scholarly journals The methods for the formation of optimal acoustic conditions for the transmission of speech content in small rooms

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Sergei Poroshin ◽  
Victoriya Usik ◽  
Ihor Bielikov
Keyword(s):  
Small Volume ◽  
Geometric Theory ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Surface Geometry ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Parallel Surfaces ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Glass Surfaces ◽  
Acoustic Conditions ◽  
Speech Content

The subject of research in the article is the methodology for the examination of small-volume premises with a predominance of speech content. The aim of the work is to analyze all stages of acoustic expertise for meeting rooms, conference rooms, press centers, to determine the volume and sequence of the stages, taking into account the specific restrictions and conditions that arise in small rooms. All stages of acoustic expertise are considered in the work on examples of real premises of meeting rooms, conference halls, press centers. The sequence of stages of the examination, when it was carried out for premises of small volumes, did not undergo any changes, compared to the sequence that is used for spectator halls. The main distinctive feature of the first stage of acoustic examination in small rooms with a predominance of speech content is the analysis of the structures of the reverberation process in listening places in order to identify the drawbacks of the formation of a diffuse field, instead of checking the geometry of the wall and ceiling panel walls using geometric theory. A feature of the second stage is the development of recommendations for improving the sound-absorbing properties of enclosing surfaces and eliminating the effect of multiple re-reflections of sound energy between parallel surfaces through the use of partial replacement of surface geometry, work with suspended ceiling structures and the use of sound-absorbing curtains (to correct the properties of glass surfaces). The third and fourth stages of the examination remained unchanged.

The Subject Matter of Intellectual Property

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine Pila
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Trade Mark ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Essential Properties ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Relationship

This book offers a study of the subject matter protected by each of the main intellectual property (IP) regimes. With a focus on European and UK law particularly, it considers the meaning of the terms used to denote the objects to which IP rights attach, such as ‘invention’, ‘authorial work’, ‘trade mark’, and ‘design’, with reference to the practice of legal officials and the nature of those objects specifically. To that end it proceeds in three stages. At the first stage, in Chapter 2, the nature, aims, and values of IP rights and systems are considered. As historically and currently conceived, IP rights are limited (and generally transferable) exclusionary rights that attach to certain intellectual creations, broadly conceived, and that serve a range of instrumentalist and deontological ends. At the second stage, in Chapter 3, a theoretical framework for thinking about IP subject matter is proposed with the assistance of certain devices from philosophy. That framework supports a paradigmatic conception of the objects protected by IP rights as artifact types distinguished by their properties and categorized accordingly. From this framework, four questions are derived concerning: the nature of the (categories of) subject matter denoted by the terms ‘invention’, ‘authorial work’, ‘trade mark’, ‘design’ etc, including their essential properties; the means by which each subject matter is individuated within the relevant IP regime; the relationship between each subject matter and its concrete instances; and the manner in which the existence of a subject matter and its concrete instances is known. That leaves the book’s final stage, in Chapters 3 to 7. Here legal officials’ use of the terms above, and understanding of the objects that they denote, are studied, and the results presented as answers to the four questions identified previously.

Critical Analysis of Methods for Assessing the Innovation Potential of an Enterprise

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
Mariya Podshivalova ◽  
S. Almrshed
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Innovation Potential ◽  
Economic Statistics ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Innovative Capacity

The starting point of research on assessing the innovative capacity of an enterprise is the question of definitions. In this regard, authors initially turned to review of scientific literature on the subject of definitions variety for the term "enterprise innovative capacity". These data show that the wording of this term by both foreign and Russian researchers differs significantly. Authors propose a systematization of approaches to the definition and a corresponding graphical classification model, which highlights the evolutionary, resource, functional and process approaches. Further, a critical analysis of approaches to assessing enterprise innovative capacity is carried out. At the first stage, the content of modern assessment methods was studied, and at the second stage, the mathematical tools used were studied. Authors have formed a graphical representation of critical analysis results and based on it, they have concluded that among the approaches to assessing enterprise innovative capacity, the evolutionary approach should be recognized as promising, and among the methods of quantitative assessment – tools of economic statistics.

scholarly journals ABOUT CAPITAL TURNOVER AND THE METHODOLOGY OF ITS ANALYSIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Rositsa Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Financial Risk ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Economic Practice ◽  
Tangible Assets ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Commodity Form

Capital turnover is constantly repeating process of capital transformation from one to another form and turning it in its initial form. This process comprises capital advance for acquisition of production means and manpower, the use of the resources in the production of finished goods, sale of finished goods, and the return of capital in its original form.We will study the capital turnover with view of the stages of its movement. During the first stage, the capital is transformed from monetary into product form, as production means (long-term tangible assets and material resources) and manpower that are required for the enterprise’s business. The second stage – the stage of the production process, capital is transformed from one commodity form (production resources) in another commodity form (finished goods). During the third stage, the capital is transformed from commodity to monetary form, i.e. it recovers its original form.The issue of capital turnover is topical at all phases and stages of enterprise’s development. The acceleration of capital turnover results in release of capital embodied in different resources that can be advanced in appropriate activities, thus to increase the enterprise’s gains, and therefore – the capital return. The deceleration of capital turnover results in shortage of means required for the normal course of the enterprise’s business, and in its turn the enterprise is thus forced to raise additional funds in order to operate. This increases the share of borrowings and the level of financial risk the enterprise is exposed to.The interest to capital turnover is due to the insufficient understanding of the importance of this issue both for the successful and efficient development of enterprises’ business, as well as for the prosperity of economy as a whole. This is one of the most important issues – driver of business and economy, which is topical, irrespective of the type of ownership of the production means, the organization of the economy and the specific public and political environment. As a result of the insufficient understanding of the importance and significance of capital turnover, some thoughts exist that these are obsolete, archaic and all but unnecessary methodologies for analysis of capital turnover in the conditions of market competition.Capital turnover may be analyzed and assessed from different points of view. For example: according to the sources of its formation (equity and borrowings); according to the duration of capital involvement in the enterprise’s turnover (fixed capital and short-term borrowings); according to the resources in which the equity is embodied (share equity and working equity), etc.The object studied in this publication is the capital turnover of enterprises with industrial principal business, and the subject matter of the study covers the methodology for analysis of equity turnover with view of the resources it is embodied in.The aim of this publication is to reach a methodology for analysis and assessment of equity turnover, which is feasible for the economic practice and useful for the industrial enterprises’ management to make proper and reasonable decisions for the business development in operational and strategic aspect.

Long-lasting depolarization of leech neurons mediated by receptors with a nicotinic binding site

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (12) ◽  
pp. 1895-1906
Author(s):  
L Szczupak ◽  
J Edgar ◽  
ML Peralta ◽  
WB Kristan
Keyword(s):  
Reversal Potential ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Muscarinic Agonists ◽  
Short Pulses ◽  
Bath Application ◽  
Pressure Pulses ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Retzius Cell ◽  
Early Phases ◽  
Cholinergic Response

The serotonergic Retzius neurons of the leech midbody ganglia respond in a complex manner to pressure pulses of acetylcholine (ACh) applied onto their soma with a fast depolarization followed by a slower hyperpolarization and an additional delayed long-lasting depolarization. The delayed depolarization is the subject of the present study. The delayed depolarization could be elicited by long (>1 s) ACh pressure pulses or by short pulses (10 ms) of carbachol, nicotine and DMPP, but not by muscarinic agonists. It was inhibited by bath application of nicotine (10-100 micromol l-1), strychnine (100 micromol l-1) and atropine (10-100 micromol l-1). Nicotinic antagonists that blocked the fast depolarization and the slow hyperpolarization (100 micromol l-1 mecamylamine and d-tubocurarine) did not affect the delayed depolarization induced by carbachol. Partial replacement of the extracellular Na+ by glucamine caused a decrease in the amplitude of the response and a shift of its reversal potential to more negative values. Carbachol pulses applied to Retzius neurons of the ganglia innervating the reproductive segments elicited delayed depolarizations of much smaller amplitude than the ones recorded in Retzius neurons from standard segments. The delayed depolarization could be elicited by the application of short agonist pulses onto different loci over the surface of the ganglion, at a distance from the soma. Isolated cultured Retzius neurons did not exhibit the delayed depolarization although they readily expressed the earlier phases of the complex cholinergic response. Carbachol pulses applied to the soma of other neurons in the leech ganglion produced a variety of specific responses.The results suggest that the delayed depolarization was produced by the activation of a cationic conductance mediated by receptors with a pharmacological profile similar to that of the <IMG src="/images/symbols/&agr ;.gif" WIDTH="9" HEIGHT= "12" ALIGN="BOTTOM" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3">9 nicotinic receptors and was not a byproduct of the early phases of the cholinergic response. The response seemed to be initiated in the extensive neuropilar processes of the Retzius cell, enabling a persistent excitatory signal.

THE COVID-19 FINANCIAL PROBLEMS AND ASPECTS OF AUDIT QUALITY ASSURANCE IN GEORGIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1(21)) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
David Bidzinashvili
Keyword(s):  
Audit Quality ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Variable ◽  
The Subject ◽  
High Level ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Working Out

The new Corona-virus and the contagious disease which it causes, the so called COVID 19, put forward the serious challenges for many countries all over the world and for Georgia among them. Almost the whole world is facing very serious obstacles on the international and national levels. Too many problems emerged in the world countries. To resist against the new disease has become the main priority for each country. The global processes caused by the pandemics have influenced the audit service as well. The uncertainty and unpredictability caused the new risks of deficiencies and activated already existed ones in the new environment. The situation became more complicated due to the fact that it can happen that the auditors do not consider the mentioned risks in the process of planning for audits or the risks may be considered mistakenly. The firms and other economical institutions in which the audit is carried out are obliged to adopt the new rules and changing environments in which their businesses function; they should change the rules of fulfilling the operation, preparing the financial accounts, the processes of their representing the information processes, safety of information shown in the financial accounts, the rules of their preparing; they also evaluate the possibilities of keeping on their activities in the nearest future. The qualified performing of the audit implies the basical elemenst which helps to create such environment where the possibility of the high level audit will be at the maximum. Implementing the quality control implies that such system will include two stages; each of them is directed towards providing the audit processes according the international standards There are several types of the quality improvement system. In all of them the main variable value represents the amount of costs for the proper system. All countries choose the system which provides benefits taking the costs into consideration. There are four main stages in the process of implementation the system which will ensure the high quality audit. Here are four main stages shown in the process of implementation:  The first stage: to carry out diagnostic observation;  The second stage: stating the view;  The third sage: working out the system;  The fourth stage: implementation of the system. The firms and other economical institutions where the audit is carried out are obliged to be reliable with their activities in the changing situation in which their businesses function. The subjects change the rules of carrying out the usual operations, change the open information given in the financial accounts, and estimate the possibilities of maintaining the existing possibilities for the nearest future. It is important to revise some standards out of Audit International Standards and to make them fit for revealing and assessing the risks of essential mistakes and discrepencies. The controlled variation of the standard regulates such issues as the newly corrected risks caused by influences of COVID-19 pandemic on the planned approaches to the audit and also, evaluation of the risks already defined and making changes in them taking into consideration the influence of the errors in the risk evaluations and influence made upon the planned evaluations and audits the changes of which will influence the evaluations of the risks in the inner control of the subject on the previously made imagination of the control environment, in order to define the measures to be taken in order to change the reactions to the mistakes using different measures in order to reach the trustful mechanisms to rely on. International standards of audit– answering to the assessed risks, the checked variation of the standard implies that it maybecome necessary to change the measures of reaction to the changes in the circumstances in order to obtain enough reliable measures and activities to control the situation by means of enough auditory evidences. The auditor has responsibilities to take into consideration that largening the deadlines will cause growth of the period and the risks of the dates of events which will happen in the time interval between accountability date and the date of the conclusion made by audit, the audit is also responsible for any event taking place later in relation to the Covid-19 situation. He is responsible also for evaluation of the fact about financial information. The enterprise functioning within nowadays complex environment taking into consideration the situation of COVID 19, should consider such priority issues as the uncertainty accompanying the Covid situation, related covenants, and others which accompany the pandemic period, among them the region, the financial state of customers and dealers, liquidating and paying capacity. During the process of the risk assessments it should considered that Covid 19 pandemic greatly influenced the global economics and the separate branches such as hotels business, retail sail, tourism and others. As a result of pandemic, it is possible that the number of audit considerations and thee circumstances can modify them which can be conditioned by different circumstances and the audit will state if there are incorrectable improper conditioned due to the circumstances. The audit will make it certain there are unimprovable mistakes which apart and together are essential for the financial accountability and the auditor will conclude that they cannot acquire the proper conditioned which apart or together could be essential financial accounts or the audit will conclude that they are not able to the essential accountability. Important researches were led to assess the appeared situation and it was concluded that the COVID 19 pandemic had influenced the financial situation which showed that the specific actions and procedures became complicated.

scholarly journals Psychological Perspectives on Interrogation

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 927-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldert Vrij ◽  
Christian A. Meissner ◽  
Ronald P. Fisher ◽  
Saul M. Kassin ◽  
Charles A. Morgan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Lie Detection ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
The United States ◽  
Information Gathering ◽  
Psychological Perspective ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Enhanced Interrogation ◽  
Speech Content

Proponents of “enhanced interrogation techniques” in the United States have claimed that such methods are necessary for obtaining information from uncooperative terrorism subjects. In the present article, we offer an informed, academic perspective on such claims. Psychological theory and research shows that harsh interrogation methods are ineffective. First, they are likely to increase resistance by the subject rather than facilitate cooperation. Second, the threatening and adversarial nature of harsh interrogation is often inimical to the goal of facilitating the retrieval of information from memory and therefore reduces the likelihood that a subject will provide reports that are extensive, detailed, and accurate. Third, harsh interrogation methods make lie detection difficult. Analyzing speech content and eliciting verifiable details are the most reliable cues to assessing credibility; however, to elicit such cues subjects must be encouraged to provide extensive narratives, something that does not occur in harsh interrogations. Evidence is accumulating for the effectiveness of rapport-based information-gathering approaches as an alternative to harsh interrogations. Such approaches promote cooperation, enhance recall of relevant and reliable information, and facilitate assessments of credibility. Given the available evidence that torture is ineffective, why might some laypersons, policymakers, and interrogation personnel support the use of torture? We conclude our review by offering a psychological perspective on this important question.

scholarly journals The Study of the Proscenium Area in an Opera House

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-526
Author(s):  
Anna Sygulska ◽  
Krzysztof Brawata
Keyword(s):  
Sound Source ◽  
Decay Time ◽  
Chamber Opera ◽  
Reverberation Time ◽  
Existing Building ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Opera House ◽  
Acoustic Conditions ◽  
Opera Houses ◽  
Center Time

AbstractThe paper describes issues of the proscenium area shown on the example of two opera houses. The subject of the analysis was the design of the Chamber Opera House in Kalisz and the already existing building of the Opera House in Krakow. It covers the influence of the proscenium walls and forestage ceiling on the acoustic conditions in the auditorium. Another subject of the investigation was the influence of the primary proscenium, designed in the very first opera houses in Baroque. The analyses were carried out by means of two computer softwares: Ray Model and Catt Acoustic, and such parameters as sound strength (G), reverberation time (RT), early decay time (EDT), C80(clarity) index and center time (TS) were calculated. The parameters were further analyzed in the auditorium for three positions of the sound source on the stage.

Measurements of human force control during a constrained arm motion using a force-actuated joystick

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 1201-1222 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. McIntyre ◽  
E. V. Gurfinkel ◽  
M. I. Lipshits ◽  
J. Droulez ◽  
V. S. Gurfinkel
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Contact Force ◽  
Internal Model ◽  
Force Feedback ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
Proprioceptive Information ◽  
Constrained Motion ◽  
Surface Geometry ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Compliance Model

1. When interacting with the environment, human arm movements may be prevented in certain directions (i.e., when sliding the hand along a surface) resulting in what is called a "constrained motion." In the directions that the movement is restricted, the subject is instead free to control the forces against the constraint. 2. Control strategies for constrained motion may be characterized by two extreme models. Under the active compliance model, an essentially feedback-based approach, measurements of contact force may be used in real time to modify the motor command and precisely control the forces generated against the constraint. Under the passive compliance model the motion would be executed in a feedforward manner, using an internal model of the constraint geometry. The feedforward model relies on the compliant behavior of the passive mechanical system to maintain contact while avoiding excessive contact forces. 3. Subjects performed a task in which they were required to slide the hand along a rigid surface. This task was performed in a virtual force environment in which contact forces were simulated by a two-dimensional force-actuated joystick. Unknown to the subject, the orientation of the surface constraint was varied from trial to trial, and contact force changes induced by these perturbations were measured. 4. Subjects showed variations in contact force correlated with the direction of the orientation perturbation. "Upward" tilts resulted in higher contact forces, whereas "downward" tilts resulted in lower contact forces. This result is consistent with a feedforward-based control of a passively compliant system. 5. Subject responses did not, however, correspond exactly to the predictions of a static analysis of a passive, feedforward-controlled system. A dynamic analysis reveals a much closer resemblance between a passive, feedforward model and the observed data. Numerical simulations demonstrate that a passive, dynamic system model of the movement captures many more of the salient features observed in the measured human data. 6. We conclude that human subjects execute surface-following motions in a largely feedforward manner, using an a priori model of the surface geometry. The evidence does not suggest that active, real time use of force feedback is used to guide the movement or to control limb impedance. We do not exclude, however, the possibility that the internal model of the constraint is updated at somewhat longer latencies on the basis of proprioceptive information.

The Methodology of Preparing PR-Text in the Frames of Professional Communicative Competence of a Specialist in Public Relations

10.12737/5402 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
Селезнева ◽  
Larisa Selezneva
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Communicative Competence ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Successful Solution ◽  
The Social ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Basic Parameters ◽  
The Subject

The subject matter of the paper is the methodology of preparation of PR-text in the frames of professional communicative competence of a specialist on public relations. It aims to form a communicative competence necessary to solve some communicative tasks by means of PR-texts. The author allocates three levels of the methodology of preparing PR-text and shows the formation of competences of a specialist in public relations. Each level presents a stage of the methodology of preparation of PR-text. The first stage is the study of discourse, it allows to take into account the conditions of the social situation of the creating text. At the second stage are used the knowledge of the basic parameters of the text. At the third stage are prepared the texts of different genres and styles. Each stage gives the examples of PRpractice. The offered methodology allows to realize in the text a system of communicative-pragmatic attitudes that contribute the successful solution of communicative tasks by the specialist on public relations.

scholarly journals XIII.—On the Place and Power of Accent in Language

1871 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-312
Author(s):  
Blackie
Keyword(s):  
Large Volume ◽  
Small Volume ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Human Speech ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
In Virtue Of

On the subject of accent and quantity as elements of human speech, there has been such an immense amount of confusion, arising from vague phraseology, that in renewing the discussion nothing seems more necessary than to start with a careful and accurate definition of terms; and that a definition not taken from books, and the dumb bearers of a dead tradition, but from the living facts of nature, and the permanent qualities belonging to articulated breath. Now, if we observe accurately the natural and necessary affections of words in human discourse, considered merely as a succession of compact little wholes of articulated breath, without regard to their signification, we shall find that all the affections of which they are capable amount to four. Either (1), the mass of articulated breath which we call a word, is sent forth in a comparatively small volume, as in the case of a common gun, or it is sent forth in large volume, as in the case of a Lancaster gun; this is a mere affair of bulk, in virtue of which alone it is manifest that any word rolled forth from the lungs of a Stentor must be a different thing from the same mass of sound emitted from a less capacious bellows. In common language this difference is marked by the words loud and low.

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