scholarly journals Integration of Heavy Metal Pollution Indices and Health Risk Assessment of Groundwater in Semi-arid Coastal Aquifers, South Africa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philisiwe P Mthembu ◽  
Vetrimurugan Elumalai ◽  
Peiyue Li ◽  
Sivakumar Uthandi ◽  
William P. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Contaminated Groundwater ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Pollution Indices ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Groundwater Samples

Abstract The metal contaminated groundwater results in serious health issues and hence this study attempts to address metal contamination and its sources by using integrated techniques including indexed and statistical methods and its related health hazards. Groundwater pH varied from 5.3 to 8.3 indicating acidic to alkaline in nature. Heavy metal evaluation index and degree of contamination reveal that all the groundwater samples fall under low pollution and are appropriate for human consumption. According to the pollution index majority of the samples fall in the insignificant pollution zone. Water quality index reveal that 19% and 2% of the groundwater samples belong to the poor and very poor water quality category and are spatially situated on the central, northern and southern parts of the study region. Correlation matrix and principal component analysis reveal that weathering of aquifer matrix and anthropogenic activities are accountable for the release of heavy metals into groundwater. Furthermore, R-mode and Q-mode cluster analysis revealed two clusters which are linked to mixed sources including weathering and anthropogenic activities. Based on the hazard quotient the order of heavy metal impact is: Co>Pb>Cd>Zn>As>Mn>Cu>Cr>Fe>Ni for both children and adult. The hazard index values varied from 0.06 to 8.16 for children and from 0.02 to 2.14 for adult. In this study, it is discovered that 43% and 26% of groundwater samples pose non-carcinogenic health risk in children and adult, respectively. This study highly recommends treatment of contaminated groundwater before consumption in order to protect and maintain the public health.

scholarly journals An index approach to heavy metal pollution assessment of Eme River, Umuahia, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emeka Donald Anyanwu
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Pollution ◽  
Heavy Metal Pollution ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Pollution Indices ◽  
Sand Mining ◽  
Wet Season

Rivers are subjected to various kinds of natural and anthropogenic activities among which, indiscriminate and illegal sand mining is a major factor. The heavy metal content of a Nigerian river was studied between December 2017 and November 2018 in 6 stations in relation to suitability for human consumption using pollution indices. The indices used were Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) and Contamination Index (Cd). Eight metals were evaluated using standard methods and compared with Nigerian Drinking Water Quality Standard. Some metals like iron, cadmium and lead exceeded limits; manganese, chromium and nickel exceeded limits in the dry season in some stations while copper and zinc were all within limits. The dry season values were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the wet season values. NPI showed all the stations exceeded the threshold (100) especially stations 1, 4 – 6 while Cd showed that stations 3 and 2 had low and medium contamination potential risks respectively and stations 1, 4 – 6 had high contamination potential risk. The indices effectively captured the effect of the anthropogenic activities (sand mining, swimming, washing, etc) in the river and showed that the water quality was not suitable for human consumption.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Chemical Parameters of Urban Drinking Water Quality along with Health Risk Assessment: A Case Study of Ardabil Province, Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5179
Author(s):  
Reza Aghlmand ◽  
Saeed Rasi Nezami ◽  
Ali Abbasi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
World Health ◽  
Study Region

In recent years, in addition to water resources’ quantity, their quality has also received much attention. In this study, the quality of the urban water distribution network in northwestern Iran was evaluated using the water quality index (WQI) method. Then, some important trace elements were investigated, and finally, the health risk assessment was evaluated for both carcinogenic elements (Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, and As) and non-carcinogenic elements (Ca, Mg, Na, K, F, NO3, and Cu) using carcinogenic risk (CR) and hazard quotient (HQ), respectively. In the present study, the WQI was calculated based on both World Health Organization (WHO) and Iranian drinking water standards. Comparing the results of these standards revealed that the WQI based on the Iranian standard was slightly higher. Regarding the calculated WQI for the study region, the status of water quality for drinking consumption is in the good water quality class (25 < WQI < 50). It was observed that Cu and Cd have the highest and lowest concentrations in all sampling points, respectively. Hazard Index (HI) results showed that the non-carcinogenic substances studied had a low risk for both adults and children (<1.0). However, the CR results showed that Ni, Cd, and As were above the desired level for both children and adults. The results of this study can be applied for efficient water management and human health protection programs in the study area.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Potential Health Risk, Heavy Metal Pollution Indices and Water Quality of Edku Lagoon- Egypt

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-290
Author(s):  
Said A. Shetaia ◽  
Atef M. Abu Khatita ◽  
Nabil A. Abdelhafez ◽  
Ibrahim M. Shaker ◽  
Sameh B. El Kafrawy
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Metal Pollution ◽  
Heavy Metal Pollution ◽  
Pollution Indices ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Potential Health Risk

scholarly journals Assessment of nitrate and its health risk capability in groundwater used by residents around a dumpsite in Lagos, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Joshua Olu
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Risk Effect

Anthropologic activities in our environment had been continuously associated with the release of nitrate a contaminant that has been linked with some dangerous health effects. This study assessed the concentration and health risk of nitrate in groundwater used by residents around a dumpsite. For this study groundwater samples were obtained randomly from 12 sampling sites near the Solos dumpsite at Igando, Alimosho local government area, Lagos, Nigeria. The water samples were analyzed for nitrate and some other physic-chemical parameters. The water quality index of the water samples was calculated to determine the suitability for consumption purposes. The non-carcinogenic hazard health risk associated with the nitrate level in the water samples was also assessed. The relationship between the nitrate in the water samples and the drinking water quality index (DWQI) was a positive one with r= 0.21 at p=0.517. The hazard index for ingestion (oral) route (HIoral) range were 0.024-0.962, 0.028-1.136 and 0.033-1.3 for male, female and children respectively. The dermal hazard index (HIdermal) shows range of 0.001-0.026 for male, 0.001-0.027 for female and 0.002-0,071 for children. Sample 6 had Total hazard index (HItotal) greater than 1for both female adult and children as 1.163 and 1.371 respectively. All water samples on this study had the presence of nitrate that were positive correlated with water quality index and only one of the samples nitrate concentration was associated with high health non-carcinogenic risk effect especially in children and women.

scholarly journals Anthropogenic nitrate in groundwater and its health risks in the view of background concentration in a semi arid area of Rajasthan, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdur Rahman ◽  
N. C. Mondal ◽  
K. K. Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Arid Area ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
Background Concentration ◽  
Semi Arid

AbstractAn increased nitrate (NO3−) concentration in groundwater has been a rising issue on a global scale in recent years. Different consumption mechanisms clearly illustrate the adverse effects on human health. The goal of this present study is to assess the natural and anthropogenic NO3− concentrations in groundwater in a semi arid area of Rajasthan and its related risks to human health in the different groups of ages such as children, males, and females. We have found that most of the samples (n = 90) were influenced by anthropogenic activities. The background level of NO3− had been estimated as 7.2 mg/L using a probabilistic approach. About 93% of nitrate samples exceeded the background limit, while 28% of the samples were beyond the permissible limit of 45 mg/L as per the BIS limits. The results show that the oral exposure of nitrate was very high as compare to dermal contact. With regard to the non-carcinogenic health risk, the total Hazard Index (HITotal) values of groundwater nitrate were an average of 0.895 for males, 1.058 for females, and 1.214 for children. The nitrate health risk assessment shows that about 38%, 46%, and 49% of the samples constitute the non-carcinogenic health risk to males, females, and children, respectively. Children were found to be more prone to health risks due to the potential exposure to groundwater nitrate.

scholarly journals Heavy metal concentrations in the edible portions of Centella asiatica: Health risk toward chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Dimuthu Nilmini Wijeyaratne ◽  
Ellewaththe Arachchilage Charuni Se Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Centella Asiatica ◽  
Consumer Safety ◽  
Uncertain Etiology

AbstractCentella asiatica is a commonly consumed green leafy vegetable in many developing countries due its high nutritious value and availability at low cost. The present study was conducted to assess the Cd, Cr and Pb uptake associated health risks of Centella asiatica harvested from organic and non-organic cultivations in a chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKDue) prevalent area in Sri Lanka. The health risk assessment was conducted in terms of the bioconcentration factor (BCF), soil-to-root and root-to-leaf translocation factors ($${\text{TF}}\,({\text{soil-root}})$$ TF ( soil-root ) and $${\text{TF}}\,({\text{root-leaf}})$$ TF ( root-leaf ) ), Target hazard quotient for each heavy metal (THQ) and hazard index (HI). In addition, the spatial variation of physical and chemical parameters of the root zone soil were assessed using MINITAB 17 statistical software. Results indicated significant spatial variations in conductivity, organic matter content and Cr concentrations among organic and non-organic study sites. The Cr, Cd and Pb concentrations recorded from roots and leaves of Centella asiatica were higher than the safe limits for consumption established by the European Union. The health risk analysis indicated that there is a potential of hyper-accumulating Cd in the roots of Centella asiatica. Further, the THQ and HI of the heavy metals indicated possible adverse non-cancer health risks associated with long-term consumption of leaves of Centella asiatica. Therefore, necessary precautionary actions to prevent the excessive buildup of Cr, Cd and Pb in the edible portions of Centella asiatica are essential in order to ensure consumer safety.

scholarly journals Anthropogenic Nitrate Pollution in Groundwater and Its Health Risks in The View of Background Concentration in a Semi-Arid Area of Rajasthan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdur Rahman ◽  
N.C. Mondal ◽  
K.K. Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Arid Area ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
Background Concentration ◽  
Dermal Contact ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract An increased nitrate (NO3-) concentration in groundwater has been a rising issue on a global scale in recent years. Through different consumption mechanisms, it clearly illustrates the adverse effects on human health. The goal of this present study is to assess the natural and anthropogenic NO3- concentration in groundwater and its related risks to human health in the different groups of ages such as children, males, and females. Groundwater samples (n=101) were obtained and analysed for their physicochemical components, along with the nitrate concentration in a semi-arid area of Rajasthan. The results show that most of the samples were influenced by anthropogenic activities. The background and anthropogenic levels had been estimated and marked as 7.2 mg/L and 13.3 mg/L for the background and anthropogenic concentrations, respectively. About 83% of nitrate samples were exceeded the background limit, while 28% of the samples were beyond the permissible limit of 45 mg/L as stated by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Nitrate health risks were also measured by oral intake and dermal contact sources for the residents in this area. The oral exposure of nitrate was very high as compare to dermal contact. With regards to the non-carcinogenic health risk, the total Heath Index (HITotal) values of groundwater nitrate in the study area varied from 0.045 to 3.153 with an average of 0.964 for males, 0.053 to 3.726 with an average of 1.139 for females, and 0.061 to 4.278 with an average of 1.308 for children. The nitrate health risk assessment shows that about 38%, 46%, and 49% of groundwater samples constitute the non-carcinogenic health risk to males, females, and children, respectively.

scholarly journals Shallow Groundwater Quality Assessment and Its Suitability Analysis for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 3361
Author(s):  
Muhammad Yousuf Jat Baloch ◽  
Wenjing Zhang ◽  
Juanfen Chai ◽  
Shuxin Li ◽  
Muwaffaq Alqurashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Water Type

For shallow groundwater, hydrogeochemical processes and quality assessment must be addressed because shallow groundwater is freely available in many parts of the globe. Due to recent anthropogenic activities and environmental changes in Sakrand, Sindh, Pakistan, the groundwater is extremely vulnerable. To provide safe drinking and agricultural water, hydrogeochemical analysis is required. Ninety-five groundwater samples were analyzed using agricultural and drinking indices to determine the hydrogeochemical parameters using multivariate analysis such as Pearson correlations, principal component cluster analysis, as well as Piper diagrams and Gibbs plot for drinking and agricultural indices. An abundance of ions was observed through the statistical summary; however, cations and anions were recorded in the orders Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− > NO3− > F−. The hydrogeochemical process used to quantify the major reactions occurring in the groundwater system showed rock dominance; the Piper diagrams evaluated the water type. A mixed pattern of calcium, magnesium, and chloride ions (Ca2+−Mg2+−Cl− type) was observed. Additionally, the ion exchange method showed an excess of bicarbonate ions due to carbonic acid weathering. The water quality index (WQI) resulted 32.6% of groundwater being unsuitable for human consumption; however, the United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) diagram showed 60% of samples fall in the irrigable category and the Wilcox diagram depicted 5% of samples lying in the unsuitable region. Most of the water samples were suitable for drinking; only a few samples were unsafe for drinking purposes for children due to the high hazard index. High salinity meant some samples were unsuitable for irrigation.

scholarly journals Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Quality Assessment of Groundwater in an Irrigated Region, Northwest China

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Chen ◽  
Qiwei Huang ◽  
Yaling Lin ◽  
Yuan Fang ◽  
Hui Qian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Drinking And Irrigation ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Entropy Weighted ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Drinking Purpose

Groundwater is one of the most important sources of water for drinking and irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. In this study, 50 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for various chemical constituents (pH, TDS, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42−, Cl−, HCO3−, NO3−, and F−) to identify the hydrogeochemical characteristics, and to evaluate its suitability for drinking and irrigation uses in Zhongning area of Northwest China. Results showed that groundwater was slightly alkaline in nature. Fluoride and nitrate concentrations in the groundwater of the study region were much higher than its prescribed limits for drinking purposes. A factor analysis (FA) was implemented to understand the contamination source of groundwater in the region, and the results indicated that rock–water interaction, geogenic, and human-induced contamination were the major factors influencing groundwater chemistry. An entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI) was employed to evaluate the water quality for drinking purpose. Mg2+, Ca2+, SO42-, HCO3−, and TDS played the leading roles in influencing the groundwater quality with high weights. Forty-eight percent of groundwater samples were unfit for drinking purpose in the study area, due to poor quality. Elevated concentrations of SO42−, Cl− and NO3−-N in groundwater caused poor quality and extremely poor quality water, which may be attributed to human activities. According to the calculation of sodium percentage (Na%), sodium adsorption ration (SAR), and permeability index (PI), the majority of the groundwater samples were suitable for irrigation. However, it should be noted that 26% of the samples were unfit for irrigation because of the high salinity in the groundwater. This is mainly attributed to the intense evaporation and the intensified irrigation activities in the region. The findings in this study contribute to a better understanding of groundwater sustainability for supporting water management and protection in the future.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document