The Age Dependent Activities of Digestive Enzymes in Rasbora,  Rasbora lateristriata Blkr., (Pisces: Cyprinidae)

This study was to evaluate the digestive enzyme activity included a total protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, amylase, cellulase and alkaline phosphatase in Rasbora. This research was carried out using three different ages (2, 4 and 6 months) and in each age consisted of six groups (replicates). In this study 150 fish (±2 months age), 120 fish (± 4 months age) and 90 fish (± 6 months age) were used. All digestion enzyme activity was measured by the spectrophotometric method, except the lipase activity was by the titration method. The results showed that the distinctness of age resulted in a significant difference on total protease, trypsin, lipase, cellulase and alkaline phosphatase (P <0.05), but no significant difference in amylase activity (P> 0.05). Total protease and trypsin activities were higher in fish of age two months than fish age four and six months, but the activity of lipase, cellulase and alkaline phosphatase were higher in fish age of four months compared to two months age fish. Fish, with distinct age has the different nutrient digestion capacity as expressed by differences in the activity of the enzyme digestion, except amylase. These results contribute to the future development of digestive physiology, especially in Rasbora.Key Words: alkaline phosphatase, carbohydrase, lipase, protease, Rasbora

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Digestive enzyme and gut surfactant activity of detritivorous gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum)

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f00-036 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 57 (6) ◽

pp. 1113-1119 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

James C Smoot ◽

Robert H Findlay

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Protease Activity ◽

Feeding Strategy ◽

Digestive Enzyme ◽

Artificial Substrates ◽

Gizzard Shad ◽

Dorosoma Cepedianum ◽

Digestive Physiology ◽

Protease Enzyme ◽

Surfactant Activity

Measuring digestive enzyme and surfactant activities tested specialization of gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) digestive physiology to a detritivorous feeding strategy. Digestive enzyme activity was measured in adult and larval gizzard shad using fluorescently labeled artificial substrates. Surfactant activity in gizzard shad was measured by comparing gut juice drop diameters over a range of dilutions. Enzyme activity in the ceca region of adult gizzard shad was high for esterase, beta-glucosidase, lipase, and protease. Enzyme activity was lower in posterior intestine sections than in anterior intestine sections, although protease activity remained high for the greatest distance in the intestine. Micelles were detected in adult gizzard shad gut juice, and surfactant activity was greatest in the ceca region. Larval gizzard shad protease activity was similar to that of adult fish, and surfactants were below their critical micelle concentration. Gizzard shad coupled digestive physiology with gut anatomy to obtain nutrients from detritus, and these adaptations may explain elevated growth rates observed in these fish when they are planktivorous.

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Effect of Various Diluents on the Activity of Several Enzymes Present in Serum

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/19.9.1079 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 19 (9) ◽

pp. 1079-1080

Author(s):

Ted W Fendley ◽

Jane M Hochholzer ◽

Christopher S Frings

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Creatine Kinase ◽

Enzyme Activity ◽

Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽

Confidence Level ◽

Aspartate Aminotransferase ◽

Nacl Solution ◽

Manual Method ◽

Accuracy And Precision ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract We have evaluated the effect of diluting serum with water or NaCl solution (8.5 or 9.0 g/liter) before assaying by a manual method for creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2), alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), and aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) activity. The t test and the F test show no significant difference in the accuracy and precision of the assays at the 95% confidence level when 100 different samples were compared for each enzyme activity after use of the three diluents.

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Composition of gastrointestinal content, protease and lipase activities in summer and winter of four freshwater siluriforms (Teleostei: Actinopterygii) with two different feeding habits

Zoologia (Curitiba) ◽

10.3897/zoologia.35.e13286 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ana Paula Gottlieb Almeida ◽

Everton Luis Zardo ◽

Candida Toni ◽

Everton Rodolfo Behr ◽

Leila Picolli da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Nutrient Availability ◽

Enzyme Activities ◽

Digestive Enzymes ◽

Feeding Habits ◽

Digestive Enzyme ◽

Digestive Enzyme Activity ◽

The Relationship ◽

Over Time

The aim of this study was to determine the composition of gastrointestinal content and protease and lipase activities in summer and winter as well as to evaluate the relationship between digestive enzyme activity and centesimal composition of gastrointestinal content and feeding habits of two omnivorous species, Rhamdiaquelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) and Pimelodusmaculatus (LaCèpede, 1803), and of two detritivorous species, Loricariichthysanus (Valenciennes, 1835) and Hypostomuscommersoni (Valenciennes, 1836). The activities of pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and lipase, and the levels of proteins and lipids in the gastrointestinal tract, were evaluated. The enzyme activities were not related to the centesimal composition of gastrointestinal content or feeding habits. This finding could be associated with the variations of nutrient availability over time in the environment, as was observed in the centesimal composition of food ingested by the fish in summer and winter. The analyzed enzymes exhibited a constitutive character in these species; that is, the digestive enzymes are always available in the gastrointestinal tract to digest any food that the fish may find as an adaptation to better utilize the nutrients available in the environment in winter and summer.

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Probiotic feeding effect of Bacillus subtilis on broilers chicks’ microflora, TLRs and interleukin gene expression

10.21203/rs.3.rs-467456/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zaigui Wang ◽

Ru Yang ◽

Salman Khan ◽

Chunjie wei ◽

Hu Qian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Protease Activity ◽

Broiler Chicken ◽

Amylase Activity ◽

Digestive Enzyme ◽

Digestive Enzyme Activity ◽

Control Group ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

Treatment Groups

Abstract The broiler chicks provide the major portion of daily food items. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of Bacillus subtilis (BS) on broiler chicken gut microflora diversity, digestive enzyme activity and expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). A total of 240 crossbred broiler chickens were randomly allocated into 4 groups with 3 replicates. The groups were named as control group (basal diet, BD), group Ⅰ (BD with 300 g/d BS,1.08×107 CFU/kg), group Ⅱ (BD with 600 g/d BS, 2.16×107 CFU/kg), and group Ⅲ (BD with 900 g/d BS, 3.24×107 CFU/kg). Samples were collected at the 21st day. The difference of α diversity and β diversity between control group and treatment groups were not significant, but the abundance of some microorganisms in the treatment groups were improved, and the core microorganisms were different between groups. In comparison of control group, the protease activity in ileum of experimental groups was significantly increased (p < 0.05). Protease activity in ileum of group Ⅱ and Ⅲ was improved by 22.59% (p < 0.01) and 14.49% (p < 0.05). The amylase activity in ileum of treatment groups were also significantly increased (p < 0.05). Amylase activity of group Ⅱ was increased by 41.85% (p < 0.01) in comparison to control, group Ⅰ and Ⅲ. Expression of TLR1A and TLR7 in the jejunum and caecum of treatment groups were significantly up-regulated while their expression in ileum was decreased. Similarly, the expression of TLR1B gene was significantly improved in the ileum, and down regulated in the cecum. Transcription levels of TLR2A and MyD88 in jejunum, liver, spleen and kidney were significantly increased, but their expression was significantly lower in the ileum and cecum. The TLR2B, TLR3, TLR4, TLR15, TLR21 expression were also significantly modulated in various organ of broiler chicken. The most important inflammatory factor such as IL-1β expressions in spleen and kidney were significantly increased in the current data. Bacillus subtilis could not regulate the caecal microflora diversity, but improved amount of some gut probiotics such as lactobacillus, the digestive enzyme activity, regulate some immunogenic expressions and enhance the immune capacity of animal. We hope that the impact of this data will explore the diseases control and feeding quality of broiler chicks at industrial level.

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Effects of chitosan supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and digestive enzyme activity in weaned pigs

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/7339-cjas ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 59 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 156-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Y. Xu ◽

B. Shi ◽

S. Yan ◽

J. Li ◽

T. Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Amylase Activity ◽

Digestive Enzyme ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Digestive Enzyme Activity ◽

Proximal Jejunum ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Weaned Pigs

The present experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary chitosan on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and digestive enzyme activities in weaned pigs. A total of 180 weaned pigs (35 days of age, 11.56 ± 1.61 kg of body weight (BW)) were selected and assigned randomly to 5 treatments containing 0, 100, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg chitosan per kg feed, respectively. Each treatment involved six replicate pens and six pigs per pen. On days 14 and 28, all pigs were weighed and six from each treatment (one from each replicate pen) were killed, and the contents of the stomach, jejunum, and rectum were collected and used for determining nutrient digestibility and digestive enzyme activity. The results showed that supplementation of chitosan improved quadratically average daily gain (ADG) (P < 0.05). Moreover, dietary chitosan quadratically (P < 0.05) increased apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) on days 14 and 28, and quadratically increased apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) on day 14 and of Ca and P on day 28, whereas decreased (P < 0.05) apparent digestibility of ether extract in comparison with the control diet. In addition, dietary chitosan quadratically increased (P = 0.062) amylase activity of proximal jejunum and decreased (P < 0.05) lipase activity of distal jejunum compared with the control. These data indicated that diets supplemented with increasing levels of chitosan (0, 100, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg chitosan per kg) quadratically improved ADG of weaned pigs. The growth-promoting action was achieved probably by improved digestibility of major nutrients (DM, CP, Ca, and P) and increased amylase activity of jejunum.  

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Digestive Enzymes in two Species of Marine Cinclodes (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

The Condor ◽

10.1093/condor/105.4.830 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 105 (4) ◽

pp. 830-833

Author(s):

Pablo Sabat ◽

Sandra P. Gonzalez

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Substrate Concentration ◽

Digestive Enzymes ◽

Digestive Enzyme ◽

Aminopeptidase N ◽

Digestive Enzyme Activity ◽

Passerine Birds ◽

Sucrase Activity ◽

Frugivorous Birds ◽

Prey Items

AbstractChanges in digestive enzyme activity along the intestine may be related to changes in substrate concentration in the intestine. We examined the distribution of digestive enzymes along the intestine in two species of carnivorous passerine birds from the genus Cinclodes. Both species lacked sucrase activity, suggesting that these species are unable to feed on sucrose-rich diets. Distribution of maltase and aminopeptidase-N activity differed from that found in other passerines, including omnivorous species, but resembled those found in herbivorous and frugivorous birds. We hypothesize that the type of prey items that Cinclodes consume may explain the pattern of maltase and aminopeptidase-N expression.Enzimas Digestivas en Dos Especies de Cinclodes Marinos (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)Resumen. Los cambios en los niveles de actividad enzimática digestiva a lo largo del intestino de aves pueden estar relacionados con cambios en la concentración de substratos en el intestino. En este estudio examinamos la distribución de enzimas digestivas a lo largo del intestino en dos especies de aves paseriformes del género Cinclodes. Ambas especies carecen de actividad de sacarasa lo que sugiere que estas especies son incapaces de consumir dietas ricas en sacarosa. La distribución de la actividad de maltasa y aminopeptidasa-N difiere de la documentada para otros paseriformes, incluyendo especies omnívoras, y es similar a la encontrada en aves herbívoras y frugívoras. Se sugiere que el tipo de presas consumidas por Cinclodes explicaría el patrón de expresión de maltasa y aminopeptidasa-N.

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Development of digestive enzymatic activity and gene expression during the early ontogeny of Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi)

10.21203/rs.3.rs-141784/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shulin Tang ◽

Xu-Fang Liang ◽

Shan He ◽

Yanpeng Zhang ◽

Di Peng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Enzyme Activity ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Digestive Enzyme ◽

Digestive Enzyme Activity ◽

Freshwater Species ◽

Gene Expressions ◽

Siniperca Chuatsi ◽

Chinese Perch

Abstract Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi) is one of the economically important freshwater species fish for aquaculture in China. This study aimed to determine the ontogenetic development of the digestive enzyme activity (trypsin, pepsin, amylase, lipase, chymotrypsin and alkaline phosphatase) and related gene expressions of S. chuatsi larvae from hatching to 30 days post-hatching (dph). The larvae were fed with live fry fish twice a day. Results indicated that it was low detection of enzyme activity and gene expression of trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, amylase and alkaline phosphatase before mouth opened, the last two enzymes showed an activity close to zero. Different from other carnivorous fish, specific activity and gene expression of trypsin, chymotrypsin and lipase in S. chuatsi larvae were not increased after starting the first feeding. Interestingly, the amylase and alkaline phosphatase specific activity progressively increased over development, indicating that the larvae have certain ability to digest carbohydrates. Pepsin activity and gene expression started to sharply increase after 15 dph, other digestive enzyme activity showed downward trends. The development pattern of digestive enzymes may affect the ability of S. chuatsi to digest the zooplankton, which leads to the formation of unique feeding habit of the S. chuatsi larvae. This study also will provide the necessary theoretical basis for the artificial opening diet of the S. chuatsi larvae.

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Digestive enzyme activity in the guts of Epilachna chrysomelina (fabricius) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) during post-embryonic development

Annals of Tropical Research ◽

10.32945/atr4316.2021 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 80-87

Author(s):

Olukemi Yetunde Akinkunmi ◽

Olufemi Richard Pitan ◽

Kehinde Olutoyin Ademolu ◽

Adebola Adedoyin Osipitan

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Enzyme Activities ◽

Digestive Enzymes ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Adult Stage ◽

Digestive Enzyme ◽

Life Stage ◽

Plant Tissues ◽

Immature Stages ◽

Management Measures

The gut regions of Epilachna chrysomelina are endowed with multiple enzymes that aid digestion of host plant tissues. Digestive enzymes present in the gut regions of E. chrysomelina during various developmental stages were studied in the laboratory to determine the most destructive life stage of the beetle for proper management measures. Cellulase, α-glucosidase, amylase, lipase and proteinase activities were observed in the guts. The mid-gut recorded significantly higher (p<0.05) enzymes than other gut sections except amylase where higher activity was observed in the foregut. Lipase (38.24abs per min), α-glucosidase (25.65 abs per min) and proteinase (28.70abs per min) activities were significantly higher in the immature stages while cellulase (19.46abs per min) and amylase activities (16.62abs per min) were higher in the adult stage. The 4th instar larval and the adult stages recorded higher enzyme activities and thus can be regarded as the most destructive stages of development.

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Interplay among energy metabolism, organ mass and digestive enzyme activity in the mouse-opossum Thylamys elegans: the role of thermal acclimation

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.205.17.2697 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 205 (17) ◽

pp. 2697-2703 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Roberto F. Nespolo ◽

Leonardo D. Bacigalupe ◽

Pablo Sabat ◽

Francisco Bozinovic

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Energy Metabolism ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Digestive Enzyme ◽

Thermal Acclimation ◽

Aminopeptidase N ◽

Digestive Enzyme Activity ◽

Organ Mass ◽

Significant Difference

SUMMARY The potential for thermal acclimation in marsupials is controversial. Initial studies suggest that the thermoregulatory maximum metabolic rate (MMR)in metatherians cannot be changed by thermal acclimation. Nevertheless, recent studies reported conspicuous seasonality in both MMR and in basal metabolic rate (BMR). We studied the role of thermal acclimation in the Chilean mouse-opossum, Thylamys elegans, by measuring MMR and BMR before and after acclimation to cold or warm conditions. Following acclimation we also measured the mass of metabolically active organs, and the activity of a key digestive enzyme, aminopeptidase-N. No significant effect of thermal acclimation (i.e. between cold- and warm-acclimated animals) was observed for body mass, MMR, body temperature or factorial aerobic scope. However, the BMR of cold-acclimated animals was 30 % higher than for warm-acclimated individuals. For organ mass, acclimation had a significant effect on the dry mass of caecum, liver and kidneys only. Stepwise multiple regression using pooled data showed that 71 % of the variation in BMR is explained by the digestive organs. Overall, these results suggest that MMR is a rather rigid variable, while BMR shows plasticity. It seems that T. elegans cannot respond to thermal acclimation by adjusting its processes of energy expenditure (i.e. thermogenic capacity and mass of metabolically active organs). The lack of any significant difference in aminopeptidase-N specific activity between warm- and cold-acclimated animals suggests that this response is mainly quantitative (i.e. cell proliferation) rather than qualitative (i.e. differential enzyme expression). Finally, as far as we know, this study is the first to report the effects of thermal acclimation on energy metabolism, organ mass and digestive enzyme activity in a marsupial.

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The Effects of Different Degrees of Procyanidin Polymerization on the Nutrient Absorption and Digestive Enzyme Activity in Mice

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules23112916 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (11) ◽

pp. 2916 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Huairong Zhong ◽

Yong Xue ◽

Xiaoyuan Lu ◽

Qiang Shao ◽

Yuelei Cao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Amylase Activity ◽

Digestive Enzyme ◽

Degree Of Polymerization ◽

Nutrient Absorption ◽

Digestive Enzyme Activity ◽

Total Food Intake ◽

Total Food ◽

Low Degree ◽

High Degree

Proanthocyanidins, including polymers with both low and high degrees of polymerization, are the focus of intensive research worldwide due to their high antioxidant activity, medicinal applications, and pharmacological properties. However, the nutritional value of these compounds is limited because they readily form complexes with proteins, polysaccharides, and metal ions when consumed. In this study, we examined the effects of proanthocyanidins with different degrees of polymerization on white mice. Twenty-four male white mice were randomly divided into three groups of eight mice each and fed proanthocyanidins with a low degree of polymerization or a high degree of polymerization or a distilled water control via oral gavage over a 56-day period. We examined the effects of these proanthocyanidins on digestive enzyme activity and nutrient absorption. Compared to the control group, the group fed high-polymer proanthocyanidins exhibited a significant reduction in net body mass, total food intake, food utility rate, amylase activity, protease activity, and major nutrient digestibility (p < 0.05), while the group fed low-polymerization proanthocyanidins only exhibited significant reductions in total food intake, α-amylase activity, and apparent digestibility of calcium and zinc (p < 0.05). Therefore, proanthocyanidins with a high degree of polymerization had a greater effect on digestive enzyme activity and nutrient absorption than did those with a low degree of polymerization. This study lays the foundation for elucidating the relationship between procyanidin polymerization and nutrient uptake, with the aim of reducing or eliminating the antinutritional effects of polyphenols.

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