scholarly journals Association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants and mortality rates because of circulatory and respiratory diseases in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinhee Kwon ◽  
Jeongeun Hwang ◽  
Hahn Yi ◽  
Hyun-Jin Bae ◽  
Miso Jang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pm 10

Abstract Background : Associations between long-term exposure to common air pollutants including nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), ozone, and particulate matter (PM 10 ) and health consequences have been studied. We investigated spatial effects of exposure to air pollution on mortality by circulatory and respiratory diseases nation-wide and in metropolitan. Methods: Means of daily concentration of the common air pollutants from 2005 to 2016 were calculated by district unit using linear interpolation. Age-standardized mortality rates of people suffering from heart disease (HD); cerebrovascular disease (CVD); ischemic heart disease (IHD); pneumonia (PN) and chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD) were acquired from population census data. Sub-divided comparisons were performed to adjust spatial heterogeneity. Pearson’s correlation coefficients between mortality rates and air pollutant concentrations were investigated. Multivariable linear regressions were performed to investigate associations considering confounding factors. Results: Air pollutant concentration in metropolitan was the highest, except SO 2 ; in particular, PM 10 concentration was higher than air quality standard (PM 10 : 55.27 µg/m 3 , air quality standard: 50.00 µg/m 3 , P<0.05). Pearson’s correlation coefficient between PM 10 and mortality rates was significant ( r =0.313, 0.596, 0.420, -0.277 and 0.523 for HD, CVD, IHD, PN, and CLRD, all P<0.05) in metropolitan. The powers of regression model for PM 10 , smoking rate, education level, and population density were 0.532 and 0.482 (adjusted R 2 ) for mortality rates of CVD and CLRD, respectively. Conclusion : Long-term exposure study with sub-divided analysis showed overall associations between air pollution exposure and circulatory and respiratory disease mortalities. PM 10 exposure was significantly associated with mortality of CVD and CLRD in metropolitan.

scholarly journals Temporal analysis of air pollutants in the most affected monsoon region

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Omar Kairan ◽  
Nur Nasehah Zainudin ◽  
Nurul Hasya Mohd Hanafiah ◽  
Nur Emylia Arissa Mohd Jafri ◽  
Fukayhah Fatiha @Suhami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Air Pollutant

Air pollution has become an issue at all rates in the world. In Malaysia, there is a system is known as air quality index (API) used to indicate the overall air quality in the country where the air pollutants include or the new ambient air quality standard are sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3) and particulate matter with size less than 10 (PM10). The concentration levels of the air pollutants were said to be affected by the monsoon changes. Therefore, this study is conducted to examine the existence of temporal variations of each air pollutant then identify the differences of each air pollutants concentration in temporal variations. This study uses secondary data where data that has been retrieved from the Department of Environment (DOE) where it is data of air pollution specifically for Kota Bharu, kelantan records. Hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis was conducted to group monthly air quality. As a conclusion, the study can conclude that the five air pollutants grouped into several different monthly clusters mostly representing the two main monsoon seasons. Mostly air pollutant varied accordingly towards the monsoon season. During the southwestern monsoon, air pollutant concentration tends to higher compare to the northeastern monsoon with mostly due to meteorological factors.

Transboundary air pollution and respiratory disease mortality: evidence from European countries

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Spiteri ◽  
Philip von Brockdorff
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Transboundary Air Pollution ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to quantify the impact of transboundary air pollutants, particularly those related to urban traffic, on health outcomes. The importance of focusing on the health implications of transboundary pollution is due to the fact that these emissions originate from another jurisdiction, thus constituting international negative externalities. Thus, by isolating and quantifying the impact of these transboundary air pollutants on domestic health outcomes, the authors can understand more clearly the extent of these externalities, identify their ramifications for health and emphasise the importance of cross-country cooperation in the fight against air pollution.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employ panel data regression analysis to look at the relationship between emissions of transboundary air pollution and mortality rates from various respiratory diseases among a sample of 40 European countries, over the period 2003–2014. In turn, the authors use annual data on transboundary emissions of sulphur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), together with detailed data on the per capita incidence of various respiratory diseases, including lung cancer, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The authors consider a number of different regression equation specifications and control for potential confounders like the quality of healthcare and economic prosperity within each country.FindingsThe results show that transboundary emissions of PM2.5 are positively and significantly related to mortality rates from asthma in our sample of countries. Quantitatively, a 10% increase in PM2.5 transboundary emissions per capita from neighbouring countries is associated with a 1.4% increase in the asthma mortality rate within the recipient country or roughly 200 deaths by asthma per year across our sample.Originality/valueThese findings have important policy implications for cross-country cooperation and regulation in the field of pollution abatement and control, particularly since all the countries under consideration form a part of the UN's Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP), a transnational cooperative agreement aimed at curtailing such pollutants on an international level.

scholarly journals APExpose_DE, an air quality exposure dataset for Germany 2010–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Caseiro ◽  
Erika von Schneidemesser
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Time Resolution ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Resolution Level

AbstractExposure to poor air quality is considered a major influence on the occurrence of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Air pollution has also been linked to the severity of the effects of epidemics such as COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Epidemiological studies require datasets of the long-term exposure to air pollution. We present the APExpose_DE dataset, a long-term (2010–2019) dataset providing ambient air pollution metrics at yearly time resolution for NO2, NO, O3, PM10 and PM2.5 at the NUTS-3 spatial resolution level for Germany (corresponding to the Landkreis or Kreisfreie Stadt in Germany, 402 in total).

scholarly journals Association between long-term exposure to air pollutants and cardiopulmonary mortality rates in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeongeun Hwang ◽  
Jinhee Kwon ◽  
Hahn Yi ◽  
Hyun-Jin Bae ◽  
Miso Jang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Administrative District ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background The association between long-term exposure to air pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), and particulate matter 10 μm or less in diameter (PM10), and mortality by ischemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), pneumonia (PN), and chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD) is unclear. We investigated whether living in an administrative district with heavy air pollution is associated with an increased risk of mortality by the diseases through an ecological study using South Korean administrative data over 19 years. Methods A total of 249 Si-Gun-Gus, unit of administrative districts in South Korea were studied. In each district, the daily concentrations of CO, SO2, NO2, O3, and PM10 were averaged over 19 years (2001–2018). Age-adjusted mortality rates by IHD, CVD, PN and CLRD for each district were averaged for the same study period. Multivariate beta-regression analysis was performed to estimate the associations between air pollutant concentrations and mortality rates, after adjusting for confounding factors including altitude, population density, higher education rate, smoking rate, obesity rate, and gross regional domestic product per capita. Associations were also estimated for two subgrouping schema: Capital and non-Capital areas (77:172 districts) and urban and rural areas (168:81 districts). Results For IHD, higher SO2 concentrations were significantly associated with a higher mortality rate, whereas other air pollutants had null associations. For CVD, SO2 and PM10 concentrations were significantly associated with a higher mortality rate. For PN, O3 concentrations had significant positive associations with a higher mortality rate, while SO2, NO2, and PM10 concentrations had significant negative associations. For CLRD, O3 concentrations were associated with an increased mortality rate, while CO, NO2, and PM10 concentrations had negative associations. In the subgroup analysis, positive associations between SO2 concentrations and IHD mortality were consistently observed in all subgroups, while other pollutant-disease pairs showed null, or mixed associations. Conclusion Long-term exposure to high SO2 concentration was significantly and consistently associated with a high mortality rate nationwide and in Capital and non-Capital areas, and in urban and rural areas. Associations between other air pollutants and disease-related mortalities need to be investigated in further studies.

Abstract P002: Long Term Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Health

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 131 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Singh ◽  
Courtney Pilkerton ◽  
Adam Christian ◽  
Thomas K Bias ◽  
Stephanie J Frisbee
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
The Individual

BACKGROUND: Although the link between air pollution and cardiovascular disease has been controversial in recent decades, it remains a top global health concern. Most studies have assessed only the relationship between pollutant concentrations and morbidity or mortality in populous cities. In this study, we investigated the association of long term exposure to major air pollutants with current cardiovascular health. This outcome was a measure of health rather than disease, as measured by the Cardiovascular Health Index (CVHI) developed by the American Heart Association. METHODS: We analyzed 2011 data from 3007 counties across the US using Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and Area Health Resources File. Air Quality Index (AQI) for five major pollutants from 2001-2011; Ozone, Sulfur dioxide and Carbon monoxide and Fine particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter of 10 and ≤2.5 μm) were obtained from the EPA Air Quality System database. Categories were based on the 11-year average pollutant AQI level and using Jenks optimization method; persistently good, variant and persistently bad. Associations between categories and the mean CVHI were evaluated using Poisson regression models adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status at the individual and population level. RESULTS: PM2.5 was most frequently measured (938 counties) and carbon monoxide least frequently (224 counties). Correlations between pollutants were moderate and significant (p<0.0001), ranging from r=0.30 between CO and Oz to r=0.52 between SD and PM2.5. Four pollutants had 11-year average AQI levels significantly associated with increased mean CVHI score of individuals. Living in a county categorized as ‘persistently good’ or ‘variant’ AQI levels for ozone is significantly associated with an estimated 3% increase in CVHI (95% CI 0.1% - 5.0%) as compared to living in a county of ‘persistently bad’ AQI levels. In addition, living in a county of only ‘persistently good’ AQI levels for PM2.5 is significantly associated with an estimated 5% increase in CVHI (95% CI 3% - 9%) as compared to living in a county of ‘persistently bad’ AQI levels. Inverse relationships existed for both PM10 and carbon monoxide. CONCLUSIONS: It is difficult to tease apart the independent effects of individual air pollutants on health as humans are exposed to a mixture of gases. However we have shown that at the individual level, there is an association between long term exposure to air pollution and its effects on current cardiovascular health. Further research is needed to determine whether these effects exist at varying levels of subject characteristics.

scholarly journals Air pollution exposure—the (in)visible risk factor for respiratory diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel-Petrică Bălă ◽  
Ruxandra-Mioara Râjnoveanu ◽  
Emanuela Tudorache ◽  
Radu Motișan ◽  
Cristian Oancea
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Pollution Exposure

AbstractThere is increasing interest in understanding the role of air pollution as one of the greatest threats to human health worldwide. Nine of 10 individuals breathe air with polluted compounds that have a great impact on lung tissue. The nature of the relationship is complex, and new or updated data are constantly being reported in the literature. The goal of our review was to summarize the most important air pollutants and their impact on the main respiratory diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, lung cancer, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, respiratory infections, bronchiectasis, tuberculosis) to reduce both short- and the long-term exposure consequences. We considered the most important air pollutants, including sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, ozone, particulate matter and biomass smoke, and observed their impact on pulmonary pathologies. We focused on respiratory pathologies, because air pollution potentiates the increase in respiratory diseases, and the evidence that air pollutants have a detrimental effect is growing. It is imperative to constantly improve policy initiatives on air quality in both high- and low-income countries.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Pollutant Gases and the Occurrence of Associated Diseases in Asaba Metropolis, Delta State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. p44
Author(s):  
Prof. Atubi, Augustus O. (Ph.D.) ◽  
Osoyibo, Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
World Health ◽  
Distribution Method ◽  
Associated Diseases ◽  
Pollutant Gases

The study examined the prevalence of pollutant gases and occurrence of associated diseases in Asaba Metropolis, Delta State, Nigeria. The study adopted a retrospective cohort and survey research design. The cohort study analyzed the reported air pollution medical cases in Federal Medical Center in Asaba such as respiratory diseases, Asthma, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Meningitis and Measles. The survey involved measurement of air pollutant such as NO2, SO2, H2S, CO and VOC to compare with the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) data and the World Health Organization Air Quality Guideline (WHOAQG) in order to ascertain the level of air pollution. As part of the study, a total of two hundred (200) copies of questionnaires were administered in two major communities representing the two LGAs that make up Asaba Metropolis serving as study sites (Asaba and Okpanam). The data were analyzed using simple percentage and frequency distribution method, averaging model and standard deviation, measure of central tendency/dispersion (Mean±SD), Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (PPMC) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of the study revealed that the highest recorded gas emitted in the area include Volatile and Organic Compounds (VOCs) with 96.4%, Carbon monoxide (CO) was 0.8%, Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was 0.4% while Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxide (NO2) were 1.2% respectively. NO2 exceeded the WHO and NAQS thresholds. The most prevalent air pollution related diseases reported were respiratory diseases which were above 50% of the yearly prevalence and Tuberculosis which was over 30% each year followed closely by Asthma and Pneumonia. The least diseases in terms of prevalence in the study area were Meningitis and Measles. Based on the findings, it was recommended that routine measurements should be made on a continuous basis to ascertain the volume of gaseous pollutants in the urban and rural environments of the study area.

scholarly journals Study of Trends in Concentrations of Basic Air Pollutants in the Malopolska Province

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-578
Author(s):  
Mariusz Filak ◽  
Szymon Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Automatic Monitoring ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Long Term Measurement

Abstract The purpose of the paper was to analyse the trends observed at air monitoring stations in the Malopolska Province - one of the most polluted regions in Poland. The study was carried out on the basis of long-term measurement data registered at five selected stations of automatic monitoring of air quality in the Malopolska Province. Trends evaluation was made on the basis of mean annual concentrations, taken from the database of the Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection in Poland. Separately for each basic air pollutant, such as SO2, NO2, NOx, CO, PM10 and O3, trend lines and their linear equations were determined to illustrate the direction of changes in concentrations. The obtained equations of the trend lines indicate the threat to the environment in the Malopolska Province. Based on the results obtained it can be concluded that for recent years there has been observed the concentration decrease of main air pollutants, except of tropospheric ozone.

scholarly journals The Impact of Atmospheric Pollutants on Human Health and Economic Loss Assessment

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1628
Author(s):  
Houli Zhang ◽  
Shibing You ◽  
Miao Zhang ◽  
Difei Liu ◽  
Xuyan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
The Impact

The impact of air pollution on human health is becoming increasingly severe, and economic losses are a significant impediment to economic and social development. This paper investigates the impact of air pollutants on the respiratory system and its action mechanism by using information on inpatients with respiratory diseases from two IIIA (highest) hospitals in Wuhan from 2015 to 2019, information on air pollutants, and meteorological data, as well as relevant demographic and economic data in China. This paper describes the specific conditions of air pollutant concentrations and respiratory diseases, quantifies the degree of correlation between the two, and then provides a more comprehensive assessment of the economic losses using descriptive statistical methods, the generalized additive model (GAM), cost of illness approach (COI), and scenario analysis. According to the findings, the economic losses caused by PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, and CO exposure are USD 103.17 million, USD 70.54 million, USD 98.02 million, USD 40.35 million, and USD 142.38 million, for a total of USD 454.46 billion, or approximately 0.20% of Wuhan’s GDP in 2019. If the government tightens control of major air pollutants and meets the WHO-recommended criterion values, the annual evitable economic losses would be approximately USD 69.4 million or approximately 0.03% of Wuhan’s GDP in 2019. As a result, the relevant government departments must strengthen air pollution control to mitigate the impact of air pollution on population health and the associated economic losses.

scholarly journals Association between long-term exposure to air pollutants and cardiopulmonary mortality rates in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeongeun Hwang ◽  
Jinhee Kwon ◽  
Hahn Yi ◽  
Hyun-Jin Bae ◽  
Miso Jang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Administrative District ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background: The association between long-term exposure to air pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), and particulate matter 10 μm or less in diameter (PM10), and mortality by ischemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), pneumonia (PN), and chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD) is unclear. We investigated whether living in an administrative district with heavy air pollution is associated with an increased risk of mortality by the diseases through an ecological study using South Korean administrative data over 19 years. Methods: A total of 249 Si-Gun-Gus, unit of administrative districts in South Korea were studied. In each district, the daily concentrations of CO, SO2, NO2, O3, and PM10 were averaged over 19 years (2001–2018). Age-adjusted mortality rates by IHD, CVD, PN and CLRD for each district were averaged for the same study period. Multivariate beta-regression analysis was performed to estimate the associations between air pollutant concentrations and mortality rates, after adjusting for confounding factors including altitude, population density, higher education rate, smoking rate, obesity rate, and gross regional domestic product per capita. Associations were also estimated for two subgrouping schema: Capital and non-Capital areas (77:172 districts) and urban and rural areas (168:81 districts). Results: For IHD, higher SO2 concentrations were significantly associated with a higher mortality rate, whereas other air pollutants had null associations. For CVD, SO2 and PM10 concentrations were significantly associated with a higher mortality rate. For PN, O3 concentrations had significant positive associations with a higher mortality rate, while SO2, NO2, and PM10 concentrations had significant negative associations. For CLRD, O3 concentrations were associated with an increased mortality rate, while CO, NO2, and PM10 concentrations had negative associations. In the subgroup analysis, positive associations between SO2 concentrations and IHD mortality were consistently observed in all subgroups, while other pollutant-disease pairs showed null, or mixed associations.Conclusion: Long-term exposure to high SO2 concentration was significantly and consistently associated with a high mortality rate nationwide and in Capital and non-Capital areas, and in urban and rural areas. Associations between other air pollutants and disease-related mortalities need to be investigated in further studies.

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