scholarly journals X-Ray Diffraction Techniques for Mineral Characterization: A Review for Engineers of the Fundamentals, Applications, and Research Directions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asif Ali ◽  
Yi Wai Chiang ◽  
Rafael M. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
Learning Tools ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mineral Characterization ◽  
Xrd Patterns

For many decades, X-ray diffraction (XRD) has been used for material characterization. With the recent development in material science understanding and technology, various new materials are being developed, which requires upgrading the existing analytical techniques such that intricate problems can be solved. Although, XRD is a well-established non-destructive technique, it still requires further improvements in its characterization capabilities, especially when dealing with complex mineral structures. The present review conducts comprehensive discussions on atomic crystal structure, XRD principle, its applications, uncertainty during XRD analysis, and required safety precautions, all in one place. It further discusses the future research directions, especially the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning tools for improving the effectiveness and accuracy of XRD technique for mineral characterization. It has been focused that how XRD patterns can be utilized for a thorough understanding of the crystalline structure, size, and orientation, dislocation density, phase identification, quantification, and transformation, information about lattice parameters, residual stress, and strain, and thermal expansion coefficient of materials. All these important discussions on XRD for mineral characterization are compiled in this short yet comprehensive review that would benefit specialists and engineers in the chemical, mining, iron, metallurgy, and steel industries.

scholarly journals An Insight into Chemistry and Structure of Colloidal 2D-WS2 Nanoflakes: Combined XPS and XRD Study

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1969
Author(s):  
Riccardo Scarfiello ◽  
Elisabetta Mazzotta ◽  
Davide Altamura ◽  
Concetta Nobile ◽  
Rosanna Mastria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Crystal Habit ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Morphological Evaluation ◽  
Rational Understanding ◽  
Structural Inspection

The surface and structural characterization techniques of three atom-thick bi-dimensional 2D-WS2 colloidal nanocrystals cross the limit of bulk investigation, offering the possibility of simultaneous phase identification, structural-to-morphological evaluation, and surface chemical description. In the present study, we report a rational understanding based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and structural inspection of two kinds of dimensionally controllable 2D-WS2 colloidal nanoflakes (NFLs) generated with a surfactant assisted non-hydrolytic route. The qualitative and quantitative determination of 1T’ and 2H phases based on W 4f XPS signal components, together with the presence of two kinds of sulfur ions, S22− and S2−, based on S 2p signal and related to the formation of WS2 and WOxSy in a mixed oxygen-sulfur environment, are carefully reported and discussed for both nanocrystals breeds. The XPS results are used as an input for detailed X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis allowing for a clear discrimination of NFLs crystal habit, and an estimation of the exact number of atomic monolayers composing the 2D-WS2 nanocrystalline samples.

scholarly journals Study on the nonexistence of liquid miscibility gap in the Ce-Mn system

2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Tang ◽  
Y. Du ◽  
H. Xu ◽  
S. Hao ◽  
L. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Miscibility Gap ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Microstructure Observation ◽  
Arc Melting ◽  
Ice Water ◽  
Liquid Miscibility Gap

To ascertain whether the liquid miscibility gap exists in the Ce-Mn system, 3 key alloys are prepared by arc melting the pure elements, annealed at specified temperature for 20 minutes, quenched in ice water and then subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis for phase identification and to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis for microstructure observation and composition analysis. The XRD examination indicated that terminal solutions based on Ce and Mn exist in the water-quenched alloys. No compound was detected. Microstructure observation and composition analysis indicate the nonexistence of the liquid miscibility gap. The newly assessed Ce-Mn phase diagram was presented. .

scholarly journals X-ray diffraction analysis of MTA-Plus, MTA-Angelus and DiaRoot BioAggregate

2014 ◽  
Vol 08 (02) ◽  
pp. 211-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeliz Guven ◽  
Elif Bahar Tuna ◽  
Muzaffer Emin Dincol ◽  
Oya Aktoren
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Tantalum Oxide ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Tricalcium Silicate ◽  
Dicalcium Silicate ◽  
Glass Slide ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tricalcium Aluminate

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the crystalline structures of recently released MTA Plus (MTA-P), MTA Angelus (MTA-A), DiaRoot BioAggregate (BA) by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Materials and Methods: Phase analysis was carried out on powder and set forms of tested materials. The powder specimens placed into sample holders that were packed with a glass slide and the set samples prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions were placed into molds. The samples after being set for three days at 37°C and 100% humidity in an incubator were mounted onto the XRD machine and phase identification was accomplished using a search-match software program. Results: XRD findings indicated that major constituents of MTA-P were bismuth oxide, portlandite, dicalcium silicate and tricalcium silicate. The crystal structure of MTA-A were similar to those of MTA-P except for the absence of portlandite. Additionally, MTA-A had tricalcium aluminate differing from MTA-P. BA mainly differed from MTA-P and MTA-A by the radiopacifier (tantalum oxide-TO) in its composition. Conclusions: The majority of constituents of the tested materials have shown similarity except for the presence of tricalcium aluminate in MTA-A and the inclusion of TO in BA. In addition, set MTA-P showed a strong peak of portlandite.

Analysis of Selected Area Diffraction Patterns With Winjade

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (S2) ◽  
pp. 342-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Walck ◽  
P. Ruzakowski-Athey
Keyword(s):  
Single Phase ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Analysis Program ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Program Module ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Xrd Patterns

The analysis of Selected Area Diffraction (SAD) patterns that are collected from a single phase material having sufficient crystallites to provide continuous rings is relatively straightforward. However, when this condition is not met and there may be several phases present having rings of a spotty nature, the pattern is complex and can be quite difficult to analyze manually because of the vast number of discrete spots. WinJade from MDI is an X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis program with an Electron Diffraction Program Module (EDPM) that can be used to aid in the analysis of SAD patterns. The EDPM produces Integrated Circular Density Plots (ICDP), which are one-dimensional intensity profiles plotted as a function of equivalent XRD 20 values or crystal d-spacings. These ICDP's can be overlayed with XRD patterns or with reference lines from the NIST and JCPDS crystalline databases for direct comparisons.

scholarly journals A deep-learning technique for phase identification in multiphase inorganic compounds using synthetic XRD powder patterns

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Woong Lee ◽  
Woon Bae Park ◽  
Jin Hee Lee ◽  
Satendra Pal Singh ◽  
Kee-Sun Sohn
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Convolutional Neural Network ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Learning Technique ◽  
Xrd Patterns

AbstractHere we report a facile, prompt protocol based on deep-learning techniques to sort out intricate phase identification and quantification problems in complex multiphase inorganic compounds. We simulate plausible powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns for 170 inorganic compounds in the Sr-Li-Al-O quaternary compositional pool, wherein promising LED phosphors have been recently discovered. Finally, 1,785,405 synthetic XRD patterns are prepared by combinatorically mixing the simulated powder XRD patterns of 170 inorganic compounds. Convolutional neural network (CNN) models are built and eventually trained using this large prepared dataset. The fully trained CNN model promptly and accurately identifies the constituent phases in complex multiphase inorganic compounds. Although the CNN is trained using the simulated XRD data, a test with real experimental XRD data returns an accuracy of nearly 100% for phase identification and 86% for three-step-phase-fraction quantification.

Synthesis and Optical Properties of Eu3+ Doped NaYF4 and KYF4 Micro/Nanocrystals

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 3857-3860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siling Guo ◽  
Chunyan Cao ◽  
Renping Cao
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Emission Spectra ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Xrd Patterns ◽  
The Eu

Through a hydrothermal method, 1 mol% Eu3+ doped NaYF4 and KYF4 micro/nanocrystals have been synthesized. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images, room temperature photoluminescence (PL) excitation and emission spectra, and luminescent dynamic decay curves. The XRD analysis suggested the crystalline structures of the obtained samples. The FE-SEM images indicated the morphology and size of the obtained samples. The PL spectra illustrate the optical properties of Eu3+ in the two samples. Since it is sensitive to the local environment of the ion, the Eu3+ presents different optical properties in the NaYF4 and KYF4 materials.

scholarly journals Synthesis of lead-based 1212 and 3212 superconductors by an aqueous sol-gel method

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giedre Nenartaviciene ◽  
Ramunas Skaudzius ◽  
Rimantas Raudonis ◽  
Aivaras Kareiva
Keyword(s):  
Sol Gel ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Complexing Agents ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Resistivity Measurements ◽  
Ceramic Samples ◽  
Xrd Patterns ◽  
Sol Gel Synthesis

AbstractThe aqueous sol-gel synthesis technique for the preparation of (Pb,Sr)Sr2(Y,Ca)Cu2O7±x (Pb-1212) and (Pb2,Cu)Sr2(Y,Ca)Cu2O8±x (Pb-3212) superconductors using two different complexing agents, namely 1,2-ethanediol and tartaric acid was studied. The phase transformations, composition and micro-structural features in the polycrystalline samples were studied by powder X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD analysis of the ceramic samples obtained by calcination of Pb-Sr-Y-Ca-Cu-O acetate-glycolate precursor gels in air, for 10 hours at 800°C and at 825°C, showed the presence of homogeneous Pb-1212 and Pb-3212 crystallites as major phases. The XRD patterns of the ceramics obtained from Pb-Sr-Y-Ca-Cu-O acetate-tartrate precursor gels, however, showed multiphasic character. The critical temperature of superconductivity (TC (onset)) observed by resistivity measurements were found to be 91 K and 75 K for Pb-1212 and Pb-3212 samples, respectively.

Microstructure of TiC/Nb-Ni Cermets Cladding Layer

2010 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 92-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Yi Wang ◽  
Zong De Liu ◽  
Li Ping Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometer ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Ceramic Particle ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cladding Layer ◽  
Nb Addition ◽  
Nb Additions ◽  
Different Parts

This paper reports an investigation of the effect of Nb additions on the microstructure of TiC–Ni cermets, which is prepared by plasma cladding technique. The composition of the cermets cladding layer was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) in combination with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out for phase identification. The microstructure has a trend to become finer with the increase of Nb additions, however, when the Nb addition goes to 15 wt%, the ceramic particles become much bigger and cause large amounts of cracks. Then the component variation of different parts of the ceramic particle was analyzed using the EDS, and explained the reason of the variation and why the rim structure wasn't formed.

Enhancing Electroconductivity of Yytria-Stabilised Zirconia Ceramic Using Graphene Platlets

2016 ◽  
Vol 690 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalaimani Markandan ◽  
Jit Kai Chin ◽  
Michelle T.T. Tan
Keyword(s):  
Ceramic Composite ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Zirconia Ceramic ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sintered Composite ◽  
A Value ◽  
Diffraction Peaks ◽  
Xrd Patterns

A simple method to produce graphene-Yytria stabilised zirconia (YSZ) ceramic composite with significant improvement in electrical properties is reported here. The material was consolidated by annealing in presence of Argon gas that allowed densification of the ceramics. A detailed x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to study the phases and crystallinity of graphene-YSZ ceramic composite. XRD patterns of the sintered composite showed that graphene diffraction peaks were detected at 2θ≈27°. Furthermore, experimental results indicate that electrical conductivity of YSZ composites drastically increased with the addition of graphene platelets, and it reached a value of 2.8 S/cm at 2 wt.%.

scholarly journals Synchrotron microanalytical methods in the study of trace and minor elements in apatite

Mineralogia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Rakovan ◽  
Yun Luo ◽  
Olaf Borkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Edge Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Minor Elements ◽  
Trace And Minor Elements ◽  
X Ray Absorption

Synchrotron microanalytical methods in the study of trace and minor elements in apatiteSynchrotron X-ray facilities have the capability for numerous microanalytical methods with spatial resolutions in the micron to submicron range and sensitivities as low as ppm to ppb. These capabilities are the result of a high X-ray brilliance (many orders of magnitude greater than standard tube and rotating anode sources); a continuous, or white, spectrum through the hard X-ray region; high degrees of X-ray columniation and polarization; and new developments in X-ray focusing methods. The high photon flux and pulsed nature of the source also allow for rapid data collection and high temporal resolution in certain experiments. Of particular interest to geoscientists are X-ray fluorescence microprobes which allow for numerous analytical techniques including X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of trace element concentrations and distributions; X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) for chemical speciation, structural and oxidation state information; X-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase identification; and fluorescence microtomography (CMT) for mapping the internal structure of porous or composite materials as well as elemental distributions (Newville et al. 1999; Sutton et al. 2002; Sutton et al. 2004).We have employed several synchrotron based microanalytical methods including XRF, microEXAFS (Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure), microXANES (X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure) and CMT for the study of minor and trace elements in apatite (and other minerals). We have also been conducting time resolved X-ray diffraction to study nucleation of and phase transformations among precursor phases in the formation of apatite from solution at earth surface conditions. Summaries of these studies are given to exemplify the capabilities of synchrotron microanalytical techniques.

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