scholarly journals Dinamika Agribisnis Tembakau Dunia dan Implikasinya bagi Indonesia

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Muchjidin Rachmat ◽  
Sri Nuryanti
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Tobacco Leaf ◽  
Potential Market ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Negative Impacts

<strong>English</strong><br />Tobacco is one of the world’s important commodities in trading. The main products of tobacco are tobacco leaf and cigarette. Since 2000’s world agribusiness of tobacco tended to decrease after experiencing a high growth in few decades. This was indicated by the decreasing growth of harvested area, production and consumption of tobacco leaves and cigarettes. This situation was primarily affected by the increasing public pressure against tobacco, mainly in developed countries, due to health and environmental aspects. Developed countries responded the dynamics by the application of a policy to restrict tobacco in their land and move the production to developing countries. Production of tobacco decreased faster than its consumption causing larger gaps between supply and demand of tobacco leaf. On the other hand, the market of tobacco supply and demand grow along with the growth of population triggering the increase of tobacco leaf world price. The potential market would be available in developing countries such as Indonesia, in short and intermediate terms. Indonesia is a potential market for cigarette. This fact is in line with the number of population and its smoking culture. Large cigarette companies and multi national corporations take huge advantages from such promising market in Indonesia. The existence of both could raise investment instead of disadvantaged public and government of Indonesia by causing unexpected negative impacts and social costs. Indonesia should redirect industrial products of tobacco from domestic to export markets. The export potential could be empowered by: (a) strengthening priority on the existing marketable products (b) prioritize the competitiveness of  the Na Oogst (cigars), and (c) shift production of cigarettes from the unfiltered and filtered to the light and ultra light cigarettes and promote the export markets. In a long term, it is necessary to anticipate the decrease of tobacco/cigarettes’ demand by introducing alternative high value crops to substitute tobacco. The substitution effort must be supported by all stakeholders at whom the decision makers could guarantee the substitute crops market and price.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Tembakau merupakan salah satu komoditas perdagangan yang penting di dunia. Produk utamanya adalah daun tembakau dan rokok. Sejak tahun 2000-an agribisnis tembakau di dunia cenderung menurun setelah mengalami pertumbuhan yang tinggi dalam beberapa dekade. Hal ini ditunjukkan oleh pertumbuhan menurun dari luas panen, produksi serta konsumsi tembakau dan rokok. Keadaan ini dipengaruhi oleh peningkatan tekanan kelompok masyarakat yang peduli terhadap kesehatan dan lingkungan terutama di negara-negara maju. Negara-negara maju menanggapi dinamika tersebut dengan kebijakan pembatasan tembakau yang mengakibatkan  pergeseran produksi ke negara-negara berkembang. Sementara itu, produksi tembakau menurun lebih cepat daripada tingkat konsumsinya sehingga menimbulkan kesenjangan antara penawaran dan permintaan daun tembakau. Di lain pihak, penawaran dan permintaan pasar tembakau tumbuh sejalan dengan pertumbuhan penduduk dan menyebabkan harga daun tembakau di dunia meningkat. Potensi pasar ini merupakan peluang bagi negara berkembang seperti Indonesia dalam jangka pendek maupun jangka menengah. Seiring dengan jumlah penduduk dan budaya merokok yang semakin meluas, Indonesia menjadi pasar rokok yang potensial di dunia. Perusahaan rokok besar dan muti-national corporations (MNCs) memanfaatkan peluang pasar yang menjanjikan di Indonesia. Keberadaan perusahaan besar dan MNCs selain meningkatkan investasi juga merugikan masyarakat dan pemerintah Indonesia dengan dampak negatif yang ditimbulkan serta biaya sosial yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu, Indonesia harus memprioritaskan produk industri tembakau untuk pasar ekspor. Potensi ekspor dapat ditingkatkan dengan (a) memperkuat produk yang telah mempunyai pasar yang baik, (b)  memprioritaskan tembakau bahan baku cerutu (Na Oogst) yang lebih berdaya saing, dan (c) mengalihkan produksi rokok dari rokok kretek ke rokok putih yang berorientasi ekspor. Dalam jangka panjang, perlu diantisipasi penurunan permintaan tembakau/rokok dengan memperkenalkan tanaman alternatif untuk mensubstitusi tembakau yang berdampak positif bagi kesehatan manusia dan lingkungan. Pelaksanaan kegiatan substitusi tanaman ini harus didukung oleh semua pihak yang berkepentingan dengan ketersediaan jaminan pasarnya.

Trends in Global Oil Investments Over the Past 20 Years

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-49
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Shirobokova ◽  
Fe Amor Parel Gudmundsson
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Oil Demand ◽  
Former Ussr ◽  
The Relationship

Today, energy is an irreplaceable resource without which it is impossible to imagine the life of modern society. Oil, as the most important energy resource, has a significant impact on both individual economies and the world economy. The main objective of this chapter is to identify the relationship between oil supply and oil demand of developed and developing countries on the example of OECD and Former Soviet Union countries. The changes that took place in supply and demand in the oil market from 2000 to 2020 are investigated. The chapter uses graphic and mathematical analysis. It is clear with a fair amount of confidence that the oil demand in developed countries is higher than their supply, and the supply of oil in developing countries is rather more than demand. Also, the chapter draws attention to investments in the oil industry, including on the example of Russia as a former USSR country, analyzes their current state, and draws appropriate conclusions.

scholarly journals From Wearing Off to Wearing On: The Meanders of Wearer–Clothing Relationships

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Neto ◽  
João Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Fashion Industry ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Human Relationships ◽  
Research Perspective ◽  
Love Relationships ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Current Design ◽  
Wearing Off ◽  
Negative Impacts

The current patterns of production and consumption of clothes are known for their negative impacts on our planet, and the efforts towards a responsible fashion system must come from industry and users alike. Whereas the fashion industry may focus on achieving eco-efficiency, designers need to engage the wearers in long-term commitment with their clothes to counteract the ongoing increase of textile waste. However, current design strategies for product attachment have proven that it is difficult to succeed at this mission. In this paper we introduce the focus and theoretical framework of a research project that aims to study the relationship between wearers and clothes. We present our research perspective through a literature review that is supported by empirical testimonies of dozens of women, whose words illustrate the complexity of human relationships with garments. When we compare our connection with clothes to interpersonal love relationships, we find that the similarities are significant enough to justify a different approach in design practice, and we suggest a re-focus on the existing wearer–clothing relationships.

Assessing the Factors Affecting the Implementation of E-Government and Effect on Performance of DVLA

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-61
Author(s):  
Gerald Dapaah Gyamfi ◽  
George Gyan ◽  
Mavis Ayebea ◽  
Florence Naa Norley Nortey ◽  
Prince Yaw Baidoo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Financial Constraints ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Electronic Government ◽  
Electricity Supply ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Ict Infrastructure

Though many researchers have carried out studies on electronic government (e-government) and its effect on performance of public organizations in developed countries not much such studies have taken place in developing countries, creating a gap in literature. The current study seeks to fill the gap. The study highlights the factors affecting the implementation and sustainability of E-government and effect of the factors on performance of the driver and vehicle licensing agency (DVLA) in Ghana. The study used purposive sampling technique to gather data from the DVLA (N-50) in 2016. The outcome of the study revealed that the challenges that impede the successful implementation of e-government include regular interruption of the electricity supply, online theft, poor ICT infrastructure, and financial constraints. Based on the benefits associated with the implementation of e-government, the current researchers made recommendations for long-term sustainability of e-government.

The Politics of Carbon Leakage and the Fairness of Border Measures

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn Eckersley
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Emission Trading ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Carbon Leakage ◽  
Leadership Responsibilities ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Climate Regulation ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Border Adjustment

The article critically examines domestic political concerns about the competitive disadvantages and possible carbon leakage arising from the introduction of domestic emission trading legislation and the fairness of applying carbon equalization measures at the border as a response to these concerns. I argue that the border adjustment measures proposed in the emissions trading bills that have been presented to Congress amount to an evasion of the U.S.'s leadership responsibilities under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). I also show how the “level commercial playing field” justification for border measures that has dominated U.S. domestic debates is narrow and lopsided because it focuses only on the competitive disadvantages and direct carbon leakage that may flow from climate regulation while ignoring general shifts in the production and consumption of emissions in the global economy, which have enabled the outsourcing of emission to developing countries. The UNFCC production-based method of emissions accounting enables Northern consumers to enjoy the benefit of cheaper imports from Southern producers and to attribute the emissions associated with this consumption to the South. I argue that it is possible to design fair border measures that address carbon leakage, are consistent with the leadership responsibilities of developed countries, do not penalize developing countries, and ensure that consumers take some responsibility for the emissions outsourced to developing countries.

scholarly journals E-Watse in Africa: A Serious Threat to the Health of Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8488
Author(s):  
Tamba S. Lebbie ◽  
Omosehin D. Moyebi ◽  
Kwadwo Ansong Asante ◽  
Julius Fobil ◽  
Marie Noel Brune-Drisse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Circuit Boards ◽  
Valuable Metals ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Informal Settings

Waste electronic and electrical equipment (e-waste) consists of used and discarded electrical and electronic items ranging from refrigerators to cell phones and printed circuit boards. It is frequently moved from developed countries to developing countries where it is dismantled for valuable metals in informal settings, resulting in significant human exposure to toxic substances. E-waste is a major concern in Africa, with large sites in Ghana and Nigeria where imported e-waste is dismantled under unsafe conditions. However, as in many developing countries, used electronic and electrical devices are imported in large quantities because they are in great demand and are less expensive than new ones. Many of these used products are irreparable and are discarded with other solid waste to local landfills. These items are then often scavenged for the purpose of extracting valuable metals by heating and burning, incubating in acids and other methods. These activities pose significant health risks to workers and residents in communities near recycling sites. E-waste burning and dismantling activities are frequently undertaken at e-waste sites, often in or near homes. As a result, children and people living in the surrounding areas are exposed, even if they are not directly involved in the recycling. While toxic substances are dangerous to individuals at any age, children are more vulnerable as they are going through important developmental processes, and some adverse health impacts may have long-term impacts. We review the e-waste situation in Africa with a focus on threats to children’s health.

MONETARY POLICY, FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND INCOME INEQUALITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
MANSOR H. IBRAHIM
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Financial Indicators ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Effect Of Monetary Policy

The paper empirically examines the redistributive effect of monetary policy and assesses whether financial development plays any role in shaping monetary policy — inequality relations in developing countries. We uncover evidence supporting the redistributive consequences of monetary policy especially in more financially developed countries. We further note that while financial development raises income inequality in countries with low financial development, it leads to a reduction in income inequality in high financial development countries. As a side result, economic growth contributes favorably to income equalization in these countries. Finally, such financial indicators as financial access, financial efficiency and financial stability also condition the impacts of monetary policy on income distribution, although they are independently insignificant. Our results hint that the improvements in information and in efficiency rather than depth and access that would attenuate the negative impacts of contractionary monetary policy on income distribution.

HYPOXIC ISCHAEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY IN NEWBORN INFANTS

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-262
Author(s):  
NAZAKAT MERCHANT ◽  
DENIS AZZOPARDI
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Significant Morbidity ◽  
Neonatal Encephalopathy ◽  
Infancy And Childhood ◽  
Level Of Consciousness

Neonatal encephalopathy has been defined as “a clinically defined syndrome of disturbed neurological function in the earliest days of life in the term infant, manifested by difficulty with initiating and maintaining respiration, depression of tone and reflexes, sub normal level of consciousness and often seizures”. It occurs in about 2–3 per 1000 births in developed countries. In developing countries, neonatal encephalopathy accounts for the largest number of deaths in infancy and childhood – approximately 1 million per year worldwide. Neonatal encephalopathy is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and is an important predictor of long term neurodevelopmental disability in near- and full-term newborn infants. Fifteen to 20 percent of infants with neonatal encephalopathy die in the neonatal period, and a further 25 percent have permanent neurologic deficits.

scholarly journals Resolving Office Establishment Dispute in Nigeria through Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanism: An Evolving Regime

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Bosede Remilekun Adeuti
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Alternative Dispute Resolution ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Intractable Problem ◽  
Dispute Resolution Mechanism

This paper examines contemporary issues in Office Establishment Dispute Resolution Mechanism in Nigeria. It explores strategic ways of resolving such office establishment dispute which has remained an intractable problem in Nigeria. The objective is to examine litigation challenges in settlement of this office dispute in Nigeria and other developing countries. This paper argues that adopting Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanism in Office Establishment Dispute is not only a programmatic goal to be attained in the long term but rather an immediate obligation that is preferable to litigation in the court of law. The doctrinal research methodology will be used to examine the challenges in resolving office establishment dispute through alternative dispute resolution Mechanisms. This paper adopts an analytical and qualitative approach and builds its argument on existing literature works, which are achieved by synthesising ideas. Recommendations and suggestions are made based on research findings.  This paper concludes that the era of jettisoning or sacrificing Alternative Dispute Resolution on the altar of inapplicability in resolving office establishment dispute is gone and the need to move with time with the practise which has been in existence in developed countries for decades.

scholarly journals PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPING THE MARKETING BUSINESS CONSULTING INDUSTRY IN UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyryl Hubin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Business Consulting ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Environmental Marketing ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Digital Objects ◽  
Market Factors ◽  
Western Experience

The study of prospects for the development of marketing business consulting in Ukraine is necessary to complement the theoretical and methodological foundations of the analysis of this activity, and to help consulting firms that are working out a strategy for long-term development. The aim of the article is to reveal the prospects of marketing business consulting in Ukraine, taking into account global trends and the specifics of our country. It is noted that marketing business consulting in our state requires increasing the volume and expanding the range of services. The number of companies providing these services should also be increased. It is shown that the implementation in Ukraine of Western experience in the organization of marketing consulting is hindered by the prevalence of non-market competitive advantages and numerous cases of influence of non-market factors on the purchase and sale of goods and services. It is concluded that to overcome these obstacles to the normal development of marketing business consulting, an effective fight against corruption is necessary. In addition to the long-term task – the development of the entire sphere of marketing business consulting on the model of developed countries – medium-term prospects are considered, which are associated with the development of marketing of digital virtual values and environmental marketing. It is justified that marketing consulting for cryptocurrencies and digital objects with non-interchangeable tokens should be considered a promising direction. Revealed the main directions of development of these components of consulting. It is shown that a rather interesting direction is consulting on marketing of gaming virtual assets. The prospects of its development are highlighted. It is noted that consulting on the problems of environmental marketing is advisable to develop, firstly, in the direction of developing products, the production and consumption of which is less harmful to the environment and consumers; secondly, in the direction of the use of environmental products as an external competitive advantage. Features of formation of this type of consulting in Ukraine are disclosed. The problems and challenges that need to be addressed to develop environmental marketing consulting are highlighted.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document