and makes threshold increase monotonically with temperature.

scholarly journals Generator gas as a fuel to power a diesel engine

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Tutak ◽  
Arkadiusz Jamrozik
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Electric Generator ◽  
Generator Gas

The results of gasification process of dried sewage sludge and use of generator gas as a fuel for dual fuel turbocharged compression ignition engine are presented. The results of gasifying showed that during gasification of sewage sludge is possible to obtain generator gas of a calorific value in the range of 2.15 ? 2.59 MJ/m3. It turned out that the generator gas can be effectively used as a fuel to the compression ignition engine. Because of gas composition, it was possible to run engine with partload conditions. In dual fuel operation the high value of indicated efficiency was achieved equal to 35%, so better than the efficiency of 30% attainable when being fed with 100% liquid fuel. The dual fuel engine version developed within the project can be recommended to be used in practice in a dried sewage sludge gasification plant as a dual fuel engine driving the electric generator loaded with the active electric power limited to 40 kW (which accounts for approx. 50% of its rated power), because it is at this power that the optimal conditions of operation of an engine dual fuel powered by liquid fuel and generator gas are achieved. An additional advantage is the utilization of waste generated in the wastewater treatment plant.

Autothermal biodrying of municipal solid waste with high moisture content

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Zawadzka ◽  
Liliana Krzystek ◽  
Stanisław Ledakowicz
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Tubular Reactor ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Total Capacity

AbstractTo carry out autothermal drying processes during the composting of biomass, a horizontal tubular reactor was designed and tested. A biodrying tunnel of the total capacity of 240 dm3 was made of plastic material and insulated with polyurethane foam to prevent heat losses. Municipal solid waste and structural plant material were used as the input substrate. As a result of autothermal drying processes, moisture content decreased by 50 % of the initial moisture content of organic waste of about 800 g kg−1. In the tested cycles, high temperatures of biodried waste mass were achieved (54–56°C). An appropriate quantity of air was supplied to maintain a satisfactory level of temperature and moisture removal in the biodried mass and high energy content in the final product. The heat of combustion of dried waste and its calorific value were determined in a calorimeter. Examinations of pyrolysis and gasification of dried waste confirmed their usefulness as biofuel of satisfactory energy content.

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