scholarly journals Distribution and length-weight relationships of Hilsa shad Tenualosa ilisha in the Bilah River, Labuhanbatu Regency, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rusdi Machrizal ◽  
Khairul Khairul ◽  
Juliana Nasution ◽  
Rivo H. Dimenta ◽  
Arman Harahap
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
A Value ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Tenualosa Ilisha ◽  
Morisita Index ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Relationship Of

Hilsa shad Tenualosa ilishais of the indigenous fish species and the icon of the Labuhanbatu Regency, Indonesia. Presently, a very limited study was done in this species. Hence, the purpose of this study was to analyse the distribution and growth patterns based on the length-weight relationship of Hilsa shad T. ilishaon Bilah River, Labuhanbatu District, Sumatera Utara Province, Indonesia. Sampling was carried out for 3 months starting in February-April 2019 with the exploration method. Determination of sampling locations based on information from local fishermen. Analysis of distribution data used the Morisita index and growth patterns used the Linear Allometric Model (LAM). The analysis results of Hilsa shad distribution indicated that these fish were distributed in groups/clustered with the Morisita index value of 2.211-2.314. The growth pattern of the fish was negative allometric with a value of b3. Correlation analysis showed that DO was closely related to distribution (r2=0.661), meanwhile, light penetration was closely related to growth patterns (r2=0.914). It is concluded that the distribution of Hilsa shad fish in the Bilah River was in groups or clustered, with a negative allometric growth pattern. Keywords: Hilsa Shad, distribution, growth pattern, Tenualosa ilisha

scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHIP OF NITRATE AND PHOSPHATE WITH ABUNDANCE OF EPIPELIC IN THE WATERS OF SUNGAITOHOR VILLAGE, REGENCY OF MERANTI ISLANDS, RIAU PROVINCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-235
Author(s):  
Ongki Okto Beranda ◽  
Bintal Amin ◽  
Sofyan Husein Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Dominance Index ◽  
Average Value ◽  
A Value ◽  
Epipelic Diatoms ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The study was conducted in August-October 2019. Aims to determine theconcentration of nitrate, phosphate, uniformity index, diversity and index of dominancy,abundance of epipelic diatoms and know the relationship between nitrate,phosphate and epipelic abundance diatoms in the water area of Sungaitohor DesaMeranti of Riau Islands district. The method used in this research is a surveymethod consisting of 4 research stations. Location of observation and sampling is in the waters of Muara Sungaitohor Kabupaten Meranti Islands. Basedon the results of this study of nitrateconcentrations in the waters of Sungaitohor Bekisar village 0,068-0,092 mg/l, phosphate concentrations ranged0,097-0,220 mg/L. The Epipelic diatom found in the water area of Sungaitohorvillage amounted to 14 types. As for the abundance of type diatomsepipelics ranged from 27,531.72– 40,531.72 ind/cm2. From theCalculation of the community structure diatoms epipelic obtained diversityindex value (H ') which indicates a low index value of h ' has a value of2.7527 and is at a range of 1 ≤ H ' ≤ 3. The uniformity index (E) indicatesthat an epipelic spread is not balanced with an average value of 0.3643uniformity and is at a range of value ≤ 0.5. Meanwhile, the Dominance index (D)shows the value of 0.1704 where the value of the area in the waters ofSungaitohor village does not dominate. The relationship of abundance ofepipelic diatoms with the concentration of nitrate is positive and very weak,with a correlation coefficient of R = 0.0030. While the relationship ofAbundance diatomic epipelic relationship with phosphate concentrations isnegative and weak, with a correlation coefficient r = 0.262. Abundance ofdiatomic epipelics is directly proportional to the concentration of nitrate andinversely proportional to phosphate concentrations

scholarly journals Ecological Parameters as the Basis of Bivalvia Management in the Peace Ecosystem in Ponelo District, Islands North Gorontalo District

2020 ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Riskawati Nento ◽  
Hasim Hasim ◽  
Ramli Ramli
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Observation Point ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Thalassia Hemprichii ◽  
A Value ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Seagrass Ecosystems ◽  
Ecological Parameters ◽  
Index Value

Ponelo Islands is an important area to be developed with the economic potential of fisheries and marine resources. This research was conducted in May-September 2019 aimed to find out Ecological Parameters as the Basis of Bivalvia Management in Seagrass Ecosystems. The sampling method is done by using the method used in determining the observation point is the linear quadratic transect method with sampling bivalves determined intentionally with a systematic perpendicular direction using a transect measuring 1x1 m. All bivalves contained in transects / quadrants are counted and identified. The sampling locations were divided into 4 (four) stations, namely Station I (Otiola Village), Station II (Ponelo Village), Station III (Malambe Village), and Station IV (Tihengo Village). Observations at the study site found several types of seagrass ecosystems including Enhalus acoroides, Halodule pinifolia, Thalassia hemprichii, and Cymodocea raotundata. Furthermore, 8 (eight) types of bivalves were found which were divided into 4 (four) stations in Ponelo Islands, namely Isognomon isognomum, Pinna muricata, Semele crenulata, Tellina virgata, Trachycardium subrugosum, Spondylus tenellus, Tapes sulcarius, Anadara pilula. The highest abundance index value is Tellina virgata found in Otiola Village with a value of 77.78%. The dominance index value for the highest is in Ponelo Village with a value of 0.88 in the high category. diversity index (D') with a value of 0.63 found in the medium category Malambe village. Keywords: Bivalvia, Seagrass, Abundance, Dominance, Diversity

scholarly journals Hubungan Antara Hardiness Dengan Burnout Pada Santri Pondok Pesantren Persatuan Islam Putra Bangil

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Abd. Rochman Fahmi ◽  
Widyastuti Widyastuti
Keyword(s):  
External Factors ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
A Value ◽  
Simple Regression Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Correlational ◽  
Correlational Method ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Effective Contribution

<p>Density of boarding activities demanding students to do more intense routines. These routines can be a pressure for students that experienced mental fatigue of Burnout. Burnout can be affected by external factors or internals. Internals factors become very important because individual assessnebt against external factors depend on its internal factors. The method of this research is quantitative correlational by using the boarding school’s students as subjects. Determination of the subject use proporsionate stratified random sampling. The method of data collection is spread  the questioner wich contain Hardiness and Burnout scale based on aspects of each variables. This research analyze the relationship of Hardiness as internal factor with Burnout on boarding school’s students. This research use quantitative correlational method with a scale of Hardiness and Burnout that distribute on 97 boarding school’s students. The result of this research are calculated using the correlational product moment, then obtained a very  significant result with a value of correlational is – 0,714. Based on the result , the correlation between Hardiness and Bunrout has proven with a negative direction of hypothesis. Based on simple regression analysis on the results, obtained F of 92,664 with sig = 0.000 which sig &lt;0.05. The effective contribution of Hardiness against Burnout is 50.5%, the meaning there is still a 49.5% chance of Burnout is affected by other variables.<strong></strong></p>

scholarly journals Pola Pertumbuhan Ikan Pari Kemejan (Rhynchobatus springeri) yang Didaratkan di Kubu Raya, Kalimantan Barat

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
Fitra Wira Hadinata Hadinata ◽  
Sri Rahayu ◽  
Fitri Nurleha ◽  
Kezia Gloria A.R. ◽  
Benaya M.S.
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
B Value ◽  
Female Fish ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Length Growth ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
A Value ◽  
Relationship Of

The whitespotted guitarfish (Rhyncobatus Springeri) resource is an important commodity and has high economic value. This study aims to determine the growth pattern of whitespotted guitarfish landed in the PPI Sungai Kakap. This research was conducted at the PPI Sungai Kakap, Sungai Kakap District, Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan Province in July and August 2019. Data was collected by observation, surveys, and interviews. Data analysis of sex ratios, length, and weight was carried out on samples of whitespotted guitarfish. The results of the analysis of the sex ratio of male and female whitespotted guitarfish were 1.00:1.44, this shows that the number of male fish caught is relatively equal to the number of female fish caught. The results of the analysis of the length and weight relationship of whitespotted guitarfish, the a value is 20.643 and the b value is 0.6770. That value represents a negative allometric growth pattern for male and female fish. The negative allometrics explain that the length growth is faster than the weight growth. Generally, the increase of the length and weight is equal, but the whitespotted guitarfish has length growth faster than weight growth

scholarly journals Analysis of Heavy Metal Distribution in Regional Sediments Batang Ayumi River Flow

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-138
Author(s):  
Fatma Suryani Harahap ◽  
Adi Syaputra
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Test Results ◽  
A Value ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Test Result

The presence of heavy metals in waters can be sourced from mining, household, agricultural waste and industrial wastes. Some heavy metals are toxic such as Cu, Hg, and Pb can accumulate in aquatic sediments. Sediments that are contaminated with heavy metals will endanger the organisms that live in them. This research aims to identify the concentrations of heavy metals Cu, Hg, and Pb in sediments in the Batang Ayumi River. This research uses a descriptive exploratory method by conducting a survey in advance. Determination of sampling locations using purposive sampling method at four determined stations. This research uses an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Data analysis was performed by comparing the test result data with the quality standards issued by the IADC / CEDA. The test results show that the concentration of Cu, Hg and Pb in the sediment has a value smaller than the target level value, so the substance in the sediment is not too dangerous for the environment.

scholarly journals Pola Pertumbuhan Siput Gonggong Strombus turturella, Röding, 1798 (Gastropoda: Strombidae) di Pulau Bangka, Bangka Belitung

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Okto Supratman ◽  
Indah Auliana ◽  
Mualimah Hudatwi ◽  
Eva Utami
Keyword(s):  
Growth Model ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
First Year ◽  
Von Bertalanffy ◽  
Allometric Growth ◽  
A Value ◽  
One Year

Strombus turturella on Bangka Island is under pressure and threatens the effects of anthropogenic activity. This condition is necessary to carry out various efforts to manage the dog conch on an ongoing basis. Based on these problems, it is necessary to conduct research related to various parameters of the growth of the dog conch on Bangka Island. The purpose of the study was to determine the growth parameters of the dog conch which included growth patterns, estimation of growth model von bertalanffy and length-weight relationship. The research was carried out in several stages, namely: 1) Sampling in the field conducted in Teluk Kelabat waters, Ketawai Island and Anak Air Island, 2) Measurement of shell length and weight, and 3) Analysis of growth parameters using the FiSAT II application, then estimated von Bertalanffy's growth. The results of the frequency distribution of the size of the gonggong snail class in Teluk Kelabat were 47.85- 66.35 mm, on Ketawai Island 44.10-77.45 mm, while those on Anak Air Island were 44.10-62.65 mm. The results of Von Bertalanffy's growth model in the first year or age of one year growth accelerated with the length of the shell in Teluk Kelabat (44.46 mm), Ketawai Island (46.63 mm) and Pulau Anak Air (32, 80 mm). Then in the following year the growth slowed down to asymptotic length with around 11 years of age in T. Kelabat, 14 years in P. Ketawai and 15 years in P. Anak Air. The relationship between the length and weight of the dog conch in three locations on Bangka Island with a value of b <3 so that a negative allometric growth pattern can be determined. The negative allometric growth pattern shows an increase in the length of the snail bark faster than the weight gain. Siput gonggong (Strombus turturella) di Pulau Bangka mengalami tekanan dan ancaman dampak dari aktivitas antropogenik. Kondisi ini maka perlu dilakukan berbagai upaya pengelolaan siput gonggong secara berkelanjutan. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut maka perlu dilakukan penelitian berkaitan berbagai parameter pertumbuhan siput siput gonggong di Pulau Bangka.  Tujuan penelitian yaitu menentukan beberapa parameter pertumbuhan siput gonggong yang meliputi distribusi kelas ukuran, pendugaan model pertumbuhan von bertalanffy dan hubungan panjang berat. Penelitian dilakukan beberapa tahapan yaitu 1) Pengambilan sampel di lapangan yang dilakukan di Perairan Teluk Kelabat, Pulau Ketawai dan Pulau Anak Air, 2) Pengukuran panjang cangkang dan berat, dan 3) Analisis parameter pertumbuhan dengan menggunakan aplikasi FiSAT II, selanjutnya dihitung pendugaan pertumbuhan von Bertalanffy. Hasil distribusi frekuensi kelas ukuran siput gonggong di Teluk Kelabat yaitu 47.85 mm s.d 66.35 mm, di Pulau Ketawai 44.10 mm s.d 77.45 mm, sedangkan di Pulau Anak Air yaitu 44.10 mm s.d 62.65 mm. Hasil model pertumbuhan Von Bertalanffy pada tahun pertama atau umur satu tahun pertumbuhan mengalami percepatan dengan panjang cangkang di Teluk Kelabat (44,46 mm), Pulau Ketawai (46,63) dan Pulau Anak Air (32, 80) mm. Kemudian pada tahun selanjutnya pertumbuhan semakin melambat sampai mecapai panjang asimtotik dengan umur sekitar 11 tahun di T. Kelabat, 14 tahun di P. Ketawai dan 15 tahun di P. Anak Air. Hubungan panjang dan berat siput gonggong di tiga lokasi di Pulau Bangka dengan nilai b < 3 sehingga dapat ditentukan pola pertumbuhan alometrik negatif. Pola pertumbuhan alometrik negatif  menunjukan pertambahan panjang siput gonggong lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan pertambahan berat.

scholarly journals Evaluation in Arch Width Variations among Different Skeletal Patterns in District Solan Population

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (02/03) ◽  
pp. 112-117
Author(s):  
Isha Aggarwal ◽  
Sumit Chhatwalia ◽  
Sanjay Mittal ◽  
Mandeep Bhullar ◽  
Divya Singla
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Dental Arch ◽  
Facial Growth ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Arch Width ◽  
Group I ◽  
Lateral Cephalograms ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Alveolar Arch

Abstract Introduction The facial growth pattern differs from individual to individual, and the variations in it are quite high. The assessment of relationship of dental arch dimensions with the facial growth pattern is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment planning. Aim The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the dental and alveolar arch widths in patients with varying facial growth patterns in Distt. Solan population. Materials and Methods Pretreatment lateral cephalograms and dental study models of 45 patients with age group between 16 and 30 years were included in the study. Patients were divided into three groups: group I (normodivergent), group II (hypodivergent), and group III (hyperdivergent) on the basis of y-axis, Jarabak ratio, and SN-MP (Sella-Nasion–mandibular plane) angle. Interpremolar and intermolar dental and alveolar arch widths were measured and compared for all the three groups. Results The results showed that the dental and alveolar arch widths were increased in hypodivergent patients and decreased in hyperdivergent patients, which was not statistically significant. Conclusion It was concluded that the dental and alveolar arch dimensions increased as the facial pattern became horizontal.

scholarly journals Otolith And Growth Pattern Layang Fish, Decapterus Muroadsi Temminck & Schlegel, 1844 In Manado Bay

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Yulianti Umar ◽  
Fransine B. Manginsela ◽  
Ruddy D. Moningkey
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Body Height ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Fish ◽  
Total Length ◽  
A Value ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this research is to know the distribution of the size of Decapterus muroadsi, to describe otolit that is otolith length (Po), width otolith (Lo), perimeter / otolith circumference (Ko), otolith area (Ao), and determine the relationship of total length and body weight of fish kite Decapterus muroadsi in Manado Bay. The sampling was conducted in August - December 2017 of the gliders obtained during the study of 135 individuals in which males were 87 individuals and 48 female individuals. Distribution of the total length of the globe and the body height of the globe fish 190 mm - 225 mm, weighs 63 grams - 154 grams, the female fish has a total length of 205 mm - 250 mm, and weighst 88 grams - 159 grams. To know the morphometric perimeter otolith left and right perimeter otolith fish taken to be taken as otolith samples of male fish (15 individuals) and females (15 individuals). The results of the comparison analysis were found for the left and right otolith of male trooper with otolith length (Po) 0.796, perimeterr / otolith circumference (Ko) 0.621, and otolith area (Ao) 0.268 and females with 0.027 otolith (Po) 0.057, perimeter / otolith (Ko) 0.231, and otolith area (Ao) 0.858, males and females did not differ significantly between left otolith and right otolite where t-hit <from t-table as for otolith (O2) 2,371 and otolith otolith otolith (Lo) 2,952 differs markedly where t-hit> from t-table. Kites, Decapterus muroadsi used as a sample in the study were 135 individuals divided into 3 parts, namely males and females and combined (males and females). Based on the result of growth pattern analysis on the value of the fish b of the Decapterus muroadsi male has t-hit> t-table (4E - 06> 1,998) and mixed (and female) have t-hit> t-table (4E-06 - 1,997) Therefore H1 is accepted as (allometric) and females have t-hit <t-table (3E-O6-1,679) has a value b where hypothesis H1 is accepted as isometric. Keywords: Decapterus muroadsi, Describing, Otolith, male, females ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sebaran ukuran ikan layang Decapterus muroadsi, mendeskripsikan otolit yakni panjang otolit (Po), lebar otolit (Lo), perimeter/keliling otolit (Ko), area otolit (Ao), dan menentukan hubungan panjang total dan berat tubuh ikan layang Decapterus muroadsi di Teluk Manado. Pengambilan sampel  ini dilakukan pada bulan Agustus – Desember 2017 ikan layang yang di peroleh selama penelitian sebanyak 135 individu di mana jantan 87 individu dan betina 48 individu. Sebaran ukuran panjang total ikan layang dan berat tubuh ikan layang jantan 190 mm – 225 mm, berat 63 gram – 154 gram, ikan layang betina memiliki panjang total 205 mm – 250 mm, dan berat 88 gram – 159 gram, Untuk mengetahui perimeter morfometrik otolit kiri dan kanan perimeter otolit ikan layang yang diambil untuk dijadikan sampel otolit ikan layang jantan berjumlah (15 individu) dan betina (15 individu). Hasil analisis perbandingan ternyata untuk otolit kiri dan kanan ikan layang jantan dengan Panjang otolit (Po) 0,796, perimeterr / keliling otolit (Ko) 0,621, dan  area otolit (Ao) 0,268 dan betina dengan Panjang otolit (Po) 0,057, perimeter/keliling otolit (Ko) 0,231, dan area otolit (Ao) 0,858, jantan dan betina tidak berbeda nyata antara otolit kiri dan otolit kanan di mana t-hit < dari t-tabel adapun untuk otolit jantan lebar otolit (Lo) 2,371 dan otolit betina  lebar otolit (Lo) 2,952 berbeda nyata di mana t-hit > dari t-tabel. Ikan layang, Decapterus muroadsi yang digunakan sebagai sampel dalam penelitian berjumlah 135 individu yang di bagi dalam 3 bagian yaitu jantan dan betina serta gabungan (jantan dan betina). Berdasarkan hasil analisis pola pertumbuhan terhadap nilai b ikan layang Decapterus muroadsi jantan memiliki t-hit> t-tabel (4E – 06 >1,998) serta campuran (jantan dan betina) memiliki t-hit> t-tabel (4E-06 – 1,997) Maka dari itu H1 di terima sebagai (allometrik) dan betina memiliki t-hit< t-tabel (3E-O6– 1,679) memiliki nilai b dimana hipotesis H1 diterima sebagai isometrik.Kata kunci : Decapterus muroadsi, mendeskripsikan, otolit, jantan, betina

scholarly journals Determination of temporal value of a-value and b-value to identify the level brittle of rock and seismic activity in the Palu region

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Afryanti Veronika Simangunsong ◽  
Ramadhan Priadi ◽  
Anak Agung Istri Dwilyantari ◽  
Agus Marsono
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Seismic Activity ◽  
B Value ◽  
B Values ◽  
A Value ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Resistance To Stress ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Earthquake Data

<span lang="EN-US">The Palu area is a region that has a high seismic potential as a result of the existence of the Palu Koro Fault. The Koro Palu Fault is an active sinistral fault that moves with velocity around 25-30 mm/year. This research purpose to determine the a-value and b-value temporally for identify rock brittle levels and seismicity levels in the Palu area using the Maximum Likelihood Guttenberg-Richter method. The data used in this study are earthquake data from the BMKG and USGS catalogs for 2008-2018 over a period of 10 years located at 0840 LU 40 2.620LS and 118,590 BT - 121.70 BT. Based on the results of data processing, there were 3033 earthquake distributions in the earthquake over a 10-year period. The calculation results show variations in the value of b-values in the range 0.55-0.961 and the a-value in the range 3.63-5.42. The highest b-value was obtained in 2015 at 0.961 as an indication of increased seismic activity in the Palu area. After the Palu M 7.4 earthquake on 28 September  2018, there was a significant decrease in the value of the b-value to 0.685. Based on the trend of b-value values which continued to decline from 2015 until 2018, it was identified in the rock's resistance to stress is high in the Palu area. Whereas for the seismicity index value of the Palu area of 0.040789 with the earthquake return period 7 is 25 years. </span>

scholarly journals Effects of Cervical Headgear on Overbite against the Background of Existing Growth Patterns

2007 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnim Godt ◽  
Matthias Kalwitzki ◽  
Gernot Göz
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Treatment Duration ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Open Bite ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Deep Bite ◽  
Lateral Cephalograms ◽  
Horizontal Growth ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstract Objective: To test the questions “Does cervical headgear treatment necessarily lead to a reduction of overbite?” and “Are there differences in treatment results due to different growth patterns or the initial overbite?” Materials and Methods: Initial and intermediary casts of 247 patients who had been treated exclusively with headgear were analyzed for changes in the occlusal relationship of the first molars and overbite. Orthodontic treatment consisted of the application of cervical headgear with nonangulated external arms applied at a force of 3.5–4.0 N. Only patients showing dental changes of occlusal relationship ≥4 mm during at least a 6-month treatment duration were selected. Growth patterns were identified by the y-axis values measured on lateral cephalograms obtained at study entry. Six groups were formed on the basis of these growth patterns. Results: Headgear treatment induced bite deepening in patients with vertical growth patterns and bite opening in patients with horizontal growth patterns. Further subdivision based on initial overbite revealed bite deepening in patients with small initial overbite and bite opening in patients with large initial overbite. These differences were statistically significant (P &lt; .05). Only minor changes were observed in patients with an initial overbite of 3–4 mm. Conclusions: Overbite reductions were not dependent on the growth pattern. Orthodontists should expect bite opening in deep-bite situations and bite deepening in open-bite situations. However, initial overbite situations of 3–4 mm should not be expected to change in a significant way.

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