The Latent Digital Divides and Its Drivers in E-Learning: Among Bangladeshi Student During COVID-19 Pandemic

The devastating COVID-19 pandemic forced academia to go virtual. Educational institutions around the world have stressed online learning programs in the aftermath of the pandemic. However, because of insufficient access to ICT, a substantial number of students failed to harness the opportunity of online learning. This study explores the latent digital divide exhibited during the COVID-19 pandemic while online learning activities are emphasized among Bangladeshi students. It also explores the digital divide exposure and the significant underlying drivers of the divide. A cross-sectional survey was employed to collect quantitative data mixed with open-ended questions to collect qualitative information from the student community. The findings revealed that despite the majority of students have physical access to ICT but only 32.5% of students could attend online classes seamlessly, 34.1% of the students reported the data prices as the critical barrier, and 39.8% of students identified the poor network infrastructure is the significant barrier for them to participate in online learning activities. This paper aimed to explore the underlying issues of the digital divide among Bangladeshi students to assist relevant stakeholders (e.g., the Bangladesh government, Educational Institutions, Researchers) in providing the necessary insights to arrange for students to undertake online learning activities successfully.

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The Latent Digital Divide and Its Drivers in E-Learning among Bangladeshi Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Information ◽

10.3390/info12080287 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 287

Author(s):

Md Badiuzzaman ◽

Md. Rafiquzzaman ◽

Md Insiat Islam Rabby ◽

Mohammad Mustaneer Rahman

Keyword(s):

Online Learning ◽

Digital Divide ◽

Primary Objective ◽

Learning Activities ◽

Educational Institutions ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Theoretical Understanding ◽

Reported Data ◽

Physical Access

The devastating COVID-19 pandemic forced academia to go virtual. Educational institutions around the world have stressed online learning programs in the aftermath of the pandemic. However, because of insufficient access to Information Communication Technology (ICT), a substantial number of students failed to harness the opportunity of online learning. This study explores the latent digital divide exhibited during the COVID-19 pandemic while online learning activities are emphasised among students of Bangladesh. It also investigates the digital divide exposure and the significant underlying drivers of the divide. In order to accomplish this, a cross-sectional survey was employed to collect quantitative data, mixed with open-ended questions were utilised to gather qualitative information from the student community. The findings revealed that despite the majority of students having physical access to ICT, only 32.5% of students could attend online classes seamlessly. In total, 34.1% reported data prices as the critical barrier, while 39.8% identified poor network infrastructure as the significant barrier preventing them from participating in online learning activities. Although most students possess physical access to various devices and the Internet, they face the first-level digital divide due to the quality of access and price of cellular Internet. Consequently, they fail to take advantage of physical access, resulting in the third-level digital divide (utility gap), which submerges them into a digital divide cycle. The primary objective of this study is to explore the underlying issues of the digital divide among Bangladeshi students. This will assist relevant stakeholders (e.g., the Bangladesh government, educational institutions, and researchers) to gain necessary insights and theoretical understanding of underlying limitations and emergent directions to arrange adequate support for underprivileged students to undertake essential online learning activities.

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Experiences of online learning during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown period: a cross-sectional survey among the college students in India

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20212309 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nikita Saraf ◽

Prakash S. Doss ◽

Sanskruti Tahakik ◽

Kowshik B. Reddy ◽

Arun Rangasamy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Online Learning ◽

Online Education ◽

Scale Up ◽

Educational Institutions ◽

Higher Educational Institutions ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Wide Range ◽

Technical Issues ◽

Higher Educational

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic forced educational institutions across the world to shut down their campuses adhering to the lockdown protocols. As a result, higher educational institutions seek to deliver education through online platforms. This sudden shift created a huge impact on students learning capabilities.Methods: We conducted an online cross-sectional survey to assess the college student’s perspective about the online learning and also the most common problems faced in this online learning. A 17 item Google form questionnaire was structured by the authors. We received responses 1834 students from different higher educational institutions across India.Results: The results revealed that 71.7% of students rated the pandemic online learning below moderate on a 5-point scale. The students felt that they learn better in offline classrooms (78.9%) and reported few technical issues which hinder their learning capacity. The students appreciated the flexibility of learning from home, availability of more personal space, accessibility of abundant online learning resources, and wide range of online learning platforms in this online learning. However, most of the students felt that online learning is stressful and affects their mental health in particular.Conclusions: The study reveals the importance of online education in the near future. As we scale up to the future, this survey findings warrant a prompt action to improve digital infrastructure to resolve the technical issues, reduce cost involvement, well-structured training to improve pedagogical skills and technical skills of the faculty members.

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Covid-19 Pandemic And Sustainabilitystudy At Madrasah Ibtidaiyyahpsm Sulursewu, Teguhan, Ngawi, East Java

Jurnal Karya Abdi ◽

10.32520/karyaabdi.v1i02.1156 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (02) ◽

pp. 103-114

Author(s):

Moh. Toriqul Chaer ◽

Muhammad Atabiqul As'ad ◽

Qusnul Khorimah ◽

Erik Sujarwanto

Keyword(s):

Online Learning ◽

Learning Strategies ◽

Psychological Impact ◽

Educational Institutions ◽

Participatory Action ◽

Social Phenomena ◽

Learning Programs ◽

Teachers And Students ◽

The Government

The continuity of learning programs during the COVID-19 pandemic found educational institutions, especially Madrasah Ibtidaiyyah (MI) temporarily closed the learning process in schools. To prevent the spread of COVID-19 that is currently engulfing Indonesia. Lack of preparation, readiness and learning strategies have a psychological impact on teachers and students. Declining quality of skills, lack of supporting facilities and infrastructure. Learning from home (online) is an effort by the government program to ensure the continuity of learning in the pandemic period. The research method uses participatory action research (PAR), which focuses on understanding social phenomena that occur in the community and mentoring efforts on the problems faced. The assistance effort is to help the children of MI Sulursewu, Ngawi in participating in online learning related to; 1). Preparation of activities, 2). Counselling participants offline method, 3). Offline activities method. Results of the study show that the mentoring activities following the target of achievement; first, the activity can be carried out following the schedule that has been set. Second, students are always on time for the online learning hours that have been set. Offline methods show that efforts can help ease the burden on parents, but can also make it easier for students to receive subject matter.

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Pedati Model Online Learning in University

Journal of Education Technology ◽

10.23887/jet.v5i4.41124 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 663

Author(s):

I Gede Astawan ◽

I Wayan Widiana ◽

Muh Arafik

Keyword(s):

Online Learning ◽

Evaluation Model ◽

Product Evaluation ◽

Learning Activities ◽

Research Model ◽

Research Subjects ◽

Input Process ◽

The World ◽

Learning Programs ◽

Model Context

Since the COVID-19 pandemic hit the world, various changes have occurred in the world of education. Teachers are required to be able to develop online learning so that learning activities can run smoothly. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of online learning in universities. The research subjects were lecturers totalling 22 people. The research object includes the effectiveness of online learning programs in terms of context, input, process, and product. The approach used in this study is evaluative. The research model design used is the CIPP evaluation model (Context, Input, Process and Product Evaluation Model). The data were analyzed descriptively by calculating the percentage. Next, the data were analyzed by the T-Score formula. The level of effectiveness of online learning was analyzed through the quadrant of the "Glickman" model. The results of data analysis showed that online learning in PGSD, in terms of context, descriptively classified as very good, with an effectiveness percentage of 18.18%. Online learning at PGSD Undiksha in terms of input, descriptively is very good, with an effectiveness percentage of 0%. In terms of process, online learning at PGSD Undiksha is descriptively classified as very good, with an effectiveness percentage of -9.09%. In terms of products, online learning at PGSD Undiksha descriptively is classified as very good, with an effectiveness percentage of 18.18%. It can be concluded that the online learning that has been held is excellent and effective.

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The Empirics of the Digital Divide

Digital Literacy ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-1852-7.ch016 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 294-312

Author(s):

Wei-Min Hu ◽

James E. Prieger

Keyword(s):

Digital Divide ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Duration Analysis ◽

Estimation Methods ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Technological Adoption ◽

Digital Divides ◽

Econometric Methodology ◽

Catch Up ◽

The U.S

Accurate measurement of digital divides is important for policy purposes. Empirical studies of broadband subscription gaps have largely used cross-sectional data, which cannot speak to the timing of technological adoption. Yet, the dynamics of a digital divide are important and deserve study. With the goal of improving our understanding of appropriate techniques for analyzing digital divides, we review econometric methodology and propose the use of duration analysis. We compare the performance of alternative estimation methods using a large dataset on DSL subscription in the U.S., paying particular attention to whether women, blacks, and Hispanics catch up to others in the broadband adoption race. We conclude that duration analysis best captures the dynamics of the broadband gaps and is a useful addition to the analytic tool box of digital divide researchers. Our results support the official collection of broadband statistics in panel form, where the same households are followed over time.

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The Empirics of the Digital Divide

Handbook of Research on Overcoming Digital Divides ◽

10.4018/978-1-60566-699-0.ch035 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 645-665 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wei-Min Hu ◽

James E. Prieger

Keyword(s):

Digital Divide ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Duration Analysis ◽

Estimation Methods ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Technological Adoption ◽

Digital Divides ◽

Econometric Methodology ◽

Catch Up ◽

The U.S

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Online Learning in the Face of COVID-19 Pandemic: Assessment of Students’ Satisfaction at Chitwan Medical College of Nepal

Kathmandu University Medical Journal ◽

10.3126/kumj.v18i2.32943 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 40-47

Author(s):

K. Sharma ◽

G. Deo ◽

S. Timalsina ◽

A. Joshi ◽

N. Shrestha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Online Learning ◽

Student Satisfaction ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Female Gender ◽

Weak Links ◽

Online Classes ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical College ◽

Students Satisfaction

Background Online learning can play a vital role in the process of teaching and learning during Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, learners’ satisfaction is extremely important in effective implementation of the online learning, especially at institutions where it is newly adopted. Objective To assess satisfaction towards online learning and its predictors among students at Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur. Method A web-based cross-sectional survey was undertaken among 434 undergraduate and postgraduate students from various academic programs who had participated in the online classes started during this COVID-19 pandemic. A structured questionnaire consisting of 31 items (5-point Likert scale) covering four major student satisfaction domains (learners’ dimensions, technological characteristics, instructors’ characteristics and course management and coordination) was distributed to the students using Google Form. Result More than half (53.5%) of the students were satisfied with the online learning, while 29.7% gave neutral views. Bivariate analyses found that all four domains scores were positively correlated with each other as well as with the students’ overall satisfaction towards learning. In multivariate analysis, female gender [aOR: 2.72, p = 0.013], WiFi as internet modality for learning [aOR: 3.36, p = 0.001) and learners’ dimension score [aOR: 1.27, p<0.001] were the significant predictors of students’ satisfaction. Conclusion Although recently adopted, the satisfaction of the students towards online classes appears good, and prioritizing the identified predictors and working on the weak links could assist in enhancing students’ satisfaction and better outcomes.

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Towards a motivational design? Connecting gamification user types and online learning activities

Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning ◽

10.1186/s41039-019-0121-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Klaudia Bovermann ◽

Theo J. Bastiaens

Keyword(s):

Online Learning ◽

Systematic Approach ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Learning Preferences ◽

Learning Activities ◽

Educational Science ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Learning Behavior ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Motivational Design

AbstractMotivation is a crucial factor for students’ learning behavior and plays a key role in the concept of gamification to foster students’ motivation through specific gamification mechanics and elements. User types for gamification and associated gamification mechanics can classify students’ interests and learning preferences and provide explanations for their motivational learning behavior. This study investigated how five gamification user types may relate to six mainly used online learning activities in a distance online bachelor’s and master’s class in educational science through the use of a systematic approach. A total of 86 students participated in the questionnaire in a cross-sectional study. The findings showed average agreement shares for all five gamification user types. The correlations revealed that the six online learning activities were at least significantly connected to one of the five gamification user types, and both person-centered and environment-centered perspectives were displayed. Finally, the results were discussed, and implications were derived for a motivational design.

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Strategi Implementasi Profesionalisme Guru pada Masa Pandemi di MI Hikmatun Najah

QUALITY ◽

10.21043/quality.v9i1.10399 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 73

Author(s):

Partono Partono

Keyword(s):

Online Learning ◽

Learning Process ◽

Field Research ◽

Qualitative Approach ◽

Learning Activities ◽

Teacher Professionalism ◽

Educational Institutions ◽

Educational Goals ◽

Face To Face

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to find out about the efforts or strategies for implementing teacher professionalism during the pandemic because learning activities are no longer carried out face-to-face but are completely digital / online. This type of research is field research with a descriptive qualitative approach that tries to explore the meaning of teacher professionalism as a step to develop the quality of educational institutions while still adjusting educational goals. The results of this study indicate that the majority of MI Hikmatun Najah teachers can implement their professionalism through online learning properly and right. They still carry out their duties and obligations in a professional manner even though the learning process is online / online. This research also shows that teachers can put their professionalism in accordance with the place and conditions.AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tentang upaya-upaya atau strategi implementasi profesionalisme guru pada masa pandemi dikarenakan kegiatan pembelajaran tidak lagi dilakukan dengan tatap muka melainkan dengan serba digital/online. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian lapangan dengan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif yang mencoba mengeksplorasi makna profesionalisme guru sebagai langkah mengembangkan mutu lembaga pendidikan dengan tetap menyesuaikan tujuan pendidikan.. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa mayoritas guru MI Hikmatun Najah dapat mengimplementasikan sikap profesionalisme mereka melalui pembelajaran online dengan baik dan tepat. Mereka tetap melaksanakan tugas dan kewajiban mereka secara profesional walaupun proses pembelajaran melalui online/daring. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa para guru dapat menempatkan sikap profesionalisme mereka sesuai dengan tempat dan kondisi.

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Innovation Diffusion Impact on Students’ Online Platform Participation

Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business ◽

10.17687/jeb.v9i1.473 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 118-132

Author(s):

Nurhazliyana Hanafi ◽

Nurul Ain Chua Abdullah ◽

Mohamad Pirdaus Yusoh ◽

Ismar Liza Mahani Ismail

Keyword(s):

Social Sciences ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Quality Education ◽

Learning Activities ◽

Relative Advantage ◽

Educational Institutions ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Online Platform ◽

Technology And Innovation ◽

High Quality Education

Technology and innovation offer excellent opportunities for educational institutions, particularly Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), to provide high-quality education services in the industry 4.0 era. Most classes are conducted online during the pandemic, whereby students fully participate in online learning activities and processes. Thus, the study aims to examine the influence of relative advantage, complexity, and observability on students’ online platform participation. The study employed a cross-sectional research design and collected quantitative data from 384 students using a purposive sampling technique. Additionally, a questionnaire was distributed through WhatsApp and Facebook to collect data and analysed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21. The findings revealed that relative advantage, complexity, and observability significantly affect students’ online platform participation. Furthermore, the study provided several insights into students’ online participation.

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