scholarly journals Causes of different goiter rates with the same iodine deficiency among the pastoral and agricultural populations of Tibet: A geographical comparison

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Xu ◽  
Shichuan Liu ◽  
Wei Ma ◽  
Xiuwei Li ◽  
Min Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
High Intake ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Total Iodine ◽  
Pastoral Area ◽  
Thyroid Goiter ◽  
Inorganic Iodine ◽  
Agricultural Areas

Abstract Background The residents of both the agricultural and pastoral areas of Tibet share the same iodine deficiency and iodine nutrition, but the rate of thyroid goiter was significantly higher in the agricultural areas than in the pastoral areas. This project sought to determine why the populations in the iodine-deficient pastoral areas show a lower rate of thyroid goiter. Methods Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) and 24 h history recalls were adopted to investigate the dietary patterns of the residents of the agricultural and pastoral areas. Meat and milk samples were collected to measure their inorganic iodine, total iodine and thyroid hormone contents using ICP-MS, AsIII-Ce4+ catalytic spectrophotometry and the Siemens’ chemiluminescence method, respectively. The intake of protein, and the microelements, selenium and iron, was calculated according to their content in the food. Results The per capita daily intake of meat, dairy, and cereal in the pastoral areas was 116.7, 216.7, and 433.3 g, respectively, which are significantly higher than those in the agricultural areas (50.0, 72.2, and 375.0 g, respectively) (p < 0.05). The content of thyroid hormone in dried beef and milk in the pastoral areas was 62.6 and 13.5 µg/kg, respectively, which was significantly higher than those in the agricultural areas (25.1 and 4.1 µg/kg, respectively) (p < 0.05). The daily intake of thyroid hormone, protein and microelements, selenium and iron from foods by the residents of the pastoral areas were 10.5 µg, 99.6 g, 30.0 µg and 15.8 mg respectively, which was significantly higher than those in the agricultural areas (1.79 µg, 56.5 g, 23.8 µg and 13.2 mg, respectively) (p < 0.05). Conclusions The significantly high intake of the food-borne thyroid hormone by the residents of the pastoral area could be the main reason the residents in the pastoral areas show a lower rate of thyroid goiter than those in the agricultural area. Moreover, the relatively high intake of protein and trace elements, selenium and iron by residents in the pastoral area could be another important factor for reducing the goiter rates.

scholarly journals The Role of Iodine for Thyroid Function in Lactating Women and Infants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Andersson ◽  
Christian P Braegger
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Infants And Toddlers ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Iodine is a micronutrient needed for the production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, growth, and development. Iodine deficiency or excess may alter the thyroid hormone synthesis. The potential effects on infant development depend on the degree, timing, and duration of exposure. The iodine requirement is particularly high during infancy because of elevated thyroid hormone turnover. Breastfed infants rely on iodine provided by human milk, but the iodine concentration in breast milk is determined by the maternal iodine intake. Diets in many countries cannot provide sufficient iodine, and deficiency is prevented by iodine fortification of salt. However, the coverage of iodized salt varies between countries. Epidemiological data suggest large differences in the iodine intake in lactating women, infants, and toddlers worldwide, ranging from deficient to excessive intake. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge and recent advances in the understanding of iodine nutrition and its association with thyroid function in lactating women, infants, and toddlers. We discuss risk factors for iodine malnutrition and the impact of targeted intervention strategies on these vulnerable population groups. We highlight the importance of appropriate definitions of optimal iodine nutrition and the need for more data assessing the risk of mild iodine deficiency for thyroid disorders during the first 2 years in life.

scholarly journals The effect of iodine deficiency on the course of recurrent respiratory infection in children living in the iodine deficient region

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 448-452
Author(s):  
T.V. Sorokman ◽  
O.V. Makarova
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Iodine ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Simple Sampling ◽  
Inorganic Iodine ◽  
Iodine In Urine

Background. The consequence of iodine deficiency is a decrease in the secretion of thyroid hormones, which adversely affects the immune system with the development of somatic and predisposition to frequent respiratory diseases. The purpose was to investigate the iodine supply of the body of children with recurrent respiratory infections (RRI) by studying the organification and inorganic fractions of iodine in the serum and excretion of iodine in the urine. Materials and methods. The study was conducted by simple sampling, taking into account the characteristics of the clinic course of respiratory disease. Clinical and laboratory and instrumental examination was performed in 60 children aged 3 to 11 years with a diagnosis of RRI. The concentration of iodine in urine, the level of inorganic and organification iodine in the blood were studied. Results. The clinical picture presented with the symptoms of intoxication, fever, and catarrhal symptoms typical of RRI. In children with severe RRI experienced a clear decrease in the iodine level to 57.34 μg/l (p < 0.05) and a decline in the blood content of total iodine and iodine organification by 31.12 and 39.11 % (p < 0.001), respectively. The concentration of inorganic iodine was significantly higher (p < 0.001). Such results indicate a “wrong” subcellular distribution of iodine into fractions in the inflammatory process caused by RRI. The children with detected iodine deficiency demonstrated a more severe course of RRI. There was a moderately negative relationship between the levels of organification and inorganic iodine (r = –0.515; p < 0.05) and a direct relationship between the blood concentrations of total and organification iodine (r = 0.899; p < 0.05). Conclusions. The course of RRI in patients with iodine deficiency is characterized by an increase in the level of inorganic iodine, a decrease in organification iodine and total iodine, the deepening of these changes correlates with the severity of the respiratory disease.

scholarly journals Development of the Technology of Obtaining a Non-Alcoholic Beverage for Preventing Iodine Deficiency Disorders with the Use of Nonconventional Plant Raw Materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3795-3805
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Alcoholic Beverage ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Experiment Planning ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Black Currant ◽  
Total Iodine ◽  
Plant Raw Materials

The article presents the results of the research on the development of the formulation and the technology for obtaining a non-alcoholic beverage for preventing iodine deficiency disorders based on an extract from the nontraditional plant raw materials of the North-Caucasian region. Using the experiment planning module of the STATISTICA suite, the optimal formulation of the phytocomposition mixture for enriching the developed beverage was obtained, which contained the herb of common thyme (lat. Thimus serpyllum L), the herb of purple coneflower (lat. Echinacea Angustifolia), leaves of black currant (lat. Ríbes nígrum); leaves of walnut (lat. Juglans regia L.), with the predictive total iodine content of 82.001 µg/100 g. Laboratory and modeling experiments were performed for obtaining an extract and developing the technology of making the beverage based on it. The developed non-alcoholic beverage has a distinctive taste and a distinct herbal aroma with light notes of dried fruit; it has a preventive effect for the iodine deficiency conditions, which has been confirmed experimentally – the content of functional ingredient (iodine) in it is 48.0 mg/100 cm3 (32 % of the recommended daily intake of iodine), which corresponds to the requirements of GOST R 56543-2015 applicable to functional drinks. In terms of quality and safety, the beverage meets the requirements of regulatory documents of the Russian Federation and the Eurasian Economic Union and may be included in the diets of various age groups as a taste beverage and a functional beverage for preventing iodine deficiency.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IODINE METABOLISM IN PREGNANCY, SPORADIC GOITRE AND THYROTOXICOSIS

1965 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Aboul-Khair ◽  
J. Crooks
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Iodine Uptake ◽  
Thyroid Activity ◽  
Deficiency State ◽  
Iodine Metabolism ◽  
Inorganic Iodine ◽  
In Pregnancy

ABSTRACT Studies of iodine metabolism have been carried out in 15 pregnant women, 33 cases with sporadic goitre and 11 with thyrotoxicosis. A low plasma inorganic iodine was common to the three groups. In pregnancy and sporadic goitre the thyroid clearance of iodine was elevated and the absolute iodine uptake normal. A high thyroid clearance of iodine in thyrotoxicosis was associated with a high absolute iodine uptake. The results suggest that both pregnancy and sporadic goitre are physiological responses to an iodine deficiency state while the iodine deficiency state of thyrotoxicosis is secondary to increased thyroid activity.

scholarly journals Very rare case of Graves’ disease with resistance to methimazole: a case report and literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 030006052199619
Author(s):  
Yusaku Mori ◽  
Munenori Hiromura ◽  
Michishige Terasaki ◽  
Hideki Kushima ◽  
Makoto Ohara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Lithium Carbonate ◽  
Graves Disease ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Hormone Concentration ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Concentration ◽  
Serum Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Inorganic Iodine

Background Methimazole (MMI) is used to treat hyperthyroidism in Graves’ disease. It is rare to encounter patients in whom hyperthyroidism cannot be controlled using high doses of MMI. Case presentation: A 21-year-old woman was referred to our hospital because of MMI-resistant Graves’ disease. Although her MMI dose had been increased to 120 mg/day, her serum thyroid hormone concentration was too high to be measured. Additional therapy with lithium carbonate, and then with dexamethasone and inorganic iodine, was initiated. After 14 days, the patient’s serum thyroid hormone concentration normalized, while she was taking 150 mg/day MMI, 800 mg/day lithium carbonate, 6 mg/day dexamethasone and 306 mg/day inorganic iodine, and total thyroidectomy was then performed. The patient was discharged 8 days after the thyroidectomy and experienced no major complications. Conclusions We have presented a rare case of Graves’ disease that was resistant to high-dose MMI. Combination therapy of MMI with lithium carbonate, dexamethasone and inorganic iodine may represent a therapeutic option for the preoperative preparation of patients with MMI-resistant Graves’ disease.

scholarly journals Contribution of Major Groups of Food Products to the Daily Intake of Selected Elements—Results from Analytical Determinations Supported by Chemometric Analysis

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3412
Author(s):  
Wojciech Koch ◽  
Marcin Czop ◽  
Agnieszka Nawrocka ◽  
Dariusz Wiącek
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Icp Oes ◽  
High Intake ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Very High

Food is a major source of minerals for humans. The main objective of this study was to determine the intake level of 10 essential macro- (Na, K, Ca, and Mg) and trace elements (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cr, and Se) with major food groups among young adults. Dietary intake of elements was evaluated using the 24-h dietary recall technique in combination with F-AAS and ICP-OES methods. A very high intake of sodium and a very low intake of calcium, combined with inappropriate sodium/potassium ratio, may be harmful to the health of the population. Dietary intake of trace elements was within the range of reference values in the subjects, with cereals being the major source of a majority of those elements, while meat (38% for Na), vegetables (25% for K), and milk products (75% for Ca) were the main contributors to the daily dietary intake of macroelements. PCA revealed several visible trends in the datasetAmong men, the intake of Zn, Cr Na and K was significantly correlated with the consumption of meat and vegetables, whereas Mg, Se, Fe and Cu with cereals and water and beverages. Among women, the intake of Mg was significantly correlated with the consumption of meat and vegetables.

Feto-Maternal Thyroid Hormone Relationships in Iodine Deficiency: An Experimental Approach

1993 ◽  
pp. 171-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella Morreale de Escobar ◽  
María Jesús Obregón ◽  
Rosa Calvo ◽  
Francisco Escobar del Rey
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Maternal Thyroid

THE INFLUENCE OF THE PLASMA INORGANIC IODINE CONCENTRATION ON THYROID FUNCTION IN DEHALOGENASE DEFICIENCY

1967 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. McG. Harden ◽  
W. D. Alexander ◽  
S. Papadopoulos ◽  
M. T. Harrison ◽  
S. Macfarlane
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Iodine Metabolism ◽  
Inorganic Iodine ◽  
Circulating Levels

ABSTRACT Iodine metabolism and thyroid function were studied in a patient with hypothyroidism and goitre due to dehalogenase deficiency. Initially the plasma inorganic iodine (PII) level was within the normal range but circulating levels of hormone were low and the thyroid clearance and absolute uptake of iodine (AIU) by the thyroid were high. Administration of iodide supplements resulted in a rapid rise in the plasma thyroxine concentration and restoration of the euthyroid state. Thyroid hormone synthesis appeared to proceed normally when the PII exceeded 1.0 μg/100 ml. This was achieved by increasing the intake of iodide by 612 μg per day. At PII levels around 10 μg/100 ml there was evidence of increased levels of circulating thyroid hormone.

scholarly journals Iodine deficiency in pregnant women in Sweden: a national cross-sectional study

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 2535-2545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Manousou ◽  
Maria Andersson ◽  
Robert Eggertsen ◽  
Sandra Hunziker ◽  
Lena Hulthén ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
National Study ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Supplement Use

Abstract Purpose Voluntary salt iodization at 50 mg/kg salt ensures adequate iodine nutrition in Swedish school-aged children, but iodine status in pregnant women is uncertain. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional national study of 743 pregnant women, at median gestational age of 23 weeks (IQR 9, 38), recruited from maternal health care centers. We measured: urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and urinary creatinine concentration in spot urine samples; thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and total thyroxine (tT4) on dried blood spots (DBS); and thyreoperoxidase antibodies in serum samples. Data on dietary supplement use were obtained, and women were classified as supplement users (consuming multivitamins containing ≥ 150 µg iodine/day) and non-supplement users (no supplements or < 150 µg iodine/day from supplements). Results Overall median UIC [bootstrapped 95% confidence interval (CI)] was 101 µg/L (95, 108; n = 737): 149 µg/L (132, 164) in supplement users (n = 253) and 85 µg/L (79, 92) in non-supplement users (n = 440) (p < 0.001). Overall geometric mean DBS-Tg (95% CI) was 22.1 μg/L (20.8, 23.5; n = 675) and the prevalence of elevated DBS-Tg was 19%. DBS-Tg was lower in supplement users (n = 229) than in non-supplement users (n = 405) (19.1 vs 24.4 μg/L, p < 0.001). DBS-TSH, DBS-tT4, and S-TPOab positivity did not differ between the two groups. Conclusions Pregnant women in Sweden have inadequate iodine nutrition. Women not taking iodine supplements containing ≥ 150 µg iodine/day are affected by mild iodine deficiency and are at higher risk for increased thyroid activity, while maintaining euthyroidism. Iodine intake should be improved in women both before and after conception by promotion of iodized salt instead of non-iodized salt. We urge regular monitoring of iodine status in the general Swedish population, as well as in risk groups.

Effects of marginal iodine deficiency during pregnancy: iodide uptake by the maternal and fetal thyroid

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (6) ◽  
pp. E1121-E1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Versloot ◽  
J. P. Schröder-Van Der Elst ◽  
D. Van Der Heide ◽  
L. Boogerd
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Iodide Uptake ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Metabolism ◽  
Fetal Thyroid ◽  
The Absolute

Iodide uptake by the thyroid is an active process. Iodine deficiency and pregnancy are known to influence thyroid hormone metabolism. The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of iodine deficiency and pregnancy on iodide uptake by the thyroid. Radioiodide was injected intravenously into nonpregnant and 19-day pregnant rats receiving a normal or marginally iodine-deficient diet. The uptake of radioiodide by the thyroid was measured continuously for 4 h. The absolute iodide uptake by the maternal and fetal thyroid glands at 24 h was calculated by means of the urinary specific activity. Pregnancy resulted in a decrease in the absolute thyroidal iodide uptake. Marginal iodine deficiency had no effect on the absolute iodide uptake by the maternal thyroid. The decreased plasma inorganic iodide was compensated by an increase in thyroidal clearance. A similar compensation was not found for the fetus; the uptake of iodide by the fetal thyroid decreased by 50% during marginal iodine deficiency. This can lead to diminished thyroid hormone production, which will have a negative effect on fetal development, especially of the brain.

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