CFD MODELLING OF VOLTACAR ELECTRIC VEHICLE BODY FOR THE MOST EFFICIENT DRIVING CONDITIONS

In recent years, fossil fuels prices, greenhouse gas emissions, and need for sustainable energy sources have been increasing day by day. Thus, electric vehicles are seen as a promising candidate in the market due to their low-costs and cleaner fuel options such as electricity, hydrogen etc. Moreover, aerodynamics is one of the most important criteria to consider while designing an automobile for the most efficient driving conditions. For this reason, vehicle developers are studying to reduce drag resistance of the body to improve driving efficiency. On the other hand, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is one of the main tools for the automotive industry to obtain low-cost results before prototyping of any product. In this study, the aerodynamic characteristics of VoltaCAR electric vehicle is numerically investigated to obtain the best driving velocity. This car participates the TUBITAK-Electromobile car competition every year to achieve low fuel consumption for one hour driving. Thus, it is aimed that to minimize the resistance of the air hitting from the front, side, and roof of the vehicle. In the numerical model, polyhedral mesh structure is preferred to obtain faster convergence with fewer iterations, and shorter computation time is obtained compared to the tetrahedral mesh method. The aerodynamic drag coefficient (Cd) of the car model was calculated as approximately 0.17 at 22.22 and 27.78 m/s. The optimum velocity values were selected as 22.22 and 27.78 m/s by means of their lower Cd.

A Novel Fully Controllable Rotary Switch for Electrical Installation in Buildings

In an electrical installation in buildings, electromechanical switches are mostly used to turn on and off a load. However, sometimes there are two or more switches in the same circuit intended to control the same load. Thus, a conflict can happen between multi-users who are trying to overtake the control of the load (such as turning it on or off). To solve the problem, this paper proposes a novel switch called “Fully Controllable Rotary Switch” (FCRS) in which it can fully control not only the load but also other switches by blocking them or giving them limited or full access over the electrical circuit and the loads. For validation purposes, the utilization of FCRS in buildings is compared to the traditional switches under the same functionality and conditions. Results show that FCRS has the ability to control many electrical loads simultaneously, control other switches in the circuit, increase the satisfaction, security, and privacy of the users. Finally, it reduces the conflict between multi-users and the investment cost by avoiding installing additional switches and protection devices.

Novel Optimal Perennial Calendar Systems vs Gregorian Calendar and Their Impact on the Energy Demand and the Environment

Have you ever missed an event because you were confused about days and dates? Do you remember the date of any specific day without looking at the calendar? Is the current Gregorian Calendar efficient enough for usage, and does it facilitate our life or make it more complicated? Have you ever thought about a simpler way to calculate days and dates in a year without using a calendar? All these questions are answered in this paper, in which authors propose two contributions, (a) a new mathematical formula that calculates the number of days in any month in the Gregorian calendar for any year, including the leap years, (b) an original optimization method that creates optimal perennial calendars. Results show that there is more than one way to create a perennial calendar using the proposed optimization model, in which the number of days in each month does not change, neither the dates. Hence, all months have the same sequence of days and dates. In other meaning, Monday becomes the first day of every month, and Sunday becomes the last day. Consequently, the calendars become much easier to memorize, and it becomes simpler to predict the days and dates in any year. In addition, the proposed optimal perennial calendar system reduces the energy demand and pollution worldwide, in which it has less impact on the environment and climate change compared to the Gregorian calendar. This is due to the fact that less printed-out calendars are produced, and less time is spent on the digital calendars to check the dates and days.

Testing of Pine Oil and Glycerol Ketal as Components of B10 Fuel Blend

The aim of the present work was to the preparation of biodiesel from sunflower oil and ethanol by the transesterification reaction in the presence of the KOH. The conversion was 88% at using a 1:3 molar ratio of oil to alcohol at 75°C. Important fuel physical properties of B10 blend with (or without) oxygenated additivities by the ASTM standards had been investigated. Based on the obtained results is noted that the fuel blend B10 with (or without) additivities has greater potentials for diesel engines than, B100 and fossil diesel.

A NOVEL FULLY CONTROLLABLE ROTARY SWITCH FOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION IN BUILDINGS

In an electrical installation in buildings, electromechanical switches are mostly used to turn on and off a load. However, sometimes there are two or more switches in the same circuit intended to control the same load. Thus, a conflict can happen between multi-users who are trying to overtake the control of the load (such as turning it on or off). To solve the problem, this paper proposes a novel switch called “Fully Controllable Rotary Switch” (FCRS) in which it can fully control not only the load but also other switches by blocking them or giving them limited or full access over the electrical circuit and the loads. For validation purposes, the utilization of FCRS in buildings is compared to the traditional switches under the same functionality and conditions. Results show that FCRS has the ability to control many electrical loads simultaneously, control other switches in the circuit, increase the satisfaction, security, and privacy of the users. Finally, it reduces the conflict between multi-users and the investment cost by avoiding installing additional switches and protection devices.

Investigation of the Solidity Ratio in a Horizontal Wind Turbine

A wind turbine-generator system; Parameters such as wind speed, turbine blade diameter, number of blades, turbine height, tip speed ratio and solidity ratio are affected. In this study, horizontal axis wind turbine with diameter of 130 cm and blade solidity ratio values of 7%, 8,6% and 9,8% were constructed and the tests were made according to different blade speed ratios. The required blades were obtained from PVC pipes of different diameters. The experimental study was actualized in Erciyes University Mechanical Engineering, Engines Laboratory. For each profile, blade rotational speeds and wind speeds at various distances have been studied. It has been determined that the wind speed is reduced by the distance difference and accordingly the number of blade speed is decreased visibly. In the wing profiles with different blade solidity ratios resulting from the work done, the wing structure with the solidity ratio of 8.6% gave the best performance. CL and CD coefficients of the profiled specimens were analyzed by FLUENTTM, a program of computational fluid dynamics. One of the factors that should be taken into consideration in the production of wind turbines is the blade solidity ratio.

Evaluation of Tea Factory Wastes in Energy and Other Areas - A Review

Today, orientation towards alternative energy sources has gained great importance. Biomass resources are easily available, plentiful, inexpensive, environmentally friendly and sustainable renewable energy sources. Biomass resources have the potential to be used not only for energy production but also in many different fields. One of the sources of biomass is the tea factory wastes (TFW) released during black tea production. This resource, which has no economic value, can be used in many different fields and forms. In this study, these studies made with tea factory wastes were compiled and gathered under five main headings. These are agriculture and animal husbandry, building materials, environment, energy and chemistry. It is thought that examining the studies in this way will be a guide to fill the existing gaps in the literature and lead to development.

Evaluation of Environmental Noise Pollution (Traffic, Schools, Hospitals) and Noise Perception

Nowadays, noise pollution, one of the crucial environmental problems as a result of increase in the population, has caused physical and psychological negativities in people's lives. The increase in the number of vehicles along with the population, the lack of infrastructure in the existing roads, misbehavior of the drivers due to the lack of education lead to an increase in noise pollution. The current study aimed to determine how much noise pollution that people are exposed to in traffic, schools and hospitals in Kayseri, one of the most important industrialized centers in Turkey with a population approximately 1.4 million. The levels of noise pollution averagely varied between 62-72 dBA in the streets and it is observed that the noise level changes depending on the vehicle intense in traffic. The noise levels in schools ranged from 41 to 57 dBA in the morning when window was closed that were higher than the regulation limit. The noise levels in hospitals were between 46 and 58 dBA when window is closed. The results of the survey conducted among a total of 153 people showed that noise was considered as environmental pollution by 98% in residential, 90% in schools and 73% in hospitals. The most noise-related health effects specified by the participants was the headache with 41% followed by frustrated and stressed with 24%

The Relationship Between CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth in Turkey

The relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth has recently been the focus of discussion between policy makers and scientists around the world. The relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth has recently been the focus of discussion between policy makers and scientists around the world. In order to meet human needs, energy is needed in the activities to be carried out and the demand for this energy has increased exponentially over the years. Today, energy is produced from two sources: fossil fuels and renewable resources. Turkey renewable energy resources, particularly hydropower, wind energy, solar energy and are a country with significant potential for geothermal energy sources. Compared to fossil fuels, the carbon emissions from renewable energy sources are low. CO2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels vary depending on the type of fossil fuel used. In this study, the energy sector between Turkey's 1990-2016year, agricultural activities and carbon emissions per person from industrial processes and the per capita change in the manufacturing sector with the relationship between GDP energy imports, health care costs have been analysed.

Application in Virtual System Modelling (VSM) of Sensored Pm BLDC Motor Drive Using Two Technologies of Processors PIC16F877Aand Arduino Uno R3

This paper presents the simulation of a 3-phase Permanent Magnet Brushless DC (PM BLDC) motor drive. For the studied drive system in this paper, pulse width modulation (PWM) control has been implemented for a 60-degree six-step trapezoidal PM BLDC motor drive. The used processor is Arduino and PIC16F877A, which is a common, flash-able, and low-cost microcontroller unit (MCU) with functions to perform commutation sequence, rotating direction control, speed control and reading Hall sensor signals, and calculating RPM and duty cycle of the PWM outputs signals depending on variable speed. The controlling technique uses sensored type in order to make this design suitable for low-speed and high-speed applications plus control simplicity. In this paper, The application of Proteus Virtual System Modelling (VSM) software as a real-time simulation tool is introduced to model the performance of a 3-phase Permanent Magnet Brushless DC motor drive before hardware implementation. Expected results can be monitored and analyzed throughout the virtual simulation of all components. The usage of Proteus VSM enables shorter product development time, thus reducing development costs for industrial applications.