Linking Metabolites in Eight Bioactive Forage Species to Their in Vitro Methane Reduction Potential Across Several Cultivars and Harvests

Abstract An in vitro study was conducted to analyze the fermentation end-products from 17 cultivars of eight polyphenol containing forage species. The polyphenol composition and proanthocyanidin (PA) structural features of all cultivars were analyzed with UPLC-MS/MS in leaves of vegetative or generative plants. All samples were incubated with and without polyethylene glycol (PEG, a tannin-binding agent) to separate the tannin-effect on methane (CH4) production from that of the forage quality. Sulla and big trefoil, two particularly PA rich species, were found to have the highest CH4 reduction potential of up to 47%. However, they showed simultaneous and almost equal reductions in gas production (GP; a proxy for digestibility). The addition of PEG led to an increase in both GP and CH4 production, confirming the role of tannins on CH4 reduction. Moreover, PA structural features and concentration were found to be an important source of variation for CH4 production from PA containing species. Despite having low polyphenol concentrations, chicory and plantain were found to reduce CH4 production without reducing GP. Generally, the variation across cultivars from the same species was found to be lower than interspecies variability, and the results were found to be consistent across growth stages, indicating the findings representativeness.

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Assessing the Potential of Diverse Forage Mixtures to Reduce Enteric Methane Emissions In Vitro

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11041126 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 1126

Author(s):

Cecilia Loza ◽

Supriya Verma ◽

Siegfried Wolffram ◽

Andreas Susenbeth ◽

Ralf Blank ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Methane Production ◽

Methane Concentration ◽

Reduction Potential ◽

Methane Emissions ◽

Gas Production ◽

Dose Effect ◽

Forage Digestibility ◽

Methane Reduction ◽

Sanguisorba Minor

Methane emissions from ruminants are a major contributor to agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, eight different forage species were combined in binary mixtures with Lolium perenne in increasing proportions, in vitro, to determine their methane reduction potential in ruminants. Species were sampled in two consecutive years where possible. The aims were: a) to determine if mixtures with specific forages, particularly those rich in plant specialized metabolites (PSM), can reduce methane emissions compared to ryegrass monocultures, b) to identify whether there is a linear-dose effect relationship in methane emissions from the legume or herb addition, and c) whether these effects are maintained across sampling years. Results showed that all dicot species studied, including the non-tannin-containing species, reduced methane production. The tannin-rich species, Sanguisorba minor and Lotus pedunculatus, showed the greatest methane reduction potential of up to 33%. Due to concomitant reductions in the forage digestibility, Cichorium intybus yielded the lowest methane emissions per digestible forage unit. Contrary to total gas production, methane production was less predictable, with a tendency for the lowest methane production being obtained with a 67.5% share of the legume or herb partner species. Thus, linear increments in the partner species share did not result in linear changes in methane concentration. The methane reduction potential differed across sampling years, but the species ranking in methane concentration was stable.

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Role of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on dicarbonyl–albumin derived advanced glycation end products in vitro

Amino Acids ◽

10.1007/s00726-021-03069-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Brock Peake ◽

Maulik Ghetia ◽

Cobus Gerber ◽

Maurizio Costabile ◽

Permal Deo

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Advanced Glycation End Products ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Advanced Glycation ◽

Glycation End Products ◽

End Products

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Sequence diversity in the 3’ untranslated region of alphavirus modulates IFIT2-dependent restriction in a cell type-dependent manner

10.1101/2021.12.10.472177 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sarah E. Hickson ◽

Eden Brekke ◽

Johannes Schwerk ◽

Indraneel Saluhke ◽

Shivam Zaver ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Untranslated Region ◽

Rna Binding ◽

Structural Features ◽

Differential Sensitivity ◽

Restriction Factor ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Tetratricopeptide Repeats ◽

Rna Interaction

ABSTRACTAlphaviruses (family Togaviridae) are a diverse group of positive-sense RNA (+ssRNA) viruses that are transmitted by arthropods and are the causative agent of several significant human and veterinary diseases. Interferon (IFN)-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFITs) are a family of RNA-binding IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) that are highly upregulated following viral infection, and have been identified as potential restrictors of alphaviruses. The mechanism by which IFIT1 restricts RNA viruses is dependent on self and non-self-discrimination of RNA, and alphaviruses evade this recognition via their 5’UTR. However, the role of IFIT2 during alphavirus replication and the mechanism of viral replication inhibition is unclear. In this study, we identify IFIT2 as a restriction factor for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and show that IFIT2 binds the 3’ untranslated region (3’UTR) of the virus. We investigated the potential role of variability in the 3’UTR of the virus affecting IFIT2 antiviral activity by studying infection with VEEV. Comparison of recombinant VEEV clones containing 3’UTR sequences derived from epizootic and enzootic isolates exhibited differential sensitivity to IFIT2 restriction in vitro infection studies, suggesting that the alphavirus 3’UTR sequence may function in part to evade IFIT2 restriction. In vitro binding assays demonstrate that IFIT2 binds to the VEEV 3’UTR, however in contrast to previous studies VEEV restriction did not appear to be dependent on the ability of IFIT2 to inhibit translation of viral RNA, suggesting a novel mechanism of IFIT2 restriction. Our study demonstrates that IFIT2 is a restriction factor for alphaviruses and variability in the 3’UTR of VEEV can modulate viral restriction by IFIT2. Ongoing studies are exploring the biological consequences of IFIT2-VEEV RNA interaction in viral pathogenesis and defining sequence and structural features of RNAs that regulate IFIT2 recognition.

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In-vitro fermentation characteristics and methane reduction potential of mustard cake (Brassica juncea L.)

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2016.1141-1146 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 1141-1146 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S. M. Durge ◽

M. K. Tripathi ◽

N. Dutta

Keyword(s):

Brassica Juncea ◽

Reduction Potential ◽

In Vitro Fermentation ◽

Methane Reduction

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Cytoplasmic hybrids, by fusing fish erythrophores and normal rat kidney cells

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100085630 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

pp. 266-267

Author(s):

K.R. Porter ◽

K.L. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Rat Kidney ◽

Structural Features ◽

Cell Type ◽

Pigment Granules ◽

Normal Rat ◽

Cytoplasmic Hybrids ◽

Pigment Aggregation ◽

General Architecture

When cultured together in the presence of PEG, these cells fuse (M1,M3) and survive in vitro for several days. This offers an opportunity to explore the capacity of one cell type (highly organized structurally) to impose it's structural features on a relatively unorganized cell type (NRK). Also, with two cells differing in several respects, one can ask questions regarding a role of the cell center in the control of pigment aggregation and dispersion, as well as the capacity of one cell type to assemble pigment granules in the cytplasm of another.First, in observations on general architecture .the hybrids have numerous microtubules (M3), but not the organized array of thousands observed in the erythrophores (M2). Furthermore, the microtubules in the hybrid are randomly oriented essentially as they are in the NRK cell (M4). There is a tendency observed in the hybrids for the pigment granules to concentrate among the microtubules and the cistemae of the ER (M3). Thus far, however, we have not succeeded consistently with epinephrine to induce aggregation, or with caffeine, dispersion.

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Characterization of cochlear outer hair cell turgor

AJP Cell Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpcell.1994.266.2.c467 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 266 (2) ◽

pp. C467-C479 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

M. E. Chertoff ◽

W. E. Brownell

Keyword(s):

Hair Cell ◽

Outer Hair Cell ◽

Elastic Shell ◽

Structural Features ◽

Continuous Increase ◽

Cell Turgor ◽

Intracellular Pressure

The cochlear outer hair cell (OHC) is a cylindrical cell with structural features suggestive of a hydraulic skeleton, i.e., an elastic shell with a positive internal pressure. This study characterizes the role of the OHC elevated cytoplasmic pressure in maintaining the cell shape. Intracellular pressure of OHCs from guinea pig is estimated by measuring changes in cell morphology in response to increasing or decreasing osmolarity. Cells collapse when subjected to a continuous increase in osmolarity. Collapse occurs at an average of 8 mosM above the standard medium, suggesting that normal cells have an effective intracellular pressure of 128 mmHg. Fewer cells collapse when exposed to slow rates of osmolarity increase than cells exposed to fast rates of osmolarity increase, although the final change in osmolarity in the perfusion chamber is similar. Furthermore, cells undergo a slow, spontaneous increase in volume on exposure to either no osmolarity change or slow rates of osmolarity increase, suggesting that the cell's internal osmolarity increases in vitro. After volume reduction or elevation, cells do not return to their initial volume.

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Effect of polyethylene glycol on in vitro degradability ofnitrogen and microbial protein synthesis fromtannin-rich browse and herbaceous legumes

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114500001252 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 84 (1) ◽

pp. 73-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 81

Author(s):

G. Getachew ◽

H. P. S. Makkar ◽

K. Becker

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Polyethylene Glycol ◽

Gas Production ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Percentage Increase ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Binding Agent ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽

Herbaceous Legumes

Determination of microbial degradability of N is important in formulating a sound supplementation strategy for efficient utilisation of basal as well as supplementary diet components. In vitro degradability of N (IVDN) from tannin-containing browses (Acacia cyanophylla, Acacia albida, Acioa barteri and Quercus ilex) and two herbaceous legumes (Desmodium intortum andDesmodium uncinatum) was determined using the in vitro gas-production method coupled with NH3-N measurement in the presence and absence of a tannin-binding agent (polyethylene glycol (PEG), molecular mass 6000). Addition of PEG to tannin-containing feeds significantly (P < 0·05) increased in vitro gas and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and IVDN. The use of PEG as a tannin-binding agent increased IVDN from 28 to 59, 32 to 72, 19 to 40, 32 to 73, 40 to 80, and 26 to 77 % in A. cyanophylla, A. albida, A. barteri, D. intortum,D. uncinatum and Q. ilexrespectively. There was significant correlation between total phenolic compounds (total phenol, TP; total tannin, TT) in leguminous forages and percentage increase in IVDN on addition of PEG (P < 0·05; R2 0·70 and 0·82 for TP and TT respectively). The difference in IVDN observed in the absence and presence of PEG indicates the amount of protein protected from degradation in the rumen by tannins. When measured after 24 h incubation, tannin-containing feeds incubated in absence of PEG resulted in higher microbial protein synthesis than in the presence of PEG. Addition of PEG significantly (P < 0·05) reduced the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis expressed as μmol purine/mmol SCFA.

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