Pruning length of lateral branches influences auxin and cytokinins homeostasis in relation to growth and yields in Solanum lycopersicum L.

Abstract Lateral branches (LBs) pruning is performed frequently to keep the tomato plants in optimal growth conditions. However, the suitable pruning length of LBs, as well as it-mediated physiological and molecular mechanisms on plant growth regulation remains elusive in tomato. The effects of pruning length of LBs from 0 to 20 cm on vegetative growth, reproductive growth, labor costs, hormone metabolism and genes transcripts were evaluated on indeterminate type tomato cultivar. By comprehensive analysis, we provided evidence that pruning length of LBs at about 6 ~ 7 cm was suitable for plant growth, high yield, and low labor costs in tomato production. For mechanisms, appropriate extension of pruning length of LBs increased indole acetic acid (IAA) concentrations in root, which promoted the biosynthesis and upward transport of inactive cytokinins (CKs), as well as root development. Meanwhile, existence of LBs had inhibited effect on auxin outflow of the lower fruit stalks by testing transcripts of AUX1 and PIN , which increased the IAA and CKs concentrations of ovary and then promoted fruit setting and swelling. Additionally, pruning length of LBs also influenced the leaf senescence to control assimilation. Taken together, we highlighted that pruning length of LBs influenced auxin and cytokinins homeostasis in relation to growth and yields in tomato plants.

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Rootstock x Environment Interactions on Nitrogen-Use Efficiency in Grafted Tomato Plants at Different Phenological Stages

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10030350 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 350

Author(s):

Francisco Albornoz ◽

Adriana Nario ◽

Macarena Saavedra ◽

Ximena Videla

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽

Winter Season ◽

Reproductive Stage ◽

Plant Tolerance ◽

Nitrogen Use ◽

Tomato Production ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Use Efficiency

The use of grafting techniques for horticultural crops increases plant tolerance to various abiotic and biotic stresses. Tomato production under greenhouse conditions relies on plants grafted onto vigorous rootstocks because they sustain crops for longer periods. Growers under Mediterranean conditions usually grow crops in passive greenhouses during the summer and winter season, to provide fresh products throughout the year. No information is available with regard to the effect of the environment on nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) in tomato plants grafted onto rootstocks with different vigor. In the present study, NUE, along with its components—uptake (NUpE) and utilization (NUtE) efficiencies—were evaluated in tomato plants grafted onto two interspecific rootstocks, conferring medium (“King Kong”) or high (“Kaiser”) vigor to the plants. The evaluations were carried out during the vegetative and reproductive stage in plants subjected to different environmental conditions resulting in different plant growth rates. The grafting treatments did not affect NUE, NUpE or NUtE in young plants, but at the reproductive stage, differences were found during the summer season (high N demand) where the vigorous rootstock increased NUpE from 55%, in non-grafted plants, to 94%, with the consequent differences in NUE. During the winter crop, no differences in NUE were found between the vigorous rootstock and non-grafted plants, but the less vigorous (cold-tolerant) rootstock enhanced NUpE. Significant positive relationships were found between plant growth rate and both NUE and NUpE, while NUtE decreased with increasing growth rate.

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Transcriptome analysis reveals the main metabolic pathway of c-GMP induced by salt stress in tomato seedlings

10.1101/2020.10.28.358846 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaolin Zhu ◽

Meifei Su ◽

Xiaohong Wei ◽

Yu Long ◽

Baoqiang Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Guanosine Monophosphate ◽

High Yield ◽

Salt Adaptation ◽

Tomato Production ◽

Tomato Seedlings

AbstractTomato is a model crop, as well as important food worldwide. In the arid areas, aggravation of soil salinity has become the primary problem that threatens the high yield in tomato production. As a second messenger substance, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (c-GMP) plays an indispensable role in plant response to salt stress through regulating cell processes to promote plant growth and development. However, this mechanism has not been fully explored in tomato seedlings. In this experiment, the tomato seeds were cultured in distilled water (CK), 20 μM c-GMP (T1), 50 mM NaCl (T2), 20 μM c-GMP + 50 mM NaCl (T3). The results show that 20 μM c-GMP effectively alleviated the inhibition of 50 mM NaCl on tomato growth and development, inducing the expression of 1580 DEGs. 95 DEGs were up-regulated and 442 DEGs were down-regulated (CK vs T1), whereas in the T2 vs T3 comparison 271 DEGs were up-regulated and 772 DEGs were down-regulated. Based on KEGG analysis, the majority of DEGs were involved in metabolism; exogenous c-GMP induced significant enrichment of pathways associated with carbohydrates, phenylpropanoids and fatty acid metabolism. Most PMEs, acCoA, PAL, PODs, FADs, and AD were up-regulated, and GAPDHs, PL, PG, BXL4, and β-G were down-regulated, which reduced susceptibility of tomato seedlings to salt and promoted their salt adaptation. The application of c-GMP promoted soluble sugar, flavonoids and lignin content, reduced accumulation of MDA, and enhanced the activity of POD. Thus, our results provide insights into the molecular mechanisms associated with salt tolerance of tomato seedlings.

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A Proposed Alternative Production Regime for Cherry and Grape Tomato Using Compact Plants and Once-over Harvest

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.20.3.620 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 620-622

Author(s):

W.B. Evans ◽

V. Cerven ◽

N. Winter ◽

C.E. Coker

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Yield Potential ◽

High Yield ◽

Home Garden ◽

Labor Costs ◽

Tomato Production ◽

Production Regime ◽

Commercial Processing ◽

Tomato Cultivars ◽

High Yield Potential

This report presents preliminary data and arguments supporting the investigation and possible adoption of a low-cost method of cherry and grape tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production. Cherry and grape tomato crops are currently grown using indeterminate or relatively large determinate plants requiring trellising and significant hand labor at harvest. In contrast, processing tomato crops are usually determinate cultivars raised without supporting systems, and they are harvested mechanically. In Summer 2009, a Mississippi trial of home garden tomato cultivars included a compact, mounding yellow-fruited cherry tomato that produced more than 2 kg of fruit per plant in the first harvest. The architecture of the plant, high yield potential, and concentrated set indicate that there is potential to grow commercial cherry and grape tomato crops in much the same way commercial processing tomatoes are grown: unsupported on bare or mulched beds, with once-over harvest. Such a system could reduce the monetary and labor costs of production of cherry and grape tomatoes. Seed companies, tomato growers, and supporting agencies should work together to further investigate the potential of this system of cherry and grape tomato production.

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Isolation and Screening of Extracellular PGPR from the Rhizosphere of Tomato Plants after Long-Term Reduced Tillage and Cover Crops

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9050668 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 668 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Maria Chiara Guerrieri ◽

Elisabetta Fanfoni ◽

Andrea Fiorini ◽

Marco Trevisan ◽

Edoardo Puglisi

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Growth Regulation ◽

Conservation Agriculture ◽

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Rdna Sequencing ◽

Growth Promoting

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria provide an innovative solution to address challenges in sustainable agro-ecosystems, improving plant growth as well as acting as agents of biocontrol. In this study autochthonous bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of processing tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivated with conservation agriculture practices (i.e., reduced tillage and cover crops), and evaluated for both growth-promoting activities (PGPAs), and antagonistic potential against the phytopathogenic pest Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Considering the several activities of PGPR, we decided to structure the screening with a hierarchic approach, starting from testing the capability of fixing nitrogen. The obtained bacteria were processed through the molecular typing technique rep-PCR (Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic) in order to discriminate microbial strains with the same profiles, and identified via 16S rDNA sequencing. Thirty-eight selected isolates were screened in vitro for different activities related to plant nutrition and plant growth regulation as well as for antifungal traits. Isolated bacteria were found to exhibit different efficiencies in indoleacetic acid production and siderophore production, phosphate solubilization and biocontrol activity against the widespread soil-borne plant pathogen S. sclerotiorum. All the 38 bacterial isolates showed at least one property tested. With a view to detect the suitable candidates to be developed as biofertilizers, the selected isolates were ranked by their potential ability to function as PGPR. Thus, consortium of native PGPR bacteria inoculants may represent a suitable solution to address the challenges in sustainable agriculture, to ensure crop yield and quality, lowering the application of chemicals input.

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Investigating the Quality and Efficiency of Biosolid Produced in Qatar as a Fertilizer in Tomato Production

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11122552 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 2552

Author(s):

Majeed Ali ◽

Talaat Ahmed ◽

Mohammed Abu-Dieyeh ◽

Mohammad Al-Ghouti

Keyword(s):

Chemical Analysis ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

International Standards ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Peat Moss ◽

Tomato Production ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Class A ◽

Class A Biosolids

This study evaluated biosolid quality over time and the efficiency of using amounts (5 and 7 kg/m2) of municipal class A biosolids in Qatar to fertilize tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). Random samples were subjected to physical and chemical analysis, which revealed excellent particle uniformity and stability with minor odor defects. The analysis confirmed the product was nutrient-rich while pollutant levels were below the international standards. The nominated rates were used to fertilize tomato plants in pots grown in a greenhouse for four months with a control treatment of manure and Peat-Moss, before measuring the plant biological characteristics. Plants were examined via chemical analysis of nutrients and pollutants both for the whole plant and for stems, fruits, and leaves. Results indicated that both experimental treatments enhanced plant growth and development as compared to the control treatment. However, the chemical analyses also revealed levels of zinc, copper, and manganese in the plant fruits that were well in excess of the maximum acceptable levels, as defined by international health organizations. This study found that while the application of class A biosolids as organic fertilizer for tomato plants greatly enhanced the overall plant growth, the plant fruits contained toxic levels of trace heavy metals.

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Fertilización complementada con sílice en la resistencia del tomate a Fusarium oxysporum Schtdl.

Agronomía Mesoamericana ◽

10.15517/ma.v29i1.27002 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 41

Author(s):

Yolanda García-Ramos ◽

María Elena Galindo-Tovar ◽

Joaquín Murguía-González ◽

Ivonne Landero-Torres ◽

Otto Raúl Leyva-Ovalle

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Photosynthetic Activity ◽

Tomato Production ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Resistance To Diseases

Tomato production stands in first place worldwide. This fruit presents benefits as an antioxidant and is widely used in the Mesoamerican cuisine. In this crop, Fusarium oxysporum causes one of the principal diseases that produce wilting and plant death. In fertilizers use, it is known that application of silica improves resistance to diseases. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of fertilization supplemented with silica on resistance of tomato to F. oxysporum. In Peñuela, Veracruz, Mexico, from April to July 2015, doses recommended by the manufacturer, and also one 20% lower and other 20% higher of PSD, Silifertidol Ultra y Fosfosilidol fertilizers were applied to tomato plants. The benefit of silica in plant growth was significantly associated with fertilizer sources and the applied doses. The best result was observed when doses 20% higher than the recommended, were applied, and Cid F1 variety was more susceptible to F. oxysporum. The fertilizer with the best results on the severity and incidence was PSD, and best growth was observed when silica was applied at between 33 and 40%. This investigation reached as a conclusion that the application of fertilizers supplemented with silica, resulted in an improved growth of tomato plants and an increased resistance to F. oxysporum, due to the increase in photosynthetic activity and thickness of the cuticle.

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Effect of Plant Growth Regulator on the Growth and High Yield of Heat Tolerant Tomato Variety (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)

American Journal of Pure and Applied Biosciences ◽

10.34104/ajpab.019.0193043 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 30-43 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Growth Regulator ◽

Plant Growth Regulator ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Pollen Viability ◽

Block Design ◽

High Yield ◽

Tomato Production ◽

Heat Tolerant

An investigation was undertaken with a view to observing the performance of two heat-tolerant varieties of tomato under polytunnel with and without plant growth regulator application during the summer rainy season. The present study was laid out in a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Two heat-tolerant tomato varieties Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute (BARI) Tomato-4, and BARI Hybrid Tomato-4 with and without plant growth regulator applications were included in this experiment. The larger fruit set percentage (42.52%) was observed from BARI Hybrid Tomato-4 which was also larger in case of pollen viability (42.75%), the figure of fruits every cluster (3.01), figure of fruits every plant (12.70), and yield every plant (460 g). Better yield was showed in spraying of 4-CPA at 40 ppm concentration in respect of percent fruit set (45.38%), figure of fruits every plant (16.45), and yield (39.39 t/ha) under high-temperature condition. In integrate treatment, BARI Hybrid Tomato-4 with 40 ppm 4-CPA performed a significant role in the figure of fruits every cluster (3.41), figure of fruits every plant (22.48), figure of fruits every plot (144.00), yield every plant (621.68 g), yield every plot (15.23 kg) and above all fruit yield (50.57 t/ha). This indicates that there is a bright scope of tomato production during summer through with and without plant yield regulator application, though the application of plant growth regulator had a positive impact on tomato yield.

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Recent approaches for isolating and culturing mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal stem cells

Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy ◽

10.2174/1574888x15666200708134337 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

Author(s):

Basem M. Abdallah ◽

Hany M. Khattab

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Bone Marrow ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Replicative Senescence ◽

Cellular Heterogeneity ◽

High Yield ◽

Mouse Strains ◽

Mouse Bone Marrow ◽

Differentiation Potential ◽

Stromal Stem Cells

: The isolation and culture of murine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal stem cells (mBMSCs) have attracted great interest in terms of the pre-clinical applications of stem cells in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In addition, culturing mBMSCs is important for studying the molecular mechanisms of bone remodelling using relevant transgenic mice. Several factors have created challenges in the isolation and high-yield expansion of homogenous mBMSCs; these factors include low frequencies of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal stem cells (BMSCs) in bone marrow, variation among inbred mouse strains, contamination with haematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), the replicative senescence phenotype and cellular heterogeneity. In this review, we provide an overview of nearly all protocols used for isolating and culturing mBMSCs with the aim of clarifying the most important guidelines for culturing highly purified mBMSC populations retaining in vitro and in vivo differentiation potential.

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Synthesis, Characterization, and Encapsulation of Novel Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) in Biopolymer Matrices

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22041847 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 1847

Author(s):

Kristina Vlahoviček-Kahlina ◽

Slaven Jurić ◽

Marijan Marijan ◽

Botagoz Mutaliyeva ◽

Svetlana V. Khalus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Plant Growth Regulators ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Electrostatic Interactions ◽

Growth Regulation ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Dimethyl Ester ◽

Plant Growth Regulation ◽

Derivatives Of ◽

Growth Regulating Activity

Novel plant growth regulators (PGRs) based on the derivatives of dehydroamino acids 2,3-dehydroaspartic acid dimethyl ester (PGR1), Z-isomer of the potassium salt of 2-amino-3-methoxycarbonylacrylic acid (PGR2) and 1-methyl-3-methylamino-maleimide (PGR3) have been synthesized and their growth-regulating properties investigated. Laboratory testing revealed their plant growth-regulating activity. PGR1 showing the most stimulating activity on all laboratory tested cultures were used in field experiments. Results showed that PGR1 is a highly effective environmentally friendly plant growth regulator with effects on different crops. Biopolymeric microcapsule formulations (chitosan/alginate microcapsule loaded with PGR) suitable for application in agriculture were prepared and characterized. Physicochemical properties and release profiles of PGRs from microcapsule formulations depend on the molecular interactions between microcapsule constituents including mainly electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds. The differences in the microcapsule formulations structure did not affect the mechanism of PGRs release which was identified as diffusion through microcapsules. The obtained results opened a perspective for the future use of microcapsule formulations as new promising agroformulations with a sustained and target release for plant growth regulation.

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Bemisia tabaci Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 2 Interacts with Begomoviruses and Plays a Role in Virus Acquisition

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10071700 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1700

Author(s):

Yun-Yun Fan ◽

Yu-Wei Zhong ◽

Jing Zhao ◽

Yao Chi ◽

Sophie Bouvaine ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Membrane Protein ◽

Bemisia Tabaci ◽

Species Complex ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Whole Body ◽

Sri Lankan ◽

Tomato Production ◽

Virus Acquisition ◽

Leaf Curl Virus ◽

Whitefly Vector

Begomoviruses cause substantial losses to agricultural production, especially in tropical and subtropical regions, and are exclusively transmitted by members of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci species complex. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the transmission of begomoviruses by their whitefly vector are not clear. In this study, we found that B. tabaci vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (BtVAMP2) interacts with the coat protein (CP) of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), an emergent begomovirus that seriously impacts tomato production globally. After infection with TYLCV, the transcription of BtVAMP2 was increased. When the BtVAMP2 protein was blocked by feeding with a specific BtVAMP2 antibody, the quantity of TYLCV in B. tabaci whole body was significantly reduced. BtVAMP2 was found to be conserved among the B. tabaci species complex and also interacts with the CP of Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus (SLCMV). When feeding with BtVAMP2 antibody, the acquisition quantity of SLCMV in whitefly whole body was also decreased significantly. Overall, our results demonstrate that BtVAMP2 interacts with the CP of begomoviruses and promotes their acquisition by whitefly.

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