scholarly journals COVID-19: A Conundrum to Decipher

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishwajit Deshmukh ◽  
Satyendra C. Tripathi ◽  
Arvind Pandey ◽  
Vaishnavi Deshmukh ◽  
Ashlesh Patil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chronic Medical Condition ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

OBJECTIVE: Recent worldwide outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of respiratory coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a current, ongoing life-threatening crisis and international public health emergency. The early diagnosis and management of the disease remains a major challenge. In this review, we aim to summarize the updated epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, as well as prevention and control of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A broad search of the literature was performed in “PubMed” “Medline” “Web of knowledge”, and “Google Scholar” World Health Organization-WHO” using the keywords “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus”, “2019-nCoV”, “COVID-19, “SARS”, “SARS-CoV-2” “Epidemiology” “Transmission” “Pathogenesis” “Clinical Characteristics”. We reviewed and documented the information obtained from literature on epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical appearances of SARS-CoV-2 infection.RESULTS: The global cases of COVID-19 as of April 2, 2020 have risen to more than 900,000 and morbidity has reached more than 47,000. The incidence rate for COVID-19 has been predicted to be higher than the previous outbreaks of other coronavirus family members, including those of SARS-CoV and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The main clinical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection ranges from asymptomatic stages to severe lower respiratory infection in the form of pneumonia. Most of the patients also presented with fever, cough, sore throat, headache, fatigue, myalgia and breathlessness.Individuals at higher risk for severe illness include elderly people and patients with a weakened immune system or that are suffering from a underlying chronic medical condition like hypertension, diabetes, cancer, respiratory illness or cardiovascular diseases.CONCLUSIONS: SARS-Cov-2 has emerged as a worldwide threat, currently affecting 170 countries and territories across the globe. There is still much to be understood regarding SARS-CoV-2 about its virology, epidemiology and clinical management strategies; this knowledge will be essential to both manage the current pandemic and to conceive comprehensive measures to prevent such outbreaks in the future.

scholarly journals COVID-19: A Conundrum to Decipher

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishwajit Deshmukh ◽  
Satyendra C. Tripathi ◽  
Arvind Pandey ◽  
Vaishnavi Deshmukh ◽  
Ashlesh Patil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chronic Medical Condition ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

OBJECTIVE: Recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), another member of coronavirus family is an ongoing worldwide life-threatening crisis. The early diagnosis and management of the disease remains a major challenge. In this review, we aim to summarize the updated epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, as well as prevention and control of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A broad search of the literature was performed in “PubMed” “Medline” “Web of knowledge”, and “Google Scholar” World Health Organization-WHO” using the key words “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus”, “SARS”, “SARS-CoV-2” “Epidemiology” “Transmission” “Pathogenesis” “Clinical Characteristics”. We reviewed and documented the information attained from literature on epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical appearances of SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS: The global cases of COVID-19 till 30th March 2020 have rose more than 700,000 and morbidity has gone more than 37,000. The infection rate for COVID-19 has been predicted to be higher than the previous outbreaks of same family members, that includes the SARS-CoV and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The main clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic stages to severe lower respiratory infection in the form of pneumonia. Most of the patients also presented with fever, cough, sore throat, headache, fatigue, myalgia and breathlessness. High risk includes elderly people and patients with weak immune system or suffering from chronic medical condition like hypertension, diabetes, cancer, respiratory illness and cardiovascular diseases. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-Cov-2 has emerged as a worldwide threat, affecting almost each and every country on globe. As there is still growing understanding of SARS-CoV-2 in relation to its virology, epidemiology and clinical management strategies, we need to learn our lessons to conceive comprehensive measures to prevent such outbreaks in future.

scholarly journals Overview of the Management of COVID-19 Efficacy and Doubts

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
O. A. Ayodeji ◽  
C. N. Stanley ◽  
P. C. Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Psychosocial Treatment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Comprehensive Search ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is defined as an illness caused by a novel coronavirus now called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2. It was first identified during an outbreak of respiratory illness cases in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. Management of COVID-19 is still unspecific as there are no vaccine or specific antiviral drugs are available for its treatment. This paper reviews the management efficacy and doubt of COVID-19. Methods: A comprehensive search from relevant literatures, World Health Organization (W.H.O), Centre for Disease Control and prevention (CDC) official websites and announcements was performed between 1 March 2020 to 10:30 am 22 April 2020 (Nigerian time). A latest summary of 2019- nCoV and the current outbreak was drawn. Conclusion: The covid-19 pandemic is spreading rapidly and several researchers are making efforts to discover drugs for its treatment. Chloroquine phosphate, vaccines and other forms of management strategies have been employed. However, preventive measures like social distancing, washing of hands with soap and water, wearing of face masks and psychosocial treatment should be adopted while waiting for pharmacological treatments.

scholarly journals An evidence-based systematic review on emerging therapeutic and preventive strategies to treat novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) during an outbreak scenario

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupama M. Gudadappanavar ◽  
Jyoti Benni
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
World Health ◽  
Recombinant Vaccines ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Full Length Genome

AbstractA novel coronavirus infection coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged from Wuhan, Hubei Province of China, in December 2019 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is believed to be originated from bats in the local wet markets. Later, animal to human and human-to-human transmission of the virus began and resulting in widespread respiratory illness worldwide to around more than 180 countries. The World Health Organization declared this disease as a pandemic in March 2020. There is no clinically approved antiviral drug or vaccine available to be used against COVID-19. Nevertheless, few broad-spectrum antiviral drugs have been studied against COVID-19 in clinical trials with clinical recovery. In the current review, we summarize the morphology and pathogenesis of COVID-19 infection. A strong rational groundwork was made keeping the focus on current development of therapeutic agents and vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. Among the proposed therapeutic regimen, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, remdisevir, azithromycin, toclizumab and cromostat mesylate have shown promising results, and limited benefit was seen with lopinavir–ritonavir treatment in hospitalized adult patients with severe COVID-19. Early development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine started based on the full-length genome analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Several subunit vaccines, peptides, nucleic acids, plant-derived, recombinant vaccines are under pipeline. This article concludes and highlights ongoing advances in drug repurposing, therapeutics and vaccines to counter COVID-19, which collectively could enable efforts to halt the pandemic virus infection.

Aftermath of Covid -19 Pandemic in the community

2021 ◽  
pp. 498-500
Author(s):  
Sholly. CK
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Novel corona virus (COVID-19) is an infectious condition, which can be spread directly or indirectly from one person to another and causes respiratory illnesses, range from common cold to acute respiratory syndrome. The first cases of this virus were found in Wuhan, China. According to the World Health Organization, COVID-19 is serious health concern and has higher risk for severe illness and spreading rapidly all over the world.This novel coronavirus was named Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by WHO in February 2020. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the coronavirus disease 2019 a pandemic, in the year2020 March. A global coordinated effort is needed to stop the further spread of the virus. Among all cases about 92% of the confirmed cases were recorded from China. Initial reports suggest that death rate ranges from 1% to 2% which varies in the study and country. The most of the death have occurred in patients over 50 years of age followed by young children. For the confirmed cases which included both laboratory and clinically diagnosed till now there is no specific antiviral treatment recommended but there is vaccine currently available. Once the virus develops in people, corona viruses can be spread from person to person through respiratory droplets. The viral material hangs out in these droplets and can be breathed into the respiratory tract, where the virus can then lead to an infection. Repercussions of Covid -19 on individuals, families and on front line warriors are countless1.

scholarly journals The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) in Dentistry. Management of Biological Risk in Dental Practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Lo Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dental Practice ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Specific Protocol ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Spread Of Infection

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus first identified in Wuhan, China, and the etiological agent of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). This infection spreads mainly through direct contact with Flügge micro droplets or core droplets that remain suspended as aerosol. Moreover, it has been reported that infected subjects, both with and without clinical signs of COVID-19, can transmit the virus. Since the infection typically enters through mouth, nose, and eyes, dentistry is one of the medical practices at highest risk of infection due to the frequent production of aerosol and the constant presence of saliva. The World Health Organization (WHO) has suggested that only emergency/urgent procedures should be performed during the coronavirus outbreak. Considering the virus’ route of transmission, a specific protocol should be applied to reduce the risk of infection in addition to measures that prevent the spread of infection from a patient to another person or medical tools and equipment (cross-infection). This protocol should be implemented by modifying both patient management and clinical practice, introducing particular devices and organizational practices. This paper aims to discuss and suggest the most appropriate procedures in every aspect of dental practice to reduce infection risk.

scholarly journals A comparison of COVID-19, SARS and MERS

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Hu ◽  
Ying Liu ◽  
Mingyi Zhao ◽  
Quan Zhuang ◽  
Linyong Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
World Health ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
Organization Studies ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

In mid-December 2019, a novel atypical pneumonia broke out in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and was caused by a newly identified coronavirus, initially termed 2019 Novel Coronavirus and subsequently severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of 19 May 2020, a total of 4,731,458 individuals were reported as infected with SARS-CoV-2 among 213 countries, areas or territories with recorded cases, and the overall case-fatality rate was 6.6% (316,169 deaths among 4,731,458 recorded cases), according to the World Health Organization. Studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 is notably similar to (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) SARS-CoV that emerged in 2002–2003 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that spread during 2012, and these viruses all contributed to global pandemics. The ability of SARS-CoV-2 to rapidly spread a pneumonia-like disease from Hubei Province, China, throughout the world has provoked widespread concern. The main symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) include fever, cough, myalgia, fatigue and lower respiratory signs. At present, nucleic acid tests are widely recommended as the optimal method for detecting SARS-CoV-2. However, obstacles remain, including the global shortage of testing kits and the presentation of false negatives. Experts suggest that almost everyone in China is susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and to date, there are no effective treatments. In light of the references published, this review demonstrates the biological features, spread, diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 as a whole and aims to analyse the similarities and differences among SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV to provide new ideas and suggestions for prevention, diagnosis and clinical treatment.

scholarly journals Aspek biopsikososial ibu hamil bersalin dan nifas terkonfirmasi covid-19: Rapid review

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-58
Author(s):  
Silvia Rizki Syah Putri ◽  
Cesa Septiana Pratiwi ◽  
Herlin Fitriani Kurniawati ◽  
Luluk Rosida
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rapid Review ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

World Health Organization (WHO) menyebut coronavirus disease yang ditemukan pertama kali di Wuhan dengan novel coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV) yang disebabkan oleh virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Ibu hamil, bersalin, nifas dan bayi baru lahir juga merupakan sasaran yang rentan terhadap infeksi Covid-19 (Kemenkes RI, 2020).Tujuan dari Rapid Review ini adalah untuk mengetahui ibu hamil, bersalin dan nifas yang terkonfirmasi Covid-19.Dari 12 Artikel yang didapatkan ibu hamil, bersalin dan nifas terkonfirmasi  Covid-19 dilihat dari aspek biologi, aspek psikologi dan aspek sosial. Tetapi masih diperlukan untuk mengivestigasi mendalam terkait pengalaman ibu hamil, bersalin dan nifas terkonfirmasi Covid-19.

scholarly journals Immunomodulators for Curtailing COVID-19: a Positive Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-s) ◽  
pp. 286-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shabir Ahmad Bhat ◽  
Shameem Ahmad Rather ◽  
Arsheed Iqbal ◽  
Haider Ali Qureshi ◽  
Naquibul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
The People ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Past Experiences

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is highly infectious, spreading swiftly from man to man which has not been previously recognized in humans. World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11, 2020 named the infection as COVID-19 as an acronym for ‘coronavirus disease-2019’ and on March 11, 2020 declared the outbreak as pandemic. It affects all the people without discrimination, however, older, immune compromised are more susceptible. The virus chiefly spread through droplet infection from infected person to healthy one by coughing, sneezing or with infected hands when touched to eyes, nose or mouth. Symptoms of the infection range from mild to severe ones. In severe cases (approx. 14% of cases) fever typically of high grade (104oF), breathlessness, pneumonia and severe acute respiratory syndrome may appear. So far no specific treatment or vaccine for novel coronavirus-2019 is there. From the past and recent past experiences we have learnt that herbal medicines have proven beneficial against various dreadful viral infections. Assessment of immune enhancing herbs in this paper may definitely be helpful for the body to fight COVID-19 infection. Keywords:   Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, COVID-19, Pneumonia, Immune, Herbs

scholarly journals Combating the Coronavirus Pandemic: Early Detection, Medical Treatment, and a Concerted Effort by the Global Community

Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zichao Luo ◽  
Melgious Jin Yan Ang ◽  
Siew Yin Chan ◽  
Zhigao Yi ◽  
Yi Yiing Goh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Sudden Loss ◽  
Difficulty Breathing ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus, known as 2019-nCoV, a pandemic, as the coronavirus has now infected over 2.6 million people globally and caused more than 185,000 fatalities as of April 23, 2020. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes a respiratory illness with symptoms such as dry cough, fever, sudden loss of smell, and, in more severe cases, difficulty breathing. To date, there is no specific vaccine or treatment proven effective against this viral disease. Early and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 is thus critical to curbing its spread and improving health outcomes. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is commonly used to detect the presence of COVID-19. Other techniques, such as recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), and microfluidics, have allowed better disease diagnosis. Here, as part of the effort to expand screening capacity, we review advances and challenges in the rapid detection of COVID-19 by targeting nucleic acids, antigens, or antibodies. We also summarize potential treatments and vaccines against COVID-19 and discuss ongoing clinical trials of interventions to reduce viral progression.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyi Huang ◽  
Fengxiang Wei ◽  
Liang Hu ◽  
Lijuan Wen ◽  
Ken Chen
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Supportive Therapy ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Rna Detection ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Insight Into

Since December 2019, there has been an outbreak of a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection in Wuhan, China. Meanwhile, the outbreak also drew attention and concern from the World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19 is another human infectious disease caused by coronavirus. The transmission of COVID-19 is potent and the infection rate is fast. Since there is no specific drug for COVID-19, the treatment is mainly symptomatic supportive therapy. In addition, it should be pointed out that patients with severe illness need more aggressive treatment and meticulous care. Recently, accurate RNA detection has been decisive for the diagnosis of COVID-19. The development of highly sensitive RT-PCR has facilitated epidemiological studies that provide insight into the prevalence, seasonality, clinical manifestations and course of COVID-19 infection. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology and characteristics of COVID-19.

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