scholarly journals Extraterrestrial Photosynthesis by Chang’E-5 Lunar Soil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingfang Yao ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
Xi Zhu ◽  
Wenguang Tu ◽  
Yong Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Lunar Soil ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Deep Space Exploration ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Photosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Lunar Soil Sample

Abstract In light of significant effort conducted to manned deep space exploration, it is of high technological importance and scientific interest to develop the lunar life supporting system for long-term exploration and exploitation. And lunar in situ resource utilization offers great opportunity to provide the material basis of life supporting for lunar habitation and traveling. Based on the analysis of the structure and composition, the Chang’E-5 lunar soil sample was used for lunar-surface solar energy conversion, i.e. the extraterrestrial photosynthesis catalysts. By evaluating the performance of the Chang’E-5 lunar sample as photovoltaic-driven electrocatalyst, photocatalyst and photothermal catalysts, the full water splitting and CO2 conversion are able to be achieved with solar energy, water and lunar soil, with a wide range of product distribution, including O2, H2, CO, CH4 and CH3OH. Thus, we propose a potentially available extraterrestrial photosynthesis pathway on the moon, which could help us to achieve a ‘zero-energy consumption’ environment and life support system on the moon.

scholarly journals Monitoring the brightness temperature of the Moon throughout the lunar cycle from radio observations in the Ku band

2021 ◽  
Vol 2090 (1) ◽  
pp. 012159
Author(s):  
David Galeano ◽  
A. Quintero Edwin
Keyword(s):  
Brightness Temperature ◽  
Lunar Cycle ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Radio Telescopes ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Receiver System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ku Band

Abstract Within the spectrum of radio waves, the Ku band (12 - 18 GHz ) stands out for the wide range of instruments available and for its relative ease of acquisition, given that satellite television operates in this band. This situation offers a great opportunity for the development of radio astronomy in countries with unfavorable climatic conditions for optical astronomy, since this band is only affected by dense masses of water vapor. In this article we present a methodology for the calibration of the receiver system of compact Ku-band radio telescopes, and its application in the determination of the brightness temperature of the Moon. Our methodology involves modeling the influence of the atmosphere of the Earth on the response of the radioreceptor, which minimizes the error in the calculation of the brightness temperature of the observed object. We applied the proposed methodology in the monitoring of the Lunar cycle using the Ku-band radio telescope of the Observatorio Astronomico of Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Colombia (OAUTP). After observing during May, June, and July of 2021, we obtained an average temperature of 213.15 K, with maximum and minimum values of 275.55 K and 150.75 K, respectively. In addition, we evidenced a delay of 5.75 days between the phase in which the maximum temperature is presented and the phase of the full Moon, which is consistent with the frequency of observation. The results show that our methodology is useful to optimize the calibration of compact Ku-band radio telescopes, and expand the potential of this type of instrument for the scientific study of radio sources other than the Sun, in this case the Moon.

Thematic maps in the scientific studies of the moon

2019 ◽  
Vol 943 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-75
Author(s):  
S.G. Pugacheva ◽  
E.A. Feoktistova ◽  
V.V. Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Thermal Inertia ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Lunar Soil ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Surface Cooling ◽  
Laser Altimeters ◽  
Space Infrastructure ◽  
The Impact

The article presents the results of astrophysical studies of the Moon’s reflected and intrinsic radiation. We studied the intensity of the Moon’s infrared radiation and, thus, carried out a detailed research of the brightness temperature of the Moon’s visible disc, estimated the thermal inertia of the coating substance by the rate of its surface cooling, and the degree of the lunar soil fragmentation. Polarimetric, colorimetric and spectrophotometric measurements of the reflected radiation intensity were carried out at different wavelengths. In the article, we present maps prepared based on our measurement results. We conducted theresearch of the unique South Pole – Aitken basin (SPA). The altitude profiles of the Apollo-11 and Zond-8 spacecrafts and the data of laser altimeters of the Apollo-16 and Apollo-15 spacecrafts were used as the main material. Basing upon this data we prepared a hypsometric map of SPA-basing global relief structure. A surface topography map of the Moon’s Southern Hemisphere is given in the article. The topography model of the SPA topography surface shows displacement centers of the altitude topographic rims from the central rim. Basing upon the detailed study of the basin’s topography as well as its “depth-diameter” ratio we suggest that the basin originated from the impact of a giant cometary body from the Orta Cloud. In our works, we consider the Moon as a part of the Earth’s space infrastructure. High growth rates of the Earth’s population, irrational nature management will cause deterioration of scarce natural resources in the near future. In our article, we present maps of the natural resources on the Moon pointing out the most promising regions of thorium, iron, and titanium. Probably in 20 or 40 years a critical mining level of gold, diamonds, zinc, platinum and other vital rocks and metals will be missing on the Earth.

scholarly journals Non-Stoichiometric Redox Active Perovskite Materials for Solar Thermochemical Fuel Production: A Review

Catalysts ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Haeussler ◽  
Stéphane Abanades ◽  
Julien Jouannaux ◽  
Anne Julbe
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Solar Fuel ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Concentrated Solar Energy ◽  
Redox Active ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
Wide Range

Due to the requirement to develop carbon-free energy, solar energy conversion into chemical energy carriers is a promising solution. Thermochemical fuel production cycles are particularly interesting because they can convert carbon dioxide or water into CO or H2 with concentrated solar energy as a high-temperature process heat source. This process further valorizes and upgrades carbon dioxide into valuable and storable fuels. Development of redox active catalysts is the key challenge for the success of thermochemical cycles for solar-driven H2O and CO2 splitting. Ultimately, the achievement of economically viable solar fuel production relies on increasing the attainable solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency. This necessitates the discovery of novel redox-active and thermally-stable materials able to split H2O and CO2 with both high-fuel productivities and chemical conversion rates. Perovskites have recently emerged as promising reactive materials for this application as they feature high non-stoichiometric oxygen exchange capacities and diffusion rates while maintaining their crystallographic structure during cycling over a wide range of operating conditions and reduction extents. This paper provides an overview of the best performing perovskite formulations considered in recent studies, with special focus on their non-stoichiometry extent, their ability to produce solar fuel with high yield and performance stability, and the different methods developed to study the reaction kinetics.

scholarly journals 2.2.4 Lunar Soil Movement Registered by the Apollo 17 Cosmic Dust Experiment

1976 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 233-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otto E. Berg ◽  
Henry Wolf ◽  
John Rhee
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Lunar Soil ◽  
Cosmic Dust ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Normal Impact ◽  
Soil Movement ◽  
Impact Parameters

In December, 1973, a Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites (LEAM) experiment was placed in the Taurus-Littrow area of the moon by the Apollo 17 Astronauts. Objectives of the experiment were centered around measurements of impact parameters of cosmic dust on the lunar surface. During preliminary attempts to analyze the data it became evident that the events registered by the sensors could not be attributed to cosmic dust but could only be identified with the lunar surface and the local sun angle. The nature of these data coupled with post-flight studies of instrument characteristics, have led to a conclusion that the LEAM experiment is responding primarily to a flux of highly charged, slowly moving lunar surface fines. Undoubtedly concealed in these data is the normal impact activity from cosmic dust and probably lunar ejecta, as well. This paper is based on the recognition that the bulk of events registered by the LEAM experiment are not signatures of hypervelocity cosmic dust particles, as expected, but are induced signatures of electrostatically charged and transported lunar fines.

scholarly journals Heat Treatment of Steel 1.1730 with Concentrated Solar Energy

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 261-270
Author(s):  
Maria Stoicanescu ◽  
Aurel Crisan ◽  
Ioan Milosan ◽  
Mihai Alin Pop ◽  
Jose Rodriguez Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Solar Furnace ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Concentrated Solar Energy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents and discusses research conducted with the purpose of developing the use of solar energy in the heat treatment of steels. For this, a vertical axis solar furnace called at Plataforma Solar de Almeria was adapted such as to allow control of the heating and cooling processes of samples made from 1.1730 steel. Thus temperature variation in pre-set points of the heated samples could be monitored in correlation with the working parameters: the level of solar radiation and implicitly the energy used the conditions of sample exposed to solar radiation, and the various protections and cooling mediums.The recorded data allowed establishing the types of treatments applied for certain working conditions. The distribution of hardness, as the representative feature resulting from heat treatment, was analysed on all sides of the treated samples. In correlation with the time-temperature-transformation diagram of 1.1730 steel, the measured values confirmed the possibility of using solar energy in all types of heat treatment applied to this steel. In parallel the efficiency of using solar energy was analysed in comparison to the energy obtained by burning methane gas for the heat treatment for the same set of samples. The analysis considered energy consumption, productivity and the impact on the environment. Thanks to various data obtained through developed experiences, which cover a wide range of thermic treatments applied steels 1.1730 model, we can certainly state that this can be a solid base in using solar energy in applications of thermic treatment at a high industrial level.

Plasma Diagnostics of Microflares observed by STIX and AIA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Saqri ◽  
Astrid Veronig ◽  
Ewan Dickson ◽  
Säm Krucker ◽  
Andrea Francesco Battaglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Flares ◽  
Magnetic Energy ◽  
Emission Measure ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Solar Dynamics Observatory ◽  
Energy Bands ◽  
Accurate Analysis ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Wide Range

<p>Solar flares are generally thought to be the impulsive release of magnetic energy giving rise to a wide range of solar phenomena that influence the heliosphere and in some cases even conditions of earth. Part of this liberated energy is used for particle acceleration and to heat up the solar plasma. The Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX) instrument onboard the Solar Orbiter mission launched on February 10th 2020 promises advances in the study of solar flares of various sizes. It is capable of measuring X-ray spectra from 4 to 150 keV with 1 keV resolution binned into 32 energy bins before downlinking. With this energy range and sensitivity, STIX is capable of sampling thermal plasma with temperatures of≳10 MK, and to diagnose the nonthermal bremsstrahlung emission of flare-accelerated electrons. During the spacecraft commissioning phase in the first half of the year 2020, STIX observed 68 microflares. Of this set, 26 events could clearly be identified in at least two energy channels, all of which originated in an active region that was also visible from earth. These events provided a great opportunity to combine the STIX observations with the multi-band EUV imagery from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) instrument on board the earth orbiting Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). For the microflares that could be identified in two STIX science energy bands, it was possible to derive the temperature and emission measure (EM) of the flaring plasma assuming an isothermal source. For larger events where more detailed spectra could be derived, a more accurate analysis was performed by fitting the spectra assuming various thermal and nonthermal sources. These results are compared to the diagnostics derived from AIA images. To this aim, the Differential EmissionMeasure (DEM) was reconstructed from AIA observations to infer plasma temperatures and EM in the flaring regions. Combined with the the relative timing between the emission seen by STIX and AIA, this allows us to get deeper insight into the flare energy release and transport processes.</p>

POSSIBILITIES OF STUDYING THE LUNAR SOIL AND COMPARING THE COMPOSITIONS OF LUNAR AND TERRESTRIAL CLINOPYROXENES

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 6-17
Author(s):  
Z. Golitsyna ◽  
◽  
A. Kirdyashkin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Lunar Soil ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Initial Composition ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
Lunar Rocks ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Temperature And Pressure

The problem of compositional analysis of extraterrestrial crystalline rocks in the study of celestial bodies is considered. Since most of the bodies, terrestrial planets and their surrounding objects may contain clinopyroxenes, it is possible to study the temperature and pressure of rock formation in certain areas according to the state of these minerals, and the studies can be carried out identically to the geothermobarometry of Earth rocks. The paper presents the results of experimental studies of clinopyroxene compositions of the basic model system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 in the pressure range of 12...30 kbar and temperatures of 1325...1650 °C, which can be assumed as conditions for the formation of lunar rocks. The development of the necessary experimental data obtained in terrestrial conditions will help in the future to conduct remote studies of the Moon and other celestial bodies without the need to deliver soil to Earth. The revealed clinopyroxenes can be analyzed with existing geothermometers and geobarometers obtained for different ranges of P-T conditions. The possibility of creating a new geothermobarometer based on the distribution of minals or cations in clinopyroxene specifically for lunar rocks is not excluded. The main features and possible instrumentation of the apparatus intended for the study of the lunar surface are described. The study of different areas of the lunar surface will determine where the country rocks are located most closely to the surface. Analysis of silicate components of the lunar rocks will make it possible to get closer to the solution to the problem of initial composition of the lunar mantle

scholarly journals ERS International Congress, Madrid, 2019: highlights from the Respiratory Intensive Care Assembly

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 00331-2019
Author(s):  
Celal Satici ◽  
Daniel López-Padilla ◽  
Annia Schreiber ◽  
Aileen Kharat ◽  
Ema Swingwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Neuromuscular Disorders ◽  
Ventilator Weaning ◽  
Early Career ◽  
International Congress ◽  
Short List ◽  
Close Collaboration ◽  
European Respiratory Society ◽  
Wide Range

The Respiratory Intensive Care Assembly of the European Respiratory Society is delighted to present the highlights from the 2019 International Congress in Madrid, Spain. We have selected four sessions that discussed recent advances in a wide range of topics: from acute respiratory failure to cough augmentation in neuromuscular disorders and from extra-corporeal life support to difficult ventilator weaning. The subjects are summarised by early career members in close collaboration with the Assembly leadership. We aim to give the reader an update on the most important developments discussed at the conference. Each session is further summarised into a short list of take-home messages.

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