scholarly journals The Cost of Chronic Wounds in Argentina: An Estimation of the Burden in a Public Hospital

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romina Chavez-Jara ◽  
Nicolas Cerusico ◽  
Maria Lazarte ◽  
Carla Cabrera ◽  
Andrea Herrera Bruno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Public Hospital ◽  
Chronic Wounds ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
New Public Health ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost

Background: Chronic lower limb ulcers (CLLU) have an important burden to the individual and the healthcare system.  However, there is a lack of information about the cost of CLLU in Argentina.Objective: To determinate the number and cost of consultation and hospitalization associated to CLLU in a public hospital in Argentina. Methods: Retrospective observational study. Cost estimation were calculated based on days of stay, treatments and laboratory tests in a inpatient population and the number of consultations, treatments and laboratory tests, in a outpatient population. Results: In 2013 and 2014, the overall number of consultation with ICD-10 codes was 7,224 and the number of inpatient was 359. The mean age for male and female outpatient consultations was 59.53(±13.06) years and 59.04(±10.93), respectively. For CLLU male and female inpatient, the mean age was 63.9(±10.4) years and 54.5(±8.6) years, respectively. The length of stay was 22.88 days. There was a mean of 0.41 surgeries per patient where 25% were amputations. The mean annual cost in a single public hospital was US$4,053.65 per inpatient and US$3,589.24 per outpatient. Conclusion: Cost information allows new public health policies to reduce socioeconomic burden due to CLLU.

The Research and Development of Mechanical Product Turning Processing Cost Estimation System

2011 ◽  
Vol 121-126 ◽  
pp. 3612-3616
Author(s):  
Wen Quan Huang ◽  
Kai Shi Li ◽  
Hai Jun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Development Environment ◽  
Improve Design ◽  
Market Competitiveness ◽  
Processing Cost ◽  
Estimation System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Time Standard

This paper adopts the method labor time standard, in the development environment of VC++, using Access database storage costs data, and the cost results output into Excel, developed mechanical product turning processing manufacturing cost estimation system. Using this system can realize turning processing cost estimation and feedback the cost information of mechanical product turning processing, make a design personnel to understand the cost information, to improve design, reduce the cost, improve the market competitiveness of products

scholarly journals Genetic homozygosity as a marker of smoking dependency

Genetika ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 1009-1019
Author(s):  
Slavko Brankovic ◽  
Dejan Nikolic ◽  
Dragoslav Marinkovic ◽  
Suzana Cvjeticanin
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

The aim of our study was to evaluate the morphogenetic variability as a marker of smoking dependency in adult smokers versus controls and to investigate the presence and the degree of morphogenetic variability difference between male and female smokers versus same gender controls. The cross-sectional study evaluated 241 smokers and 185 nonsmoker individuals as controls. We analyzed 17 homozygous recessive characteristics (HRC). There was a significant difference in the individual variations of 17 HRCs between the controls and smokers (??2=61.400, p<0.001; for females ??2=79.440, p<0.001; for males ??2=84.972, p<0.001). The mean values of HRCs significantly differed between smokers and controls (MV?SEM(Controls) -4.79?0.13, MV?SEM(Smokers) -5.70?0.12; p<0.001). For males, presence of 6/17 (35.29% genetic homozygosity) HRCs (OR=6.12) was to the certain degree predictor for smoking dependency. Higher degree of genetic homozygosity, changed variability and male gender, might be some among potential numerous factors that could have impact on smoking development and dependence.

A New Approach to the Costing of Clinical Laboratory Tests

1981 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 330-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
P M G Broughton ◽  
T C Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Total Annual Cost ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Laboratory Facilities ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost

A method of costing clinical laboratory tests is described which avoids the assumptions and omissions of previous methods and overcomes the basic theoretical difficulty of allocating indirect (overhead) costs, which form the major component. The method develops the concept of a ‘cost per request” to cover indirect costs, which reflect the cost of providing laboratory facilities, and a ‘cost per test” to cover the direct analytical costs of the individual tests done. The direct cost per test was found to vary with the workload, which makes it difficult to predict the effect of changes in demand on expenditure. The Canadian Schedule of Unit Values was found to be an unreliable basis for calculating direct labour costs. Examples are given of the direct and indirect costs of consumables, labour, and capital, and their contribution to the total cost of clinical chemistry tests done either during or outside normal working hours. The total annual cost for each analyte may be a more useful indicator of expenditure than the cost per test.

Information Requirements for Cost Estimating in the Automotive Industry

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajkumar Roy ◽  
Petros Souchoroukov ◽  
Harri S. Koponen
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Cost Estimating ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Information Requirements ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
Market Competitiveness ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Product Costs

The automotive companies operate in a very competitive market. Competitiveness requires controlling product costs, and cost estimation is an important activity for this. Cost estimation requires quality information but the conducted research found several issues that hinder this activity, namely a lack of resources and information acquiring and validation difficulties. Data and Information requirements are a major issue in cost estimating. Research in cost estimating mainly focus on improving techniques and methodologies. There is a need to investigate the data and information requirements and corresponding sources of information for cost estimating. These issues have led to the extensive use of expert judgement. Experienced cost estimators use a variety of information resources and cost elements to create a cost estimate, and this causes communication issues. Better information is needed for both creating sound cost estimates and increasing understanding of these created cost estimates. This paper proposes a novel idea, an information infrastructure for automotive cost estimation to address the issue. The constructed Infrastructure provides relevant cost information needed to develop sound and robust cost estimates using a webportal design. It defines in depth the necessary cost information, explains why it is used and gives details where to find it and how to validate it. The research increases understanding of the cost estimation information requirements for the automotive industry.

scholarly journals Gender Determination with Ischiopubic Index and Upper Pelvic Index in Iranian Adult Radiographic Stereotypes

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Ahmadi Kahjoogh ◽  
Maryam Vasheghani Farahani ◽  
Babak Shekarchi ◽  
Beheshteh Abouhamzeh ◽  
Mahdi Isazadeh
Keyword(s):  
Adult Population ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Imaging Center ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Female Subjects

Background: Different parts of the skeletal system have been studied in different studies to determine gender. The pelvis is one of the most important skeletal components for the determination of gender and identification of humans. Objectives: The current study aimed to determine gender using the ischiopubic index and upper pelvic index in the adult population of Iran. Methods: In this study, 140 individuals (70 male and 70 female subjects) referring to Athari Imaging Center in Tehran, Iran, for various medical reasons entered the study by giving written and oral consent using the convenience sampling method. Measurements were performed on digital anteroposterior pelvic radiographs (with standard conditions and radiographic stencil distance from the light source as 100 cm). The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22). Results: The mean ischemic index of the whole population was 108.88 ± 13.75. The difference in the ischiopubic index between male and female subjects was significant (P < 0.05). The mean upper pelvic index of the whole study population was 81.70 ± 10.09; however, the difference in the upper pelvic index between the two groups of male and female subjects was not significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The pelvic ischemic index in Iranian women is higher than that reported for men. If the ischiopubic index is higher than 103, with 93% sensitivity and 73% specificity, it would be female. According to the study of graphs, if there is a special identity for diagnosis, there will be the possibility to match the graph before the death of the individual with the graph taken from skeletal remains.

Financial Consequences of Incarceration and Alternatives: Burglary

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Haynes ◽  
Clark R. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Community Corrections ◽  
Additional Cost ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Societal Costs ◽  
Monthly Cost ◽  
Government Services ◽  
Financial Consequences ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
The Cost

This preliminary study attempted to assess the feasibility of comparing the comprehensive societal costs of various correctional alternative decisions and to determine whether the results may be more informative in policy decisions than the limited cost information presently used. The financial consequences, including costs of government services and other costs imposed on society attributable to a sample of convicted burglars were derived for a two-year period. The median monthly costs of incarceration and community corrections were approximately equal because new crimes were a major component of the cost of community corrections. Similarly, the mean monthly cost of community corrections was more than twice that of incarceration. On this basis, it appears that incarcerating all burglars presently in community corrections (assuming the cells were available) would either reduce crime at no additional cost or save money. Incarcerating only those who were more expensive in the community than in prison would be an even greater savings. Further work is needed to validate these preliminary findings.

scholarly journals An Accuracy Investigation of Product Cost Estimation in Automotive Die Manufacturing

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Bendul ◽  
Vasile Apostu
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Design Phase ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Capacity Decisions ◽  
Accuracy Level ◽  
Application Fields ◽  
The Cost

Automotive die manufacturers face the constant challenge of producing qualitative products while having to reduce costs. However, cost reduction measures are rather insignificant during the actual manufacturing process as the most important cost-impacting decisions are taken during the design phase. Cost estimation methods attempt to determine the production cost already in the design phase; the cost can be broken down and therefore the plan times of manufacturing processes can be pre-calculated, thus enabling early capacity decisions. Many researchers have been focusing for decades on developing efficient cost estimation methods. Yet their scarce access to cost information meant that most of the developed methods could not be evaluated with real data and thus their implementation in practice being challenged. This paper reviews and classifies cost estimation methods and investigates the accuracy of the estimate based onpractical application in 190 cases. The overall aim is to determine the accuracy level of the studied methods in practice and therefore identify their application fields.

Individual Cost Estimation in Construction Bidding Process Based on Cost Index

2011 ◽  
Vol 71-78 ◽  
pp. 4652-4657
Author(s):  
Min Chen ◽  
Jian Guo Chen ◽  
Xin Xin Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Rbf Neural Network ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Cost Index ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Bidding Process

Tender offer is very important to the construction enterprises in the bidding process. So how to identify the individual cost objectively and efficiently is studied in the essay. The relations of social average cost and individual cost, the factors affecting the individual cost and the difficulty in ascertaining the cost in the bidding process are analyzed. Grey RBF neural network model is built combining with the cost index to obtain the social average cost. The Analytic Hierarchy Process model is made to analyze the rate of each factor affecting the individual cost through expert system. On the basis of the social average cost combining with the affecting rate of each factor, the individual cost could be judged. This method is of practical significance and proved effective through a living example. The conclusion could provide reference for construction enterprise to select the bidding strategy.

scholarly journals Composite Criticality in Machinery Fleet Management of Construction Projects

2020 ◽  
Vol 312 ◽  
pp. 02003
Author(s):  
John-Paris Pantouvakis ◽  
Alexander Maravas
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Fleet Management ◽  
Construction Operations ◽  
Construction Machinery ◽  
Activity Duration ◽  
Machine Reliability ◽  
Worker Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost

During construction operations, fleet management aims at maximizing the uptime and efficiency of construction machinery while also minimizing the cost of ownership through lifecycle planning and management. In the deterministic approach, the theory suggests that one type of machinery is considered to be critical. However, taking into account the real circumstances under which projects are performed with issues such as machine reliability, worker performance, and/or errors in estimating the scope of work, it is evident that there are significant limitations to the existing approach. Hence, to address this issue, uncertainty in fleet productivity is modelled with fuzzy set theory. In this context, the notion of composite criticality under which the productivity of a fleet depends on more than one type of machinery because of the fluctuations of the individual productivities is introduced. To this purpose, a simple case study is presented to illustrate this concept. It is concluded that this approach leads to a better understanding of the estimation of activity duration and cost estimation which in turn means better project scheduling and financial planning.

scholarly journals Financing Maternity and Early Childhood Healthcare in The Australian Healthcare System: Costs to Funders in Private and Public Hospitals Over the First 1000 Days

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Callander ◽  
Antonia Shand ◽  
David Ellwood ◽  
Haylee Fox ◽  
Natasha Nassar
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Public Hospital ◽  
Private Hospital ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Private Care ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hospital Births ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mean Cost

Background: Maternity care is a significant contributor to overall healthcare expenditure, and private care is seen as a mechanism to reduce the cost to public funders. However, public funders may still contribute to part of the cost of private care. The paper aims to quantify (1) the cost to different funders of maternal and early childhood healthcare over the first 1000 days for both women giving birth in private and public hospitals; (2) any variation in cost to different funders by birth type; and (3) the cost of excess caesarean sections in public and private hospitals in Australia. Methods: This study utilised a whole of population linked administrative dataset, and classified costs by the funding source. The mean cost to different funders for private hospital births, and public hospital births in the Australian state, Queensland are presented by time period and by birth type. The World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) C-model was used to identify the optimal caesarean section rate based upon demographic and clinical factors, and counterfactual analysis was utilised to identify the cost to different funders if caesarean section had been utilised at this rate across Australia. Results: We found that for women who gave birth in a public hospital as a public patient, the mean cost was $22 474. For women who gave birth in a private hospital the mean cost was $24 731, and the largest contributor was private health insurers ($11 550), followed by Medicare ($7261) and individuals ($3312). Private hospital births cost government funders $10 050 on average; whereas public hospital public patient births cost government funders $21 723 on average and public hospital private patient births cost government funders $20 899 on average. If caesarean section deliveries were reduced, public hospital funders could save $974 million and private health insurers could save $216 million. Conclusion: Private hospital births cost government funders less than public hospital births, but government funders still pay for around 40% of the cost of private hospital births. Caesarean sections, which are more frequently performed in private hospitals, are costly to all funders and reducing them could impart significant cost savings to all funders.

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