scholarly journals Biosynthesis of Lemongrass Essential Oil and the Underlying Mechanism for Its Insecticidal Activity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mukarram ◽  
M. Masroor A. Khan ◽  
Andleeb Zehra ◽  
Sadaf Choudhary ◽  
Tariq Aftab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Cymbopogon Flexuosus ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Lemongrass Oil ◽  
Cytotoxic Responses ◽  
Lemongrass Essential Oil

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) is an aromatic perennial grass grown extensively for its essential oil. Lemongrass oil is chiefly a mixture of various cyclic and acyclic bioactive monoterpenes. We reviewed lemongrass oil and its biosynthesis in the present chapter along with its biochemical composition. Furthermore, we attempted to explore both the possible routes for essential oil biosynthesis in lemongrass, i.e. mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways and how these pathways interwind with each other. Lemongrass oil has high commercial potential in medicinal, cosmetic, food and energy industries. Regarding the pharmacological properties, a wide array of biological activities has been observed in lemongrass oil such as antimicrobial, insecticidal, analgesic and anti-cancer properties as well as its efficacy as insect-repellent. The later sections were dedicated for the analysis of insecticidal property of the lemongrass oil and the mechanism working behind this phenomenon where it was observed that in addition to synergistic effects, various components of lemongrass oil can also induce specific neurotoxic and cytotoxic responses in the insects.

Comparative Analysis of In-Vitro Biological Activities of Methyl Eugenol Rich Cymbopogon khasianus Hack., Leaf Essential Oil with Pure Methyl Eugenol Compound

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 927-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roktim Gogoi ◽  
Rikraj Loying ◽  
Neelav Sarma ◽  
Twahira Begum ◽  
Sudin K. Pandey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Methyl Eugenol ◽  
Dpph Assay ◽  
Pure Compound ◽  
Allium Cepa Assay ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Lemongrass Essential Oil

Background: The essential oil of methyl eugenol rich Cymbopogon khasianus Hack. was evaluated and its bioactivities were compared with pure methyl eugenol. So far, methyl eugenol rich essential oil of lemongrass was not studied for any biological activities; hence, the present study was conducted. Objective: This study examined the chemical composition of essential oil of methyl eugenol rich Cymbopogon khasianus Hack., and evaluated its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and herbicidal properties and genotoxicity, which were compared with pure compound, methyl eugenol. Material and Methods: Methyl eugenol rich variety of Cymbopogon khasianus Hack., with registration no. INGR18037 (c.v. Jor Lab L-9) was collected from experimental farm CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat, Assam (26.7378°N, 94.1570°E). The essential oil wasobtained by hydro-distillation using a Clevenger apparatus. The chemical composition of the essential oil was evaluated using GC/MS analysis and its antioxidant (DPPH assay, reducing power assay), anti-inflammatory (Egg albumin denaturation assay), and antimicrobial (Disc diffusion assay, MIC) properties, seed germination effect and genotoxicity (Allium cepa assay) were studied and compared with pure Methyl Eugenol compound (ME). Results: Major components detected in the Essential Oil (EO) through Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis were methyl eugenol (73.17%) and β-myrcene (8.58%). A total of 35components were detected with a total identified area percentage of 98.34%. DPPH assay revealed considerable antioxidant activity of methyl eugenol rich lemongrass essential oil (IC50= 2.263 μg/mL), which is lower than standard ascorbic acid (IC50 2.58 μg/mL), and higher than standard Methyl Eugenol (ME) (IC50 2.253 μg/mL). Methyl eugenol rich lemongrass EO showed IC50 38.00 μg/mL, ME 36.44 μg/mL, and sodium diclofenac 22.76 μg/mL, in in-vitro anti-inflammatory test. Moderate antimicrobial activity towards the 8 tested microbes was shown by methyl eugenol rich lemongrass essential oil whose effectiveness against the microbes was less as compared to pure ME standard. Seed germination assay further revealed the herbicidal properties of methyl eugenol rich essential oil. Moreover, Allium cepa assay revealed moderate genotoxicity of the essential oil. Conclusion: This paper compared the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, genotoxicity and herbicidal activities of methyl eugenol rich lemongrass with pure methyl eugenol. This methyl eugenol rich lemongrass variety can be used as an alternative of methyl eugenol pure compound. Hence, the essential oil of this variety has the potential of developing cost-effective, easily available antioxidative/ antimicrobial drugs but its use should be under the safety range of methyl eugenol and needs further clinical trials.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activity of Lemongrass Essential Oil (Cymbopogon flexuosus) and Its Active Component Citral Against Dual-Species Biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida Species

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanjun Gao ◽  
Guangzhi Liu ◽  
Jianguo Li ◽  
Jing Chen ◽  
Lina Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Cymbopogon Flexuosus ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics ◽  
Lemongrass Essential Oil

Compared to mono-species biofilm, biofilms formed by cross-kingdom pathogens are more refractory to conventional antibiotics, thus complicating clinical treatment and causing significant morbidity. Lemongrass essential oil and its bioactive component citral were previously demonstrated to possess strong antimicrobial efficacy against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. However, their effects on polymicrobial biofilms remain to be determined. In this study, the efficacy of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) essential oil and its bioactive part citral against dual-species biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus and Candida species was evaluated in vitro. Biofilm staining and viability test showed both lemongrass essential oil and citral were able to reduce biofilm biomass and cell viability of each species in the biofilm. Microscopic examinations showed these agents interfered with adhesive characteristics of each species and disrupted biofilm matrix through counteracting nucleic acids, proteins and carbohydrates in the biofilm. Moreover, transcriptional analyses indicated citral downregulated hyphal adhesins and virulent factors of Candida albicans, while also reducing expression of genes involved in quorum sensing, peptidoglycan and fatty acids biosynthesis of S. aureus. Taken together, our results demonstrate the potential of lemongrass essential oil and citral as promising agents against polymicrobial biofilms as well as the underlying mechanisms of their activity in this setting.

scholarly journals The Anti-Cancer Effect of Linusorb B3 from Flaxseed Oil through the Promotion of Apoptosis, Inhibition of Actin Polymerization, and Suppression of Src Activity in Glioblastoma Cells

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (24) ◽  
pp. 5881
Author(s):  
Nak Yoon Sung ◽  
Deok Jeong ◽  
Youn Young Shim ◽  
Zubair Ahmed Ratan ◽  
Young-Jin Jang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Actin Polymerization ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Flaxseed Oil ◽  
C6 Cells ◽  
Glioblastoma Cells ◽  
Downstream Effector ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

Linusorbs (LOs) are natural peptides found in flaxseed oil that exert various biological activities. Of LOs, LOB3 ([1–9-NαC]-linusorb B3) was reported to have antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities; however, its anti-cancer activity has been poorly understood. Therefore, this study investigated the anti-cancer effect of LOB3 and its underlying mechanism in glioblastoma cells. LOB3 induced apoptosis and suppressed the proliferation of C6 cells by inhibiting the expression of anti-apoptotic genes, B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and p53, as well as promoting the activation of pro-apoptotic caspases, caspase-3 and -9. LOB3 also retarded the migration of C6 cells, which was achieved by suppressing the formation of the actin cytoskeleton critical for the progression, invasion, and metastasis of cancer. Moreover, LOB3 inhibited the activation of the proto-oncogene, Src, and the downstream effector, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), in C6 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that LOB3 plays an anti-cancer role by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting the migration of C6 cells through the regulation of apoptosis-related molecules, actin polymerization, and proto-oncogenes.

Antibacterial Efficiency of Spanish Satureja montana Essential Oil against Listeria monocytogenes among Natural Flora in Minced Pork

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. CARRAMIÑANA ◽  
C. ROTA ◽  
J. BURILLO ◽  
A. HERRERA
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Moderate Activity ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Natural Flora ◽  
Aerobic Flora ◽  
Satureja Montana

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of winter savory (Satureja montana) essential oil (EO) for control of growth and survival of experimentally inoculated Listeria monocytogenes serovar 4b (104 CFU/g) among natural flora in minced pork. EOs of French thyme (Thymus vulgaris F) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) cultivated in the same region of Aragon (northeastern Spain) were used as reference ingredients. The EOs obtained by hydrodistillation were added at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2.5 μl/g (vol/wt), and the samples were kept at 4°C in air for up to 7 days. The populations of L. monocytogenes and total viable bacteria were determined in the control and treated samples at 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. Moderate activity of S. montana EO against L. monocytogenes was observed (at 2.5 μl/g, reductions of 0.27 log CFU/g by day 3 and 0.61 log CFU/g by day 7), with higher activity against aerobic flora. The greatest reduction in aerobic flora was on day 3 (at 2.5 μl/g) from 1.10 to 1.45 log CFU/g. S. montana EO was comparable to T. vulgaris F EO in listericidal activity, but R. officinalis EO was ineffective against the L. monocytogenes and aerobic flora in the minced meat model. The ~3-log reduction in aerobic flora with T. vulgaris F EO at 0.25 to 2.5 μl/g after 5 days of storage was the most significant reduction. Depending on sensory considerations, the addition of active EOs in combination with other preservation techniques for synergistic effects may provide alternatives to synthetic chemical preservatives. Suggestions on relationships between chemical composition and biological activities of EOs are outlined.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Waktu Ekstraksi, Rasio Bahan/Pelarut, dan Daya Microwave Terhadap Hasil Ekstraksi Minyak Serai Dapur dengan Bantuan Gelombang Mikro

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
Venitalitya A. S. Augustia ◽  
Naufal Charfadz ◽  
Rizki Akbar ◽  
Diana
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Geranyl Acetate ◽  
Solvent Ratio ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Lemongrass Oil ◽  
Oil Density ◽  
Lemongrass Essential Oil

Lemongrass, one type of source of essential oils, is widely cultivated in Indonesia. There are several methods for extracting the essential oils from lemongrasses, such as hydro-distillation, steam distillation, soxhlet extraction, extraction with supercritical fluids, ultrasonic extraction, and microwave-assisted hydro-distillation. In this study, microwave-assisted hydro-distillation was used as the extraction method. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of extraction time (60 minutes, 75 minutes, and 90 minutes), lemongrass/solvent ratio (1:4 g/mL and 1:5 g/mL), and microwave power (500 watt and 600 watt) on quantity and quality of lemongrass essential oil. The essential oils obtained were analyzed in the form of calculation of the essential oil density, yield, and GC-MS analysis. The results of the analysis showed that the density of the extracted lemongrass oil ranged from 0.880 g/mL – 0.920 g/mL at a temperature of 30 oC, with the highest yield ranging from 0.0044% – 0.0046% in samples with a material/solvent ratio of 1:5 g/mL. The components found in lemongrass oil were Z-citral, geranyl acetate, geraniol.

scholarly journals Penyulingan Minyak Atsiri Sereh Dapur (Cymbopogon Citratus) Dengan Metode Penyulingan Air-Uap

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1009-1016
Author(s):  
Zaituni Zaituni ◽  
Rita Khathir ◽  
Raida Agustina
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Cymbopogon Citratus ◽  
Water Steam ◽  
Lemongrass Oil ◽  
Lemongrass Essential Oil

Abstrak. Minyak atsiri sereh dapur diperoleh dari hasil penyulingan tanaman sereh dapur. Minyak sereh dapur merupakan sumber sitral yang merupakan konstituen utama dari minyak tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui mutu minyak atsiri yang dihasilkan dengan metode penyulingan air-uap (water and steam destillation). Bagian tanaman sereh dapur yang digunakan yaitu bagian batang dan daun yang disuling menggunakan alat penyulingan air dan uap.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rendemen minyak atsiri sereh dapur dari penyulingan bagian daun diperoleh sebesar 0,399 % 10 kali lipat lebih besar dari rendemen minyak atsiri sereh dapur pada bagian batang (0,039 %). Bobot jenis minyak atsiri sereh dapur pada daun 0,8987 dan pada batang 0,8940. Indeks bias minyak atsiri sereh dapur pada daun 1,4876 dan pada batang 1,4880. Kelarutan dalam alkohol 70% minyak atsiri sereh dapur dari daun dan batang mempunyai tingkat kelarutan keruh pada perbandingan 1:5. Berdasarkan rendemen dapat disimpulkan bahwa bagian yang lebih menguntungkan untuk disuling adalah daun. Berdasarkan parameter mutu yang dianalisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa minyak atsiri sereh dapur dari bagian batang dan daun sudah memenuhi standar Essential Oil Association (EOA).The Destillation of Lemongrass Essential Oil by Using the Water-steam Method Abstract. Lemongrass essential oil is obtained from the distillation of lemongrass plant. The main content of this oil is sitral content. This study aimed to determine the quality of essential oil produced by the method of water-steam destillation. The experiment was done by water-steam destillation of stalks and leaves of lemongrass, respectively, under 3 repeatations. Lemongrass essential oil obtained from leaves was 0,399%, which is 10-fold greater than the yield of the stalks (0,039%). The specific gravity of Lemongrass essential oil obtained from leaves was 0,8987 where as the specific gravity of Lemongrass essential oil obtained from stalks was 0.8940. The refractive index of lemongrass oil obtained from  leaves was 1.4876 while the refractive index of lemongrass oil obtained from stalks was 1.4880. Based on solubility in 70% alcohol test, lemongrass essential oil obtained from the leaves and stalks were a little bit cloud at a ratio of 1: 5. Based on its yield, it can be concluded that the leave plant produced more oil. However, the quality of both oils showed that lemongrass essential oil met the EAO Standard.

scholarly journals Insight into Analysis of Essential Oil from Anisosciadium lanatum Boiss.—Chemical Composition, Molecular Docking, and Mitigation of Hepg2 Cancer Cells through Apoptotic Markers

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Hany Ezzat Khalil ◽  
Hairul-Islam Mohamed Ibrahim ◽  
Hossam M. Darrag ◽  
Katsuyoshi Matsunami
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Migration And Invasion ◽  
Apoptotic Markers ◽  
Apoptotic Protein ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Cancer Activity

Essential oils have been used in various traditional healing systems since ancient times worldwide, due to their diverse biological activities. Several studies have demonstrated their plethora of biological activities—including anti-cancer activity—in a number of cell lines. Anisosciadium lanatum Boiss. is a perennial aromatic herb. Traditionally, it is an edible safe herb with few studies exploring its importance. The current study aims to investigate the chemical composition of essential oil isolated from Anisosciadium lanatum using GC-MS, as well as report its anti-cancer potential and its mechanistic effect on HepG2 liver cancer cell lines, and conduct molecular docking studies. To achieve this, the essential oil was isolated using a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed using GC-MS. The cell viability of HepG2 liver cancer and normal fibroblast NIH-3T3 cell lines was assessed by MTT cytotoxicity assay. The effects of the essential oil on cell migration and invasion were assessed using wound healing and matrigel assays, respectively. The effect of the essential oil on migration and apoptotic-regulating mRNA and proteins was quantified using quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot techniques, respectively. Finally, computational docking tools were used to analyze in silico binding of major constituents from the essential oil against apoptotic and migration markers. A total of 38 components were identified and quantified. The essential oil demonstrated regulation of cell proliferation and cell viability in HepG2 liver cancer cells at a sub-lethal dose of 10 to 25 μg/mL, and expressed reductions of migration and invasion. The treatment with essential oil indicated mitigation of cancer activity by aborting the mRNA of pro-apoptotic markers such as BCL-2, CASPASE-3, CYP-1A1, and NFκB. The algorithm-based binding studies demonstrated that eucalyptol, nerol, camphor, and linalool have potent binding towards the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2. On the other hand, camphor and eucalyptol showed potent binding towards the pro-apoptotic protein CASPASE-3. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the essential oil isolated from Anisosciadium lanatum to drive alleviation of HepG2 cancer cell progression by modulating apoptotic markers. Our findings suggest that Anisosciadium lanatum could be used as a phytotherapeutic anti-cancer agent, acting through the regulation of apoptotic markers. More well-designed in vivo trials are needed in order to verify the obtained results.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of Lemongrass Essential Oil and the Underlying Mechanism for Its Insecticidal Activity

2021 ◽  
pp. 429-443
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mukarram ◽  
M. Masroor A. Khan ◽  
Andleeb Zehra ◽  
Sadaf Choudhary ◽  
M. Naeem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Lemongrass Essential Oil

scholarly journals ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF RABBIT COLLAGEN GLUE-CHITOSAN BIOMATERIAL LOADED WITH CYMBOPOGON FLEXUOSUS ESSENTIAL OIL

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 385-390
Author(s):  
M. Râpă ◽  
M.D. Berechet ◽  
C. Gaidău ◽  
R.R. Constantinescu ◽  
A. Moșuțiu
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Wound Dressing ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Cymbopogon Flexuosus ◽  
Dressing Materials ◽  
Lemongrass Essential Oil ◽  
Wound Dressing Materials

One approach to develop innovative antimicrobial wound dressing materials is to use natural polymers loaded with antimicrobial agents. The valorisation of animal proteins as biomaterials with antimicrobial properties is a new concern for development of wound healing. Plant esssential oils (EO) also indicate a potential approach for new wound dressing materials able to replace the synthetic antymicrobial agents. In this paper, plant-polymeric film was prepared by casting film-forming emulsion based on lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) essential oil/Tween 80 dispersed into rabbit collagen glue hydrolysate– chitosan biomaterial. The effect of biomaterial film composition on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Escherichia coli ATCC 10536 standard bacteria, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 pathogenic fungus was studied according to European Pharmacopoeia 10/2020 as compared with biomaterial film without essential oil. The in vitro antibacterial tests against three bacterial strains showed that the rabbit collagen glue hydrolysate–chitosan biomaterial inhibited all the three microorganisms. The rabbit collagen hydrolysate glue-chitosan film loaded with lemongrass essential oil exhibits antimicrobial activity towards tested microorganisms but lower as compared with control. The explanation could be due to the short time of investigation, or maybe some active compounds constituents of EO, which favour the cellular proliferation. Preparation of rabbit collagen glue hydrolysate-chitosan biomaterial loaded with lemongrass essential oil is an environmentally friendly solution, which may contribute to the development of wound healing materials as an alternative to topical antimicrobial agents.

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