scholarly journals The effect of education and sporting experience of iranian premier league football players on their awareness of sports law

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (32) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Mahdi Azimi ◽  
Seyed Amir Reza Hosseinipour Rafsanjani ◽  
Mona Torkaman
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Percent Level ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Pearson Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Sports Law ◽  
Premier League ◽  
History Of ◽  
Kendall Correlation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between education and athletic background of Premier League football players on their awareness of sports Law. In this study, descriptive-analytical method and Spearman correlation coefficient were used. Ninety-five percent level was used as the criterion for rejecting the hypothesis. Questionnaires about variables were used to identify the sample group and the main questions about players' legal awareness were used for data collection. The results showed that Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.107, Spearman correlation coefficient was 0.204 and Kendall correlation coefficient was 0.139 and significant was 0.88. There is no relationship between awareness of sports law and the history of sports in the Premier League. Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.388, Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.204 and Kendall correlation coefficient of 0.139 and significant value of 0.001 indicated that there is a relationship between sport legal awareness and education of the Iranian Premier League players.

scholarly journals Methods of Estimating Correlation Coefficients in the Presence of Influential Outlier(s)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-185
Author(s):  
Etaga H.O. ◽  
Okoro I. ◽  
Aforka K.F. ◽  
Ngonadi L.O.
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Pearson Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Correlation Methods ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Median Correlation ◽  
Standing Problem ◽  
Research Analysis

Correlation methods are indispensable in the study of the linear relationship between two variables. However, many researchers often adopt inappropriate correlation methods in the study of linear relationships which usually leads to unreliable results. Recurrently, most researchers ignorantly employ the Pearson method in a dataset that contained outliers, instead of more appropriate correlation methods such as Spearman, Kendall Tau, Median and Quadrant which might be suitable in the calculation of correlation coefficient in the presence of influential outliers. It is noted that the accuracy of estimation of correlation coefficients under outliers has been a long-standing problem for methodological researchers. This is due to low knowledge of correlation methods and their assumptions which have led to inappropriate application of correlation methods in research analysis. Five different methods of estimating correlation coefficients in the presence of influential outlier (contaminated data) were considered: Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Spearman Correlation Coefficient, Kendall Tau Correlation Coefficient, Median Correlation Coefficient and Quadrant Correlation Coefficient.

scholarly journals Relation between serum vitamin B12 level and duration of treatment with carbamazepine in epilepsy patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Mohammad Tariqul Islam ◽  
Khair M. Sobhan ◽  
Mahjabin Rahman Shawly ◽  
Shafiqur Saleheen ◽  
Mohammad Masum Emran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Pearson Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Epileptic Patients ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean

<p class="Abstract">Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> levels in the serum of 58 epileptic patients receiving only carbamazepine for at least 6 months were measured. Same number of epilepsy patients with no history of taking antiepileptic medicine were taken as control. The mean level of vitamin B<sub>12</sub> in carbamazepine-treated epileptic patients was 265.5 pg/mL whereas it was 478.3 pg/mL in control. Increased duration of treatment of carbamazepine in epilepsy caused significantly decreased level of serum vitamin B<sub>12 </sub>(Pearson correlation coefficient, r = -0.9, p&lt;0.0001). In conclusion, serum vitamin B<sub>12</sub> level significantly decreased in relation to duration of carbamazepine treatment in epileptic patients.</p>

scholarly journals Real-time Prediction of the Daily Incidence of COVID-19 in 215 Countries and Territories Using Machine Learning: Model Development and Validation (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Peng ◽  
Xinjian Chen ◽  
Yibiao Rong ◽  
Chi Pui Pang ◽  
Xinjian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Google Trends ◽  
Pearson Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Time Prediction ◽  
Search Volume ◽  
The Mean

BACKGROUND Advanced prediction of the daily incidence of COVID-19 can aid policy making on the prevention of disease spread, which can profoundly affect people's livelihood. In previous studies, predictions were investigated for single or several countries and territories. OBJECTIVE We aimed to develop models that can be applied for real-time prediction of COVID-19 activity in all individual countries and territories worldwide. METHODS Data of the previous daily incidence and infoveillance data (search volume data via Google Trends) from 215 individual countries and territories were collected. A random forest regression algorithm was used to train models to predict the daily new confirmed cases 7 days ahead. Several methods were used to optimize the models, including clustering the countries and territories, selecting features according to the importance scores, performing multiple-step forecasting, and upgrading the models at regular intervals. The performance of the models was assessed using the mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), Pearson correlation coefficient, and Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS Our models can accurately predict the daily new confirmed cases of COVID-19 in most countries and territories. Of the 215 countries and territories under study, 198 (92.1%) had MAEs &lt;10 and 187 (87.0%) had Pearson correlation coefficients &gt;0.8. For the 215 countries and territories, the mean MAE was 5.42 (range 0.26-15.32), the mean RMSE was 9.27 (range 1.81-24.40), the mean Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.89 (range 0.08-0.99), and the mean Spearman correlation coefficient was 0.84 (range 0.2-1.00). CONCLUSIONS By integrating previous incidence and Google Trends data, our machine learning algorithm was able to predict the incidence of COVID-19 in most individual countries and territories accurately 7 days ahead.

Single- versus multiple-item assessment of quality of life in patients with advanced cancer

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e20528-e20528
Author(s):  
S. H. Bush ◽  
H. A. Parsons ◽  
J. L. Palmer ◽  
R. Chacko ◽  
Z. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Pearson Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Symptom Intensity

e20528 Background: The main objective of palliative cancer care is to improve quality of life (QOL). As multiple dimensions impact on the construct of QOL, multi-dimensional instruments are usually used in its measurement. These are time consuming and burdensome for repeated use. Recent authors have suggested that brief single-item global assessments can provide a reliable measure of QOL. We assessed the performance of the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System ‘feeling of well-being’ item (ESAS WB) using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - General (FACT-G) instrument as a gold standard. Methods: After obtaining IRB approval, we reviewed the data from 213 advanced cancer patients who had participated in six studies from March 2006 to June 2008 and determined the level of association between baseline ESAS WB and FACT-G total score and subscale domains (Physical (Pwb), Social/Family (Swb), Emotional (Ewb), and Functional (Fwb) Well-Being) and also the 9 ESAS symptom intensity scores using Spearman correlation coefficients. We also calculated the change between the baseline (T1) and second (T2) observations of ESAS WB and of FACT-G total score and determined their level of association using a Pearson correlation coefficient. In addition, we predicted the change in FACT-G as predicted by the change in ESAS WB score using regression analysis. Results: Mean age was 60 (SD 12) years and 48% were female. At T1, the Spearman correlation coefficient of ESAS WB and FACT-G was -0.48 (p<0.0001). Spearman correlation coefficients for ESAS WB and FACT-G subscale domains and ESAS symptom intensity scores were also highly significant (p<0.0001) for all physical and emotional symptoms (other than p=0.003 for nausea) except for FACT Swb (p=0.08). The Pearson correlation coefficient for difference between T1 and T2 in ESAS WB and FACT-G for 146 patients was -0.36 (p<0.0001). The regression analysis was highly significant (p<0.0001). The change in ESAS WB corresponding to FACT-G published minimally important difference (MID) was -0.24 for 3, -1.55 for 5, and -2.87 for 7, respectively. Conclusions: ESAS WB is a practical instrument for clinical use and best reflects the Pwb, Ewb and Fwb domains of FACT-G as compared to Swb. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

The Expression of GATA-3 and FoxP3 Genes and the Frequency of Tregs Are Correlated with Gvhd Following Allogeneic HSCT

Blood ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 116 (21) ◽  
pp. 5181-5181
Author(s):  
Xiuli Wu ◽  
Qifa Liu ◽  
Can Liu ◽  
Zhiping Fan ◽  
Li Xuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Pearson Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Genes Expression ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

Abstract Abstract 5181 Objective Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a common therapeutic option for leukemia, but its use is limited by mortality due to graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD). Naturally occurring regulatory T cells (Tregs) are mediators of immunologic tolerance that attenuate GVHD in experimental models. Tregs were first defined by a CD4+CD25+ phenotype, but subsequent studies identified forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) as a highly specific marker in both mouse and human T cells with regulatory function. GATA-3 is a member of the GATA family of transcription factors, and is sufficient to induce a Th2 phenotype. GATA-3 could act as an inhibitor of FoxP3 expression in early T cell differentiation was found in transgenic mice model recently. But whether GATA-3 expression could correlate with GVHD incidence, or whether GATA-3 could influence Tregs recovery and contribute to the development of GVHD are still not clear. So we investigated the frequency of Tregs in the early period after HSCT and at the time of GVHD onset, and quantitatively measured the expression of GATA-3 and FoxP3 at GVHD onset for analyzing the correlation to the development of GVHD. Methods Sixty-seven leukemia patients underwent allogenic (allo-) HSCT were enrolled in this investigation, including 45 males and 22 females (median age: 32.3 years, range 21≂f45). Fourteen healthy individuals (7 males and 7 females, median age: 30.3 years, range 26≂f40) served as controls. Frequencies of T lymphocyte subsets were determined by flow cytometry. The expression levels of human FoxP3 and GATA-3 genes were determined by real-time quantitative PCR with SYBR Green I technique. Results The frequencies of CD4+ CD25+ T cells were lower at week 4 post-HSCT, but significant higher after week 4 and lower again after week 8 (P=0.000). The frequencies of FoxP3+ T cells were also lower at week 4 and remained low levels within 12 weeks after HSCT. As early as 4 to 8 weeks after HSCT, the frequencies of CD4+ FoxP3+ T cells were lower than that of week 4 (P=0.048), but the frequencies of CD25+ FoxP3+ T cells were higher than that of week 4 (P=0.022). Frequencies of CD4+ CD25+ cells in patients at GVHD onset were similar in patients without GVHD (P=0.262) or healthy individuals (P=0.166). But the frequencies of FoxP3+ cells, FoxP3+ CD25+ cells and FoxP3+ CD4+ cells in patients at GVHD onset were significantly lower than that in patients without GVHD (P=0.000, 0.004, and 0.001). The FoxP3 gene expression levels in patients at GVHD onset were significantly lower than that in patients without GVHD (P=0.044), but the GATA-3 gene expression levels were significantly higher in patients at GVHD onset compared to patients without GVHD (P=0.005). The FoxP3 gene expression levels in patients at aGVHD onset were significantly higher than that in patients at cGVHD onset (P=0.038), but the GATA-3 gene expression levels were significantly lower in patients at aGVHD onset compared to patients at cGVHD onset (P=0.004). A highly significant correlation between FoxP3 and GATA-3 genes expression levels existed in healthy individuals (Spearman correlation coefficient r=-0.893, P=0.007). Correlations between FoxP3 and GATA-3 genes expression levels were also significant in patients at aGVHD onset (Pearson correlation coefficient r=0.749, P=0.020) or cGVHD onset (Pearson correlation coefficient r=0.538, P=0.071) or in GVHD (Spearman correlation coefficient r=0.370, P=0.090). But there is no significant correlation between FoxP3 and GATA-3 genes expression levels in patients without GVHD (Pearson correlation coefficient r=-0.141, P=0.821). Conclusions GATA-3 and FoxP3 genes expression and the frequency of Tregs are correlated with GVHD following allogeneic HSCT. GATA-3 can influence the expression of FoxP3 in the development of GVHD. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(30971300), Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province of China (2009A030200007) and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (200902332, 20080440776). Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Relationship between Invasive and Non-Invasive Hemodynamic Measures in Experimental Pulmonary Hypertension

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
Vicente Benavides-Córdoba ◽  
Mauricio Palacios Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Right Ventricle ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Systolic Pressure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pearson Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Non Invasive

Introduction: Animal models have been used to understand the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension, to describe the mechanisms of action and to evaluate promising active ingredients. The monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension model is the most used animal model. In this model, invasive and non-invasive hemodynamic variables that resemble human measurements have been used. Aim: To define if non-invasive variables can predict hemodynamic measures in the monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension model. Materials and Methods: Twenty 6-week old male Wistar rats weighing between 250-300g from the bioterium of the Universidad del Valle (Cali - Colombia) were used in order to establish that the relationships between invasive and non-invasive variables are sustained in different conditions (healthy, hypertrophy and treated). The animals were organized into three groups, a control group who was given 0.9% saline solution subcutaneously (sc), a group with pulmonary hypertension induced with a single subcutaneous dose of Monocrotaline 30 mg/kg, and a group with pulmonary hypertension with 30 mg/kg of monocrotaline treated with Sildenafil. Right ventricle ejection fraction, heart rate, right ventricle systolic pressure and the extent of hypertrophy were measured. The functional relation between any two variables was evaluated by the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: It was found that all correlations were statistically significant (p <0.01). The strongest correlation was the inverse one between the RVEF and the Fulton index (r = -0.82). The Fulton index also had a strong correlation with the RVSP (r = 0.79). The Pearson correlation coefficient between the RVEF and the RVSP was -0.81, meaning that the higher the systolic pressure in the right ventricle, the lower the ejection fraction value. Heart rate was significantly correlated to the other three variables studied, although with relatively low correlation. Conclusion: The correlations obtained in this study indicate that the parameters evaluated in the research related to experimental pulmonary hypertension correlate adequately and that the measurements that are currently made are adequate and consistent with each other, that is, they have good predictive capacity.

scholarly journals Bed-Based Ballistocardiography: Dataset and Ability to Track Cardiovascular Parameters

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Charles Carlson ◽  
Vanessa-Rose Turpin ◽  
Ahmad Suliman ◽  
Carl Ade ◽  
Steve Warren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Pearson Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Medical Systems ◽  
Cardiovascular Parameters

Background: The goal of this work was to create a sharable dataset of heart-driven signals, including ballistocardiograms (BCGs) and time-aligned electrocardiograms (ECGs), photoplethysmograms (PPGs), and blood pressure waveforms. Methods: A custom, bed-based ballistocardiographic system is described in detail. Affiliated cardiopulmonary signals are acquired using a GE Datex CardioCap 5 patient monitor (which collects ECG and PPG data) and a Finapres Medical Systems Finometer PRO (which provides continuous reconstructed brachial artery pressure waveforms and derived cardiovascular parameters). Results: Data were collected from 40 participants, 4 of whom had been or were currently diagnosed with a heart condition at the time they enrolled in the study. An investigation revealed that features extracted from a BCG could be used to track changes in systolic blood pressure (Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.54 +/− 0.15), dP/dtmax (Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.51 +/− 0.18), and stroke volume (Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.54 +/− 0.17). Conclusion: A collection of synchronized, heart-driven signals, including BCGs, ECGs, PPGs, and blood pressure waveforms, was acquired and made publicly available. An initial study indicated that bed-based ballistocardiography can be used to track beat-to-beat changes in systolic blood pressure and stroke volume. Significance: To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no other database that includes time-aligned ECG, PPG, BCG, and continuous blood pressure data is available to the public. This dataset could be used by other researchers for algorithm testing and development in this fast-growing field of health assessment, without requiring these individuals to invest considerable time and resources into hardware development and data collection.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Dissimilarities of EDI and SPI Measures for Drought Determination in South Africa

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Omolola M. Adisa ◽  
Muthoni Masinde ◽  
Joel O. Botai
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Standardized Precipitation Index ◽  
Drought Monitoring ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Pearson Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Drought Duration

This study examines the (dis)similarity of two commonly used indices Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) computed over accumulation periods 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month (hereafter SPI-1, SPI-3, SPI-6, and SPI-12, respectively) and Effective Drought Index (EDI). The analysis is based on two drought monitoring indicators (derived from SPI and EDI), namely, the Drought Duration (DD) and Drought Severity (DS) across the 93 South African Weather Service’s delineated rainfall districts over South Africa from 1980 to 2019. In the study, the Pearson correlation coefficient dissimilarity and periodogram dissimilarity estimates were used. The results indicate a positive correlation for the Pearson correlation coefficient dissimilarity and a positive value for periodogram of dissimilarity in both the DD and DS. With the Pearson correlation coefficient dissimilarity, the study demonstrates that the values of the SPI-1/EDI pair and the SPI-3/EDI pair exhibit the highest similar values for DD, while the SPI-6/EDI pair shows the highest similar values for DS. Moreover, dissimilarities are more obvious in SPI-12/EDI pair for DD and DS. When a periodogram of dissimilarity is used, the values of the SPI-1/EDI pair and SPI-6/EDI pair exhibit the highest similar values for DD, while SPI-1/EDI displayed the highest similar values for DS. Overall, the two measures show that the highest similarity is obtained in the SPI-1/EDI pair for DS. The results obtainable in this study contribute towards an in-depth knowledge of deviation between the EDI and SPI values for South Africa, depicting that these two drought indices values are replaceable in some rainfall districts of South Africa for drought monitoring and prediction, and this is a step towards the selection of the appropriate drought indices.

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