scholarly journals The relationship between Toxoplasma infection in mothers and offspring gender

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
mohammad saleh Bahreini ◽  
Fatemeh Zarei ◽  
Naghme Dastan ◽  
Pegah Pourzargham ◽  
Qasem Asgari
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Toxoplasma Infection ◽  
Memory Disorder ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Secondary Sex Ratio ◽  
As Stress ◽  
Offspring Gender

Abstract Background:Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most common parasitic protozoan in humans. It is a classical model for the study of manipulation hypothesis. The behavioral and hormonal changes, memory disorder, hyperactivity and even alterations in secondary sex ratio can be induced by manipulative activity of Toxoplasma. The secondary sex ratio may be influenced by many factors such as stress, immunosuppression and the age of parents. In this study, we evaluated the correlation between offspring gender and Toxoplasma infection in seropositive and seronegative mothers to anti-Toxoplasma IgG. Methods:From 2014 woman who had been tested for toxoplasmosis, the data of 137 mothers with chronic toxoplasmosis and 137 healthy counterparts were collected from clinics and hospitals of Shiraz, Iran.The sex of the offspring, the mother’s age, the number of girls and boys in previous pregnancies, the number and gender of abortions, contact with cats, food habits, education level, and residency were recorded for analysis.Results: The number of girls in Toxoplasma-seropositive and Toxoplasma-seronegative mothers was 165 (49.44%) and 136 (45.48%), respectively. Also, it was 163(54.51%) in the control group and 166(50.15%) in the seropositive group for male offsprings. there were significant sex ratio difference in the control group. No significant difference was observed for sex ratio of aborted fetuses between groups. However, in Toxoplasma-seropositive group, the sex ratio of aborted fetuses showed that the male aborted fetus were significantly higher in number.Conclusion:In this study, a significant relationship was found between chronic Toxoplasma infection and secondary sex ratio. However, it is suggested that this relationship be investigated in further studies as well as an animal study.

scholarly journals Stress assessment in patients with clinically diagnosed sleep bruxism

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (10) ◽  
pp. 1014-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Miletic ◽  
Zoran Lazic ◽  
Ana Todorovic ◽  
Igor Djordjevic ◽  
Danica Popovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ◽  
Sleep Bruxism ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Personality Profiles ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
As Stress

Background/Aim. Many studies investigated association between stress, anxiety or personality traits and sleep bruxism (SB), but results are still contradictory. We aimed to investigate whether there is a relation between clinically diagnosed sleep bruxism and salivary cortisol levels as one of the major stress biomarkers and to examine psychological factors and personality traits specific to sleep bruxism. Methods. A total of 23 sleep bruxism patients and 42 healthy non-sleep bruxism adults participated in this study. Diagnose of sleep-bruxism was assessed by selfreport and clinical examination and also confirmed by bedpartner. Morning saliva was collected from all participants for analyses of the cortisol level. Sleep bruxism patients underwent a psychodiagnostic personality interpretation using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ? MMPI-202 test. Results. Statistically significant difference between levels of morning salivary cortisol in the group of SB patients and the control group was recorded (t = 2.943, p < 0.01). Analysis of the personality profiles indicated that the sleep bruxism patients avoid contact with unpleasant feelings, especially depression, suppress the aggression and censor the expression of anger and rage. Conclusion. This study showed that patients with sleep bruxism have higher levels of salivary cortisol. Personality traits such as depression, hypomania and suppressed aggression were found to be common characteristics in patients with sleep bruxism. Present findings might support the hypothesis that sleep bruxism and psychological states such as stress may be related, but the cross-sectional nature of this study does not allow us to draw conclusions about the causal relationship between stress, personality traits and sleep bruxism.

296 FREQUENT RECTAL PALPATIONS FOLLOWING SUPEROVULATORY TREATMENT AFFECT SEX RATIO OF EMBRYOS RECOVERED FROM HOLSTEIN HEIFERS

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
A. Ideta ◽  
K. Hayama ◽  
M. Urakawa ◽  
Y. Aoyagi
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Transrectal Ultrasonography ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Rectal Palpation ◽  
And Control

Skewing the sex ratio of offspring towards males or females is very important for the livestock industry. Many factors, such as maternal stress, have been suggested to affect the sex ratio (Pratt NC et al. 1989 J. Reprod. Fertil. 87, 763–769). In a recent study (Ideta A et al. 2007 J. Reprod. Dev. doi:10.1262/JRD.19035), the proportion of female embryos recovered from superovulated heifers in which ovulation patterns were observed by repeated transrectal ultrasonography tended to be higher than the expected ratio of 50:50 (66.7%, 26/39). To investigate this phenomenon, we repeated the experiment using a larger number of Holstein heifers. The superovulatory treatment began in the midluteal phase of the estrous cycle (days 8 to 10) and consisted of eight decreasing doses of FSH i.m. (total of 28 Armour units, Antrin R-10, Kawasaki-Mitaka, Kanagawa, Japan) for 4 days with treatment twice daily. Doses of 5 mL and 3 mL of a PGF2α analogue (Veterinary Pronalgon F Injection containing 5 mg mL–1 Dinoprost, Pfizer Animal Health, Tokyo, Japan) were administered i.m. to the animals along with the seventh and eighth FSH treatment, respectively. The heifers were divided into two groups. One group, the rectal palpation (RP) group (n = 9), received transrectal ultrasonography with rectal palpation at 4-h intervals from 36 to 76 h after the first PGF2α treatment. The other group, the Control group (n = 8) received no treatment. The heifers were artificially inseminated at 56 and 72 h after the first PGF2α treatment using frozen–thawed semen from one bull. Seven-day embryos were recovered nonsurgically. Grade 1 to 3 embryos (IETS classification) were selected for this study. Male and female embryos were separated using the loop-mediated isothermal amplification procedure (Hirayama H et al. 2004 Theriogenology 62, 887–896). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and chi-square test. The mean number of recovered ova and embryos was 15.7 � 3.8 (RP) and 14.4 � 2.2 (Control). There was no significant difference in the percentages of unfertilized ova (RP; 14.9 %, 21/141 and Control; 11.3% 13/115, P > 0.05), grade 1 embryos (RP; 51.1%, 72/141 and Control; 54.8%, 63/115, P > 0.05) and grade 1 to 3 embryos (RP; 65.2%, 92/141 and Control; 69.6%, 80/115, P > 0.05) between the two groups. The proportion of female grade 1 embryos in the RP group (66.7%, 48/72) was significantly higher than the expected ratio of 50:50 (P < 0.01). The female ratio of grade 1 embryos in the Control group was 50.8% (32/63). Furthermore, the proportion of female grade 1 to 3 embryos in the RP groups (66.3%, 61/92) was significantly higher than the expected ratio of 50:50 (P < 0.005). The female ratio of grade 1 to 3 embryos in the Control group was 51.3% (41/80). Results indicate that frequent ultrasound examinations and rectal palpations following superovulatory treatment may skew the sex ratio of embryos towards females in Holstein heifers.

260 EFFECTIVENESS OF A COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE POST-THAW BOVINE SEMEN SEXING KIT IN BOTH MULTIPLE-AND SINGLE-OVULATING COWS

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
E. Curry ◽  
S. L. Pratt ◽  
D. Lapin ◽  
J. R. Gibbons
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Bovine Sperm ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Control Versus ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Currently, there is no inexpensive method for commercially separating X- and Y-bearing bovine sperm cells. Because dairy heifer calves are significantly more valuable than bull calves, a reliable method of swaying the bovine sex ratio in favor of females is desirable in the dairy industry. The objective of these experiments was to determine the efficacy of a commercially available post-thaw semen sexing kit, HeiferPlus™ (Emlab Genetics, Arcola, IL, USA), which claims to sway the bovine sex ratio in favor of female calves. Three trials included the insemination of hyperstimulated cows with control or HeiferPlus (HP)-treated semen, nonsurgical embryo collection on Day 7, and a novel combined PCR/Southern blot assay to determine sex. Overall, 271 embryos were collected and a sex was assigned to 265 of them. Chi-square analysis showed that the control group produced a significantly higher proportion (P < 0.005) of female embryos than the HP group (65.0% and 43.0%, respectively). There was no difference in the proportion of transferable versus degenerate embryos, and ANOVA showed no difference in the number of ovulations, embryos, and unfertilized oocytes collected in the control versus the HP groups. Another trial involved the artificial insemination of cows synchronized via OvSynch� (ABS Global, Deforest, WI, USA) followed by fetal sexing via ultrasonography between Days 55 and 58. Of the 152 cows inseminated, 51.3% were pregnant at Day 35. Of the cows inseminated with HP-treated semen, 54.5% became pregnant and 48.0% of the controls were pregnant. HP-treated cows resulted in 54.8% male (23/42) and 45.2% female (19/42) fetuses. Control cows had 52.8% male (19/36) and 47.2% female (17/36) fetuses at 58 days of gestation. Calving records confirmed the ultrasound sexing data and showed that three controls and one HP calf died after 58 days of gestation, and one control and one HP calf died within 2 weeks following birth. Chi-square analysis showed no significant difference in the sex ratio. Semen from six bulls was used in this trial, and pregnancy rates among bulls did not differ (P > 0.05). Computer-assisted semen analysis showed no significant difference in motility or progressive forward motility of control versus HP-treated sperm in any of the bulls. Results of these studies indicated that the HeiferPlus semen sexing kit did not sway the sex ratio in favor of females in either multiple- or single-ovulating cows. In the hyperstimulated cows, the control group actually produced a significantly higher proportion of female embryos than the HP group. No differences in embryo production or embryo grade were observed. Further research is needed to investigate the effects of semen incubation or manipulation on the sex ratio of cattle.

Assessment of the effects of maternal deprivation in offspring treated with ultra-high diluted Zincum metallicum in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-34
Author(s):  
Larissa Cristina Ares Silveira da Motta ◽  
Victoria Arrifano Moraes ◽  
Patricia Tahan ◽  
Maria Martha Bernardi ◽  
Kleber Peixoto da Cunha Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Period ◽  
Maternal Deprivation ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Memory Disorder ◽  
Multiple Comparison Test ◽  
High Dilutions ◽  
As Stress

Introduction: Clinical studies have shown that adverse events in childhood can lead to the development of psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety, in adolescence and adulthood in humans. Manipulations with laboratory animals, such as maternal deprivation (MD), are a source of stress for the offspring and can be a useful tool for the understanding how these events in the early period of development can lead to behavioral changes in adulthood. Studies about the use of homeopathic ultra-high dilutions as tools to minimize stress are found in the literature, i.e. Zincum metallicum is used for the treatment of neurological and behavioral symptoms, including: weakening of intellectual functions with brain and nervous exhaustion, loss of vitality, slow comprehension, memory disorder, general tremor and constant movements. These alterations can be characterized as stress-related phenomena in different species. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of homeopathic treatment in animals subjected to stress in their early days (maternal deprivation). This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Santo Amaro (UNISA), according to Process number 11/2014. Materials and Methods: In this study, newborn female rats were subjected to maternal deprivation and treated from the 10th day of lactation (PND10) until weaning (PND21). The animals were divided in 4 groups: 8 treated with Zincum metallicum 30 cH (Zn30cH); 8 treated with Zincum metallicum 6 cH (Zn6cH); 8 treated with 10% hydroalcoholic solution (medicines in blind trials, identified by codes); and 8 animals who had neither taken anything (“blank control”) nor experienced deprivation. The animals were weighed weekly, from weaning until the end of the experiment, and evaluated in the Open Field (OF) and in the Plus Maze (PM) devices to measure mobility, emotionality and anxiety, in 3 moments: in PND21 (childhood), during puberty (PND 40) and adulthood (PND75). Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA, followed by the Bartlett's Test and Bonferroni's Multiple Comparison Test, being p≤0.05. Results and Discussion: In the OF, it was observed reduction of immobility in Zn6cH group (p≤0.05) at PND21. At PND40, the Zn30cH group showed higher activity than the other groups, with increased rearing and decreased immobility (p≤0.05). Finely, at PND75 (adulthood) no change occurred, and Zincum metallicum treated rats presented similar behavior to the undeprived animals. In the PM, at PND21, the Zn30cH treated deprived group showed decrease in the open arm entry and retention period in the Maze, compared to the control undeprived group (p≤0.05). The time in the closed arm was higher than the undeprived control group and the number of head dips was lower (p≤0.05). The PM observation at 45 and 75 days showed no statistical difference among groups. The deprived animals which took Zn30cH obtained the same gain that the undeprived animals did (p≤0.05). Therefore, the deprived animals that presented anxiety during childhood were in accordance to other studies, showing that maternal deprivation is a stress factor that causes anxiety. However, the time of emotional unbalance was shorter in rats treated with Zincum metallicum. Conclusion: Zincum metallicum 30 cH seems to be a potential medicine to manage troubles in the childhood derived from stress caused by maternal deprivation. However, other studies are already underway with male offspring and neurochemical measurements, for a better parameter of results.

Levels of Prothrombin Fragment F1+2 in Patients with Hyperhomocysteinemia and a History of Venous Thromboembolism

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (05) ◽  
pp. 1327-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A Kyrle ◽  
Andreas Stümpflen ◽  
Mirko Hirschl ◽  
Christine Bialonczyk ◽  
Kurt Herkner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Thrombin Generation ◽  
Oral Anticoagulant Therapy ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Prothrombin Fragment ◽  
Hemostatic System ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
System Activation ◽  
One Year

SummaryIncreased thrombin generation occurs in many individuals with inherited defects in the antithrombin or protein C anticoagulant pathways and is also seen in patients with thrombosis without a defined clotting abnormality. Hyperhomocysteinemia (H-HC) is an important risk factor of venous thromboembolism (VTE). We prospectively followed 48 patients with H-HC (median age 62 years, range 26-83; 18 males) and 183 patients (median age 50 years, range 18-85; 83 males) without H-HC for a period of up to one year. Prothrombin fragment Fl+2 (Fl+2) was determined in the patient’s plasma as a measure of thrombin generation during and at several time points after discontinuation of secondary thromboprophylaxis with oral anticoagulants. While on anticoagulants, patients with H-HC had significantly higher Fl+2 levels than patients without H-HC (mean 0.52 ± 0.49 nmol/1, median 0.4, range 0.2-2.8, versus 0.36 ± 0.2 nmol/1, median 0.3, range 0.1-2.1; p = 0.02). Three weeks and 3,6,9 and 12 months after discontinuation of oral anticoagulants, up to 20% of the patients with H-HC and 5 to 6% without H-HC had higher Fl+2 levels than a corresponding age- and sex-matched control group. 16% of the patients with H-HC and 4% of the patients without H-HC had either Fl+2 levels above the upper limit of normal controls at least at 2 occasions or (an) elevated Fl+2 level(s) followed by recurrent VTE. No statistical significant difference in the Fl+2 levels was seen between patients with and without H-HC. We conclude that a permanent hemostatic system activation is detectable in a proportion of patients with H-HC after discontinuation of oral anticoagulant therapy following VTE. Furthermore, secondary thromboprophylaxis with conventional doses of oral anticoagulants may not be sufficient to suppress hemostatic system activation in patients with H-HC.

Viscosity and Red Cell Deformity in Arterial Disease

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Cella ◽  
H de Haas ◽  
M Rampling ◽  
V Kakkar
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Disease ◽  
Blood Viscosity ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Arterial Disease ◽  
Plasma Viscosity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fibrinogen Concentration ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Whole Blood Viscosity ◽  
Significant Difference

Haemorrheological factors have been shown to be affected in many kings of vascular disease. The present study was undertaken to correlate these factors in normal subjects and patients suffering from peripheral arterial disease. Twenty-two patients were investigated; they had moderate or severe intermittent claudication, extent of disease being confirmed by aorto-arteriography and ankle-systolic pressure studies. Twenty-five controls with no symptoms or signs of arterial disease were selected with comparable age and sex distribution. Whole blood viscosity was measured at shear rates of 230 secs-1 and 23 secs-lat 37°c using a Wells Brookfield cone plate microvisco meter. Plasma viscosity was also measured in an identical manner. Erythrocyte flexibility was measured by centrifuge technique and fibrinogen concentration as well as haematocrit by standard techniques. The fibrinogen concentration appeared to be the only significant parameter; the mean concentration in patients with peripheral vascular disease of 463 ± 73mg/l00ml in the control group ( < 0.05). Although whole blood viscosity was high in patients, when corrected to a common haematocrit, there was no significant difference between patients and controls. The same megative correlation was found for plasma viscosity. The red cell flexibility was found to be increased in patients as compared to the control group, but this effect appeared to be simply proportional to the fibrinogen concentration.

Is perioperative antibiotic necessary in straightforward implant placement procedures?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elçin Bedeloğlu ◽  
Mustafa Yalçın ◽  
Cenker Zeki Koyuncuoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Dental Implant ◽  
Prophylactic Antibiotic ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Implant Failure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Implant Placement ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Experimental Group

The purpose of this non-random retrospective cohort study was to evaluate the impact of prophylactic antibiotic on early outcomes including postoperative pain, swelling, bleeding and cyanosis in patients undergoing dental implant placement before prosthetic loading. Seventy-five patients (45 males, 30 females) whose dental implant placement were completed, included to the study. Patients used prophylactic antibiotics were defined as the experimental group and those who did not, were defined as the control group. The experimental group received 2 g amoxicillin + clavulanic acid 1 h preoperatively and 1 g amoxicillin + clavulanic acid twice a day for 5 days postoperatively while the control group had received no prophylactic antibiotic therapy perioperatively. Data on pain, swelling, bleeding, cyanosis, flap dehiscence, suppuration and implant failure were analyzed on postoperative days 2, 7, and 14 and week 12. No statistically significant difference was detected between the two groups with regard to pain and swelling on postoperative days 2, 7, and 14 and week 12 ( p &gt;0.05), while the severity of pain and swelling were greater on day 2 compared to day 7 and 14 and week 12 in both groups ( p =0.001 and p &lt;0.05, respectively). Similarly, no significant difference was found between the two groups with regard to postoperative bleeding and cyanosis. Although flap dehiscence was more severe on day 7 in the experimental group, no significant difference was found between the two groups with regard to the percentage of flap dehiscence assessed at other time points. Within limitations of the study, it has been demonstrated that antibiotic use has no effect on implant failure rates in dental implant surgery with a limited number of implants. We conclude that perioperative antibiotic use may not be required in straightforward implant placement procedures. Further randomized control clinical studies with higher numbers of patients and implants are needed to substantiate our findings.

PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PROBING PROMPTING BERBANTUAN MULTIMEDIA TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR IPA

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 336
Author(s):  
Ni Pt Rasni Karwati ◽  
Km Ngurah Wiyasa ◽  
I Kt Ardana
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Science Learning ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fifth Grade Students ◽  
School Year ◽  
Significant Difference

This research aims to determine the significance of the difference in science learning results between the group of fifth-grade students in Gugus I Elementary Schools, North Kuta District, in the school year of 2017/2018, that take lessons with the multimedia-assisted probing-prompting learning model and the group of students that take lessons with the conventional learning. The design of this research is a quasi-experimental research with the nonequivalent control group design. The population of this research are all the fifth-grade students of Gugus I Elementary Schools in North Kuta District that still implement the KTSP, which consists of 10 classes with a total of 339 students. The sampling is conducted using the random sampling technique. The sample in this research are the students of class VB in SD (Elementary School) No.7 Dalung, with 36 students as the experiment group and the students of class VB in SD No.4 Dalung with 28 students as the control group. The data collection is conducted using the test method in the form of the multiple choice objective test. The science learning results are analyzed using the t-test. Based on the average the experiment groups =80,89 > the control group =72,85, which means that the multimedia-assisted probing-prompting learning model has an influence on the science learning result. Based on the hypothesis test, tvalues =4,517> ttable =2,000, with dk=62 and a significance level of 5%. Based on the test criteria, H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. Thus, it can be interpreted there is a significant difference the science learning result between the group of students that were taught using the multimedia-assisted probing-prompting learning model and the students that were taught using the conventional learning. It can be concluded that the the multimedia-assisted probing-prompting learning model has an influence on the science learning result of the fifth-grade students in Gugus I Elementary School, North Kuta District, in the school year of 2017/2018. Keywords : probing prompting, multimedia, science learning result

Fecundity and Gonado-somatic Index of Trichiurus lepturus (Linnaeus, 1758) Along the Zamboanga del Norte Coast

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Ma. Dulce C. Guillena
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Stock Assessment ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Moon Phases ◽  
Ovary Weight ◽  
Moment Coefficient ◽  
Trichiurus Lepturus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Somatic Index

Gonado-somatic index and fecundity are tools for measuring the sexual maturity and ability of animals to reproduce.  This study investigates the reproduction of Trichiurus lepturus. Specifically, this aimed to determine the sex ratio, the GSI, the relationship between fecundity and total length, fecundity and total weight, fecundity and ovary weight. The Descriptive Method of research was used.  Percentage and chi-square was utilized in determining the percentage of occurrence and sex ratio respectively.   Pearson r Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation was used to determine the relationships of the parameters. The study revealed that females outnumbered males and the sex ratio for different month showed significant difference.  Spawning season was observed to occur in November and December as revealed in its GSI values and it synchronized with the full and new moon phases.  Fecundity is positively correlated with body weight, body size, and ovary weight where ovary weight is observed to be the best index for fecundity.  The results of this study could be used further for formal stock assessment of cutlassfish fishery.

Effect of Chewing Gum on Bowel Motility in Women Undergoing Post-Operative Cesarean Section

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr.Randa Mohammed AboBaker
Keyword(s):  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Chewing Gum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Bowel Motility ◽  
Gum Chewing ◽  
Significant Difference

Postoperative Ileus (POI) is one of the most common problems after obstetrics, gynecologic and abdominal surgeries. Sham feeding, such as gum chewing, accelerates the return of bowel function and the length of hospital stay. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of chewing gum on bowel motility in women undergoing post-operative cesarean section. Intervention study was used at the Postpartum Department of Maternity and Children Hospital, KSA. A randomized controlled clinical trial research design. Through a convenience technique, 80 post Caesarian Section (CS) women were included in the study. Data were collected through three tools: Tool (I): Socio-demographic data and reproductive history interview schedule. Tool (II): Postoperative Assessment Sheet. Tool (III): Outcomes of gum chewing and the length of hospital stay.  Method: subjects were assigned randomly into two groups of (40) the experimental and (40) the control. Subjects in the study group were asked to chew two pieces of sugarless gum for 30 min/three times daily in the morning, noon, and evening immediately after recovery from anesthesia and in Postpartum Department; while subjects in the control group followed the hospital routine care. Each woman in both groups was tested abdominally using a stethoscope to auscultate the bowel sounds and asked to report immediately the time of either passing flatus or stool. Results: illustrated that a highly statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups concerning their gum chewing outcomes. Where, P = 0.000. The study concluded that gum chewing is safe, well tolerated and appears to be effective in reducing the incidence and consequences of POI following CS.

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