scholarly journals Atmospheric Conditions Affecting the Transmission of Covid-19 Virus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Purva Shoor ◽  
Dr Gagan Deep Kaur ◽  
Dr Amanjot Kaur Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
High Level

The physical environment plays an important role in the transmission of respiratory infections like Covid-19. To find relevant articles on environmental factors influencing respiratory infection outbreaks, we searched Pub med Central on the following topics: 1. Environmental pollution causing coronavirus fatality- 73 results, relevant 1 article, 2. Environmental factors affecting Covid-19, 149 results from which there were 6 relevant articles, 3. Impact of air pollution on Covid-19 fatality, 10 results, relevant 3 articles, 4. Environmental factors affecting respiratory viruses- 10646 results were obtained, 2 relevant articles. We searched Google scholar on environmental factors affecting Covid-19 transmission and found 7 relevant papers. We excluded the duplicates in each of the key words search. Date of search was on 20th April 2020. All articles included in results were scrutinized and relevance of articles was based on their content that discussed meteorological and physical environment factors in the spread and severity of Covid-19. We have discussed factors like air pollution, smoking, air temperature, humidity and air velocity as contributing factors. If meteorological factors are conducive to spread in a particular area, we need protective measures way before a respiratory infection outbreak occurs. Covid-19 is a lesson learnt the hard way, and we must enable people to practice hygienic practices with limited resources but high level of protection that it provides. Air pollution control can prevent priming of respiratory system which shall further protect from pulmonary infections.

scholarly journals Atmospheric conditions affecting the transmission of COVID-19 virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1487
Author(s):  
Purva Shoor ◽  
Gagan Deep Kaur ◽  
Amanjot Kaur Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Fine Particulate ◽  
Low Humidity

The physical environment plays an important role in the transmission of respiratory infections like COVID-19. Atmospheric conditions associated to diseases like influenza, adenovirus infections, parainfluenza, common cold viruses and so on. But we are still lacking in evidence to support the influence of meteorological conditions in spreading COVID-19. We have discussed air pollution, smoking, low air temperature, and proximity to equator, low humidity and air velocity as contributing factors in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 through this narrative synthesis. Bio-aerosol or ultra-fine particulate matter seems to be the most promising mode of transmission of COVID-19. Other methods are direct contact and droplet infection. Air pollution control can prevent priming of respiratory system which shall further protect from pulmonary infections. Air sanitization and humidifiers can be considered to modify the indoor air and prevent contracting infection at workplaces, schools and other gatherings.

scholarly journals A Review of Solvent Selection Considerations in Absorption Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
I. Ubong ◽  
N. Harry-Ngei ◽  
P. N. Ede
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Flue Gases ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Absorption System ◽  
Cost Consideration ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Factors Affecting Performance

This review paper focuses on the description, uses and emission removal functions of a solvent with respect to air pollution control of the flue gases in a combustion chamber exhaust waste stream. The physical characteristics of the solvent required for improved and optimal performance of the absorption system where discussed. The factors affecting performance of the solvent with reference to parametric changes in operations as well as cost consideration schemes required to select the most appropriate solvent for increased performance were also ex-rayed. The choice of a solvent that is cost effective and readily available was recommended in the study. 

scholarly journals Genetical and environmental factors affecting slaughter traits in beef production experiments in field

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 555-570
Author(s):  
Hilkka Kenttämies
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Heritability Estimates ◽  
High Level

During the years 1971-77 the carcass weight of fattening calves delivered from dairy herds increased by 40kg. During the same period the differencies between areas grew smaller. The growth rate and carcass traits were affected by feed type of the farm, rearing time, sex of the calf and breed of sire. In comparison with the Ayrshire bulls, the carcass weight of contemporary Charolais bulls was 16 and of Friesian 12%-units higher, but of Finncattle bulls 7%-units lower. Differencies between heifers were still larger. The growth rate of Ch and Fr remained on a high level longer than that of Ay and Fc. The heritability estimates of Ay and (Fr) were .23 (.61) for carcass weight,.39 (.77) for net growth, .14 (.15) for carcass score and .06 (.26) for fatness score. Differencies between farms within feed type consisted of about 50 % of the variation in growth rate and carcass weight, and about 25 % in carcass scores. Feeding was more consistent on farms with mere indoor feeding than on farms where the animals were also kept on pasture.

scholarly journals Ambient air pollution and risk of respiratory infection among adults: evidence from the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e000866
Author(s):  
Kipruto Kirwa ◽  
Carly M Eckert ◽  
Sverre Vedal ◽  
Anjum Hajat ◽  
Joel D Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Tract Infections

BackgroundAir pollution may affect the risk of respiratory infection, though research has focused on uncommon infections or infections in children. Whether ambient air pollutants increase the risk of common acute respiratory infections among adults is uncertain, yet this may help understand whether pollutants influence spread of pandemic respiratory infections like COVID-19.ObjectiveTo estimate the association between ambient air pollutant exposures and respiratory infections in adults.MethodsDuring five study examinations over 12 years, 6536 participants in the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA) reported upper respiratory tract infections, bronchitis, pneumonia or febrile illness in the preceding 2 weeks. Using a validated spatiotemporal model, we estimated residential concentrations of ambient PM2.5, NOx and NO2 for the 2–6 weeks (short-term) and year (long-term) prior to each examination.ResultsIn this population aged 44–84 years at baseline, 10%–32% of participants reported a recent respiratory infection, depending on month of examination and study region. PM2.5, NOx and NO2 concentrations over the prior 2–6 weeks were associated with increased reporting of recent respiratory infection, with risk ratios (95% CIs) of 1.04 (1.00 to 1.09), 1.15 (1.10 to 1.20) and 1.21 (1.10 to 1.33), respectively, per increase from 25th to 75th percentile in residential pollutant concentration.ConclusionHigher short-term exposure to PM2.5 and traffic-related pollutants are associated with increased risk of symptomatic acute respiratory infections among adults. These findings may provide an insight into the epidemiology of COVID-19.

HOW CHINA ATTEMPTS TO VANQUISH AIR POLLUTION IN THE 21ST CENTURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 101-111
Author(s):  
R. FENG ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Current Policy ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
High Level

In February 2012 a war has been declared by the Chinese government against the nagging air pollution, which takes a mounting death toll annually. The three-pronged national-scale regulations of afforestation/silviculture, ultra-low emission, and energy structure reform have been carried out firmly by authorities, etching the determination of the nation to implement the WHO’s recommended interim target of air pollution control. Undeniably, preliminary battle against air pollution has achieved initial success. Eight years after the declaration air pollution has been controlled to an acceptable level, compellingly demonstrating the validity of current policy, even with continued reasons for skepticism and gaps in scientic knowledge. However, the accruing trend of tropospheric O3 in the surface air and high level of wintertime PM2.5 signify this en masse war is far from winning.

scholarly journals The Effect of Air Pollution on the Transcriptomics of the Immune Response to Respiratory Infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Croft ◽  
David Burton ◽  
David Nagel ◽  
Soumyaroop Bhattacharya ◽  
Ann Falsey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Transcriptional Analysis ◽  
Pathway Gene ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Combustion related particulate matter air pollution (PM) is associated with an increased risk of respiratory infections in adults. The exact mechanism underlying this association has not been determined. We hypothesized that increased concentrations of combustion related PM would result in dysregulation of the innate immune system. This epidemiological study includes 111 adult patients hospitalized with respiratory infections who underwent transcriptional analysis of their peripheral blood. We examined the association between gene expression at the time of hospitalization and ambient measurements of particulate air pollutants in the 28 days prior to hospitalization. For each pollutant and time lag, gene-specific linear models adjusting for infection type were fit using LIMMA (Linear Models For Microarray Data), and pathway /gene set analyses were performed using the CAMERA (Correlation Adjusted Mean Rank) program. Comparing patients with viral and/or bacterial infection, the expression patterns associated with air pollution exposure differed. Adjusting for the type of infection, increased concentrations of Delta-C (a marker of biomass smoke) and other PM were associated with upregulation of iron homeostasis and protein folding. Increased concentrations of black carbon (BC) were associated with upregulation of viral related pathways and downregulation of pathways related to antigen presentation. The pollutant/pathway associations differed by lag time and by type of infection. This study suggests that the effect of air pollution on the pathogenesis of respiratory infection may be pollutant, timing, and infection specific.

scholarly journals Hubungan Kepatuhan Penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri Masker Terhadap Kejadian Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut (ISPA) Pada Pekerja Mebel Di Unit Pengamplasan Kayu CV Bella-Bella Kabupaten Jepara

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Achmad Sururi ◽  
Yunani Yunani ◽  
Achmad Syaifudin
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
P Value ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Wood Furniture

Latar Belakang : Industri furniture yang merupakan industri padat karya dengan 4 juta orang yang mengandalkan industri ini sebagai sumber penghasilan, salah satu masalah yang dihasilkan dengan adanya kegiatan industri adalah pencemaran udara. Penyakit yang dapat diakibatkan oleh adanya pencemaran udara salah satunya yaitu infeksi saluran pernapasan akut, paparan atau risiko bahaya yang ada di tempat kerja tidak selalu dapat dihindari, oleh karena itu langkah yang paling aman adalah pekerja harus memakai APD. Tujuan : Mengetahui Hubungan Kepatuhan Penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri Masker Terhadap Kejadian Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut (ISPA) Pada Pekerja Mebel di Unit Pengamplasan Kayu CV Bella-bella Kabupaten Jepara. Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan analitik korelasional. Untuk  mengetahui hubungan antara  kepatuhan penggunaan alat pelindung diri masker  terhadap kejadian ISPA pada pekerja mebel di unit pengamplasan kayu CV Bella-Bella Kabupaten Jepara Hasil : Saat dilakukan tabulasi silang dan pengujian didapatkan data bahwa 1 cells (25,0%)  mempunyai nilai expected count kurang dari 5 sehingga tidak memenuhi syarat dilakukan uji Chi square. Maka dalam penelitian ini dilakukan uji fisher exact, hasil uji fisher P value = 0,002. Karena nilai p value lebih kecil dari 0,05, ada hubungan kepatuhan penggunaan APD masker terhadap kejadian ISPA pada pekerja mebel di unit pengamplasan kayu CV bella-bella Kabupaten Jepara. Kesimpulan : Ada hubungan kepatuhan penggunaan APD masker terhadap kejadian ISPA pada pekerja mebel di unit pengamplasan kayu CV bella- bella Kabupaten Jepara.Kata kunci : Kepatuhan penggunaan APD masker,  Kejadian ISPA THE CORELATION BETWEEN PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND THE USE OF MASK TO THE WORKERS’ ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS (ARI) IN UNIT SANDING WOOD FURNITURE CV BELLA-BELLA JEPARA. ABSTRACKBackground: the furniture industry was a labor-intensive industry with 4 million people who rely on this industry as a source of income, one of the problems generated by the industrial activity was air pollution. A disease that could be caused by the air pollution was acute respiratory infection, the exposure or hazard in the workplace could not always be avoided, therefore the safest step was that workers should wear PPE. Objective: To determine The Corelation Between Personal Protective Equipment And   The Use Of Mask To The Workers’ Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) In Unit Sanding Wood Furniture CV Bella-Bella Jepara. Methods: This research was a correlational quantitative analytic approach. Result: The researcher conducted a cross tabulation and test data obtained that 1 cells (25.0%) have expected count value was less than 5 so, it was not eligible Chi square test. So in this research, fisher exact test, the test results Fisher P value = 0.002. Because the p value less than 0.05, there was a compliance with PPE use masks relation to the incidence of respiratory infection in workers of furniture in wood sanding unit CV bella-bella Jepara regency. Conclusion: There was a correlation Between Personal Protective Equipment And  The Use Of Mask To The Workers’ Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) In Unit Sanding Wood Furniture CV Bella-Bella JeparaKeywords: PPE mask, ARI

scholarly journals The effect of air pollution on the transcriptomics of the immune response to respiratory infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel P. Croft ◽  
David S. Burton ◽  
David J. Nagel ◽  
Soumyaroop Bhattacharya ◽  
Ann R. Falsey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Transcriptional Analysis ◽  
Pathway Gene ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractCombustion related particulate matter air pollution (PM) is associated with an increased risk of respiratory infections in adults. The exact mechanism underlying this association has not been determined. We hypothesized that increased concentrations of combustion related PM would result in dysregulation of the innate immune system. This epidemiological study includes 111 adult patients hospitalized with respiratory infections who underwent transcriptional analysis of their peripheral blood. We examined the association between gene expression at the time of hospitalization and ambient measurements of particulate air pollutants in the 28 days prior to hospitalization. For each pollutant and time lag, gene-specific linear models adjusting for infection type were fit using LIMMA (Linear Models For Microarray Data), and pathway/gene set analyses were performed using the CAMERA (Correlation Adjusted Mean Rank) program. Comparing patients with viral and/or bacterial infection, the expression patterns associated with air pollution exposure differed. Adjusting for the type of infection, increased concentrations of Delta-C (a marker of biomass smoke) and other PM were associated with upregulation of iron homeostasis and protein folding. Increased concentrations of black carbon (BC) were associated with upregulation of viral related gene pathways and downregulation of pathways related to antigen presentation. The pollutant/pathway associations differed by lag time and by type of infection. This study suggests that the effect of air pollution on the pathogenesis of respiratory infection may be pollutant, timing, and infection specific.

scholarly journals Development and Evaluation of SLINE 1.0, a Line Source Dispersion Model for Gaseous Pollutants by Incorporating Wind Shear near the Ground under Stable and Unstable Atmospheric Conditions

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 618
Author(s):  
Saisantosh Vamshi Harsha Madiraju ◽  
Ashok Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Wind Shear ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Gaseous Pollutants ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Mobile Sources

Transportation sources are a major contributor to air pollution in urban areas, and the role of air quality modeling is vital in the formulation of air pollution control and management strategies. Many models have appeared in the literature to estimate near-field ground level concentrations from mobile sources moving on a highway. However, current models do not account explicitly for the effect of wind shear (magnitude) near the ground while computing the ground level concentrations near highways from mobile sources. This study presents an analytical model (SLINE 1.0) based on the solution of the convective–diffusion equation by incorporating the wind shear near the ground for gaseous pollutants. The dispersion coefficients for stable and unstable atmospheric conditions are based on the near-field parameterization. Initial vertical dispersion coefficient due to the wake effect of mobile sources is incorporated based on a literature review. The model inputs include emission factor, wind speed, wind direction, turbulence parameters, and terrain features. The model is evaluated based on the Idaho Falls field study (2008). The performance of the model is evaluated using several statistical parameters. Results indicate that the model performs well against this dataset in predicting concentrations under both the stable and unstable atmospheric conditions. The sensitivity of the model to compute ground-level concentrations for different inputs is presented for three different downwind distances. In general, the model shows Type III sensitivity (i.e., the errors in the input will show a corresponding change in the computed ground level concentrations) for most of the input variables using the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) method. However, some recalibration of the model constants is needed using several field datasets to make sure that the model is acceptable for computing ground-level concentrations in engineering applications.

scholarly journals Vehicle Emissions Tax: An Opportunity to Control Air Pollution

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 10002
Author(s):  
Puji Astuti Ninik ◽  
Maryono Maryono
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Vehicle Emissions ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Emissions Tax

This paper discusses about the condition of air quality in Indonesia and the opportunity to control air pollution using vehicle emissions tax. It is described descriptively based on literature, legal regulations, and prior researches. Transportation grow rapidly due to population growth. It is because transportation is very important for mobility and supports economic. Motor vehicles as a mean of transportation are known to cause air pollution due to their emissions. Pollutants in emissions are risk factors for several diseases, including acute respiratory infections, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Air quality in Indonesia, namely “indeks kualitas udara (IKU)” is still in good condition. However, there are provinces that have “moderate” IKU value and even “very less”. A variety of ways are being done to control air pollution from the transportation sector. Unfortunately, in Indonesia still has not touched the economic side. Environmental economic instruments need to be developed to address this. Basically, the regulations has provided the opportunity for the implementation, such as Law Number 32 Year 2009, Law Number 28 Year 2009, and Government Regulation Number 46 Year 2017. Therefore, the study of vehicle emission tax that internalizes economic losses due to air pollution for public health needs to be done. This kind of study is expected to be an input for policymakers on air pollution control.

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