scholarly journals Transcriptomic Profiling Identifies Candidate Genes Involved in Polyporus Umbellatus Sclerotial Formation Affected by Oxalic Acid

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Mei Xing ◽  
Bing Li ◽  
Xu Zeng ◽  
Li-Si Zhou ◽  
Tae-Soo Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Medicinal Fungus ◽  
Polyporus Umbellatus ◽  
Stress Energy ◽  
Sclerotial Formation

Abstract Polyporus umbellatus is a precious medicinal fungus. The whole transcriptome of P. umbellatus exposed to different concentrations of oxalic acid was performed and analyzed using RNA-seq based on sequencing technology. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection of P. umbellatus mycelia was visually conducted and using non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT), the net Ca2+ and H2O2 fluxes of P. umbellatus were measured. Totally, 22,523 unigenes were generated by De novo assembly of reads and there are 1223 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the control group and the high oxalic acid complemented (PD_S) group and 459 DEGs between the control group and the low concentration oxalic acid additive (PU_SM) group. The transcriptomic analysis indicated DEGs encoding enzymes related to oxidative stress, energy metabolism and so on. Compared to that of the control group, the biomass of the sclerotia in the PU_SM group increased 66%, however, no sclerotia formed in the PD_S group. The low concentration of oxalic acid could increase Ca2+ and H2O2 influx, while the high concentration of oxalic acid presented slight H2O2 efflux. There is a great significant positive correlation between the net Ca2+ and H2O2 fluxes. Different concentrations of exogenous oxalic acid affected P. umbellatus sclerotial formation in different ways.

scholarly journals Use of transcriptomic profiling to identify candidate genes involved in Polyporus umbellatus sclerotial formation affected by oxalic acid

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Mei Xing ◽  
Bing Li ◽  
Xu Zeng ◽  
Li-Si Zhou ◽  
Tae-Soo Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Medicinal Fungus ◽  
Polyporus Umbellatus ◽  
Test Technology ◽  
Sclerotial Formation ◽  
Group A

AbstractPolyporus umbellatus is a precious medicinal fungus. Oxalic acid was observed to affect sclerotial formation and sclerotia possessed more medicinal compounds than mycelia. In this study, the transcriptome of P. umbellatus was analysed after the fungus was exposed to various concentrations of oxalic acid. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) encoding a series of oxidases were upregulated, and reductases were downregulated, in the low-oxalic-acid (Low OA) group compared to the control (No OA) group, while the opposite phenomenon was observed in the high-oxalic-acid (High OA) group. The detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in P. umbellatus mycelia was performed visually, and Ca2+ and H2O2 fluxes were measured using non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT). The sclerotial biomass in the Low OA group increased by 66%, however, no sclerotia formed in the High OA group. The ROS fluorescence intensity increased significantly in the Low OA group but decreased considerably in the High OA group. Ca2+ and H2O2 influx significantly increased in the Low OA group, while H2O2 exhibited efflux in the High OA group. A higher level of oxidative stress formed in the Low OA group. Different concentrations of oxalic acid were determined to affect P. umbellatus sclerotial formation in different ways.

scholarly journals The bacteriostatic effect and mechanism of berberine on Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in vitro

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Wang ◽  
Fangfang Zhou ◽  
Minyi Xu ◽  
Pei Lu ◽  
Ming Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Bacteriostatic Effect ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Cell Wall Hydrolysis

Abstract Background: To observe the bacteriostatic effect of berberine (BBR) and BBR combined with gentamicin (GEN), levofloxacin (LEV) and amikacin (AMI) on Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), while also exploring the bacteriostatic mechanism of BBR on MRSA. Results: The MICs range of BBR on 26 strains of MRSA was 32-256 µg/mL. BBR combined with GEN, LEV and AMI had obvious bacteriostatic effect on MRSA. After co-culturing MRSA with BBR at 512 µg/mL, 64 µg/mL and 8 µg/mL, respectively, the electrical conductivity increased, compared with the control group, by 8.14%, 13.08% and 12.01%, respectively. Using transmission electron microscopy, we found that low concentration of BBR (8 µg/mL; 1/8 MIC) caused no significant damage to MRSA, and the bacterial structure of MRSA remained intact, while high concentration of BBR (512 µg/mL; 8 MIC) induced the destruction and dissolution of MRSA cell wall structure and the leakage of bacterial contents, leading to bacterial lysis. RNA-sequencing results showed that there were 754 differentially expressed genes in the high concentration group compared with the normal control group. Compared with the low concentration group, there were 590 differentially expressed genes in the high concentration group. Compared with the control group, only 19 genes were differentially expressed in the low concentration group. The up-regulated genes are mainly related to the cell wall hydrolysis regulatory genes, while the down-regulated genes are mainly related to the serine protease family. Conclusions: BBR displayed an excellent bacteriostatic effect on MRSA. BBR combined with GEN and AMI significantly enhanced the bacteriostatic effect on MRSA, while BBR combined with LEV showed no significant change in the bacteriostatic effect on MRSA. BBR inhibited bacteria by destroying and dissolving the structure of MRSA cell wall. RNA-sequencing results further demonstrated that the expression of cell wall hydrolysis genes ssaA, lytM and virulence factor serine protease genes were significantly differentially expressed when high concentration BBR treated on MRSA.

Protective effect of glutathione against oxidative injury in intestinal epithelial cells of piglet in vitro

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qun Chen ◽  
Ying-Qiu Li ◽  
Shu-Ming Zhang ◽  
Hai-Yan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Oxidative Injury ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Low Concentration

AbstractOxidative stress of intestinal epithelium is involved in inflammatory bowel disease. To investigate protective effects of glutathione (GSH) on xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO)-induced oxidative injury in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). We employed in vitro cell culture supplemented with X/XO. IECs were cultured for 72 h, and then divided into seven groups with various concentrations of X/XO and GSH supplementation in the medium. Agarose gel electrophoresis lanes indicated that X/XO induced DNA injury by the high concentration of XO (40, 70 U/L)-treated groups. The X/XO supplementation significantly increased the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) in a dose-dependent manner. There was a slight increase in total radical-trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP) value by the low concentration of XO (10U/L) alone-treated group (P > 0.05) while supplementation of a high concentration of XO (40, 70 U/L) significantly decreased TRAP value compared with XO (10 U/L) and the control group (P < 0.05). Addition of GSH decreased the production of MDA and DNA fragmentations (P < 0.05), but enhanced TRAP value (P < 0.05). These results suggest that IECs of piglet have the ability of enduring mild oxidative stress induced by a low concentration of XO. Although high concentrations of XO resulted in oxidation injury and lipid peroxidation in the IECs, additions of GSH to the medium showed significant protection against the X/XO-induced oxidative stress.

scholarly journals The bacteriostatic effect and mechanism of berberine on Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in vitro

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Wang ◽  
Fangfang Zhou ◽  
Minyi Xu ◽  
Pei Lu ◽  
Ming Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Bacteriostatic Effect ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cell Wall Hydrolysis

Abstract Background: To observe the bacteriostatic effect of berberine (BBR) and BBR combined with gentamicin (GEN), levofloxacin (LEV) and amikacin (AMI) on Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), while also exploring the bacteriostatic mechanism of BBR on MRSA. Methods: The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BBR, GEN, LEV and AMI on 26 clinical MRSA strains was determined by broth microdilution, while the MICs of BBR combined with GEN, LEV and AMI against MRSA were determined using a microdilution checkerboard. Time-killing curves were used to determine the kinetics of BBR combined with antibiotics for MRSA. We used conductivity tests to assess the changes in membrane permeability in response to BBR on MRSA, while also investigating the changes in MRSA morphology by transmission electron microscopy. RNA-sequencing was used to analyze the expression of differentially expressed genes in reference strain USA300 after its treatment with BBR at different concentrations.Results: The MICs range of BBR on 26 strains of MRSA was 32-256 µg/mL. BBR combined with GEN, LEV and AMI had obvious bacteriostatic effect on MASA. After co-culturing MRSA with BBR at 512 ug/mL, 64 ug/mL and 8 ug/mL, respectively, the electrical conductivity increased, compared with the control group, by 8.14%, 13.08% and 12.01%, respectively. Using transmission electron microscopy, we found that low concentration of BBR (8 ug/mL) had no significant effect on MRSA structure (keeping intact), medium concentration of BBR (64 ug/mL) thinned the cell wall of MRSA, while high concentration of BBR (512 ug/mL) induced the destruction and dissolution of MRSA cell wall structure and the leakage of bacterial contents, leading to bacterial lysis. RNA-sequencing results showed that there were 754 differentially expressed genes in the high concentration group compared with the normal control group. Compared with the low concentration group, there were 590 differentially expressed genes in the high concentration group. Compared with the control group, only 19 genes were differentially expressed in the low concentration group. The up-regulated genes are mainly related to the cell wall hydrolysis regulatory genes, while the down-regulated genes are mainly related to the serine protease family.Conclusions: BBR displayed an excellent bacteriostatic effect on MRSA. BBR combined with GEN and AMI significantly enhanced the bacteriostatic effect on MRSA, while BBR combined with LEV showed no significant change in the bacteriostatic effect on MRSA. BBR inhibited bacteria by destroying and dissolving the structure of MRSA cell wall. RNA-sequencing results further demonstrated that the expression of cell wall hydrolysis genes ssaA, lytM and virulence factor serine protease genes were significantly differentially expressed when high concentration BBR treated on MRSA.

scholarly journals The bacteriostatic effect and mechanism of berberine on Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in vitro

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Wang ◽  
Fangfang Zhou ◽  
Minyi Xu ◽  
Wei Gong ◽  
Shuiying Ji
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Bacteriostatic Effect ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract Background: To observe the bacteriostatic effect of berberine on MRSA, while also exploring the bacteriostatic mechanism of BBR on MRSA. Methods: The MIC of BBR, gentamicin, levofloxacin，amikacin was determined by broth microdilution, while the MICs of BBR combined with gentamicin, levofloxacin，amikacin against MRSA were determined using microdilution checkerboard. Time-killing test were used to determine the kinetics of BBR combined with antibiotics for MRSA. We used conductivity to assess the changes in membrane permeability in response to BBR on MRSA, while also investigating the changes in MRSA morphology by TEM. RNA-sequencing was used to analyze the expression of differentially expressed genes in USA300 after its treatment with BBR. Results: The MICs range of BBR on MRSA was 32-256 µg/mL. The range of FICIs of BBR combined with gentamicin, levofloxacin，amikacin were 0.53-1.06, 0.62-1.5, 0.16-1.25. After co-culturing MRSA with BBR at 512 ug/mL, 64 ug/mL,8 ug/mL, respectively, the conductivity of these group increased by 8.14%,13.08% and 12.01%, respectively. Using TEM, we found that low-concentration of BBR had no significant effect on MRSA structure, medium-concentration of BBR thinned the cell wall of MRSA, while high-concentration of BBR destroyed cell wall, leading to bacterial lysis. RNA-sequencing results showed that there were 754 differentially expressed genes in the high-concentration group compared with the control group, of which 561 genes were up-regulated and 193 genes were down-regulated. Compared with the low-concentration group, there were 590 differentially expressed genes, of which 402 genes were up-regulated and 188 genes were down-regulated. Compared with the control group, 19 genes were differentially expressed in the low-concentration group, of which 11 genes were up-regulated,8 genes were down-regulated. Conclusions: BBR displayed an excellent bacteriostatic effect on MRSA. BBR combined with antibiotics significantly enhanced the bacteriostatic effect on MRSA. BBR inhibited bacteria by destroying the structure of cell wall. RNA-sequencing results demonstrated that the expression of cell wall hydrolysis genes and virulence factor were significantly differentially expressed on MRSA.

scholarly journals Lung Function Decline after 24 Weeks of Moxa Smoke Exposure in Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui He ◽  
Li Han ◽  
Ping Liu ◽  
Hai Hu ◽  
Jia Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Function ◽  
Complementary Therapy ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Smoke Inhalation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Lung Function Decline ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Low Concentrations

Objective. Moxibustion is a complementary therapy that has been used for thousands of years. Burning moxa produces smoke and inhalable particulates. Recent research has indicated that smoke inhalation is associated with negative lung effects. This study aimed to evaluate the lung function of rats after moxa smoke exposure at different concentrations. Methods. Using a randomised block experiment design, 28 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three moxa smoke groups (opacity) (n=7): low concentration (27.45 mg/m3), medium concentration (168.76 mg/m3), and high concentration (384.67 mg/m3) with a control group. Rats in the moxa smoke groups were exposed in an automatic dynamic exposure device separately with different concentrations for 20 min/d, 6d/week, for 24 weeks. Rats in the control group were exposed in the same space without moxa smoke. Lung function was evaluated by the AniRes 2005 animal pulmonary function analysing system. Statistical Product and Service Solutions 18.0 software was used for data analysis. Results. In the study, no deaths were found in any group. There was no difference of forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity percentage (FEV1/FVC%), inspiratory resistance (Ri), and expiratory resistance (Re) among each group after 24 weeks of moxa smoke exposure (P>0.05). Compared with the control group (0.33 ml/cmH20), dynamic compliance (Cdyn) was reduced in the medium (0.29 ml/cmH20) and high (0.25 ml/cmH20) concentration groups (P<0.05); however, Cdyn in the low concentration group (0.29 ml/cmH20) was not significantly affected. Conclusion. Moxa smoke exposure at low concentrations did not affect the rat’s lung function. Moxa smoke of medium and high concentrations destroyed the lung function represented by decreased Cdyn. However, moxa smoke of low concentrations (27.45 mg/m3) is much higher than the concentration in a regular moxibustion clinic (3.54 mg/m3). Moxa smoke at higher concentrations might destroy the lung function. The safety evaluation of moxa smoke requires further research.

Study on Switch from High-concentration to Low-concentration Tacalcitol during Concomitant Use of Bath-PUVA Therapy

2007 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 660-664
Author(s):  
Maki IWAKIRI ◽  
Noriko YASAKA ◽  
Kotaro ITO ◽  
Yuichi YOSHIDA ◽  
Yumiko KUBOTA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puva Therapy ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Low Concentration

ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION IN COCONUT WATER

1970 ◽  
pp. 07-10
Author(s):  
MdDidarul Islam, Ashiqur Rahaman, Aboni Afrose
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentration ◽  
Coconut Water ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metal ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Wet Ashing ◽  
Aas Method

This study was based on determining concentration of essential and toxic heavy metal in coconut water available at a local Hazaribagh area in Dhaka, Bangladesh. All essential minerals, if present in the drinking water at high concentration or very low concentration, it has negative actions. In this study, fifteen samples and eight heavy metals were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) method which was followed by wet ashing digestion method. The concentration obtained in mg/l were in the range of 0.3 to 1.5, 7.77 to 21.2, 0 to 0.71, 0 to 0.9, 0 to 0.2, 0.9 to 17.3, 0.1 to 0.9, 0 to 0.9 and 0 to 0.7 for Fe, Ni, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn, Pb and Se respectively. From this data it was concluded that any toxic heavy metals like Cd, Cr, Pb and Ni exceed their toxicity level and some essential nutrients were in low concentration in those samples. 

Assessment of micro and macro nutrients in poultry feeds available in Dhaka city, Bangladesh.

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 264
Author(s):  
Md Didarul Islam ◽  
Ashiqur Rahaman ◽  
Fahmida Jannat
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Adverse Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nutrient Level ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Feed Formulation ◽  
Macro Nutrients

This study was based on to determine the concentration of macro and micro nutrients as well as toxic and nontoxic heavy metals present in the chicken feed available in Dhaka city of Bangladesh. All macro nutrients, if present in the feed at high concentration have some adverse effect, at the same time if this nutrient present in the feed at low concentration this have some adverse effect too. So that this nutrient level should be maintained at a marginal level. On the other side toxic heavy metals if present in the feed at very low concentration those can contaminate the total environment of the ecosystem. In this study six brand samples (starter, grower, finisher and layer) which was collected from different renowned chicken feed formulation industry in Bangladesh. Those samples were prepared for analysis by wet ashing and then metals were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. It was found that 27.7 to 68.4, 57.3 to 121.9, 0.21 to 4.1, 0.32 to 2.1, 0.11 to 1.58, 0.28 to 2.11 and 0.28 to 1.78 for zinc, iron, copper, mercury, cadmium, nickel and cobalt respectively. It was found that essential macro and micro nutrients were present in the feed in low concentration on the other side mercury was present in high concentration in the feed samples.

The Toxicity of Castor Beans and its Treatment with Doxycycline in Local Rabbits

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nael Mohammed Sarheed ◽  
Osamah Faisal Kokas ◽  
Doaa Abd Alabas Muhammed Ridh
Keyword(s):  
Castor Bean ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Doxycycline Treatment ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Physiological Tests ◽  
Animal House ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

The plant of castor is widely spread in the Iraqi land, and characterized with containing ricin toxin, which has a very serious effects, and because the seeds of this plant scattered in the agricultural soil and rivers water, which increases the exposure of humans and animals to these beans. Objective: This experiment was designed to study the effect of high concentration of castor bean powder in some physiological and biochemical parameters and changes in some tissues of the body, as well as trying to use doxycycline to reduce the effects of ingestion of these seeds. Materials and Methods: In the experiment, 24 local rabbits were raised and fed in the Animal House of the Faculty of Medicine / Al-Muthanna University, then divided into four groups and treated for three weeks (21 days), Control group: treated with normal saline solution (0.9) orally throughout the experiment, G1: was treated orally with a concentration of 25 mg / kg of castor bean powder daily during the experiment, G2 : orally treated 25 mg / kg of castor bean and 25 mg / kg of doxycycline, G3: orally treated 25 mg / kg of castor powder with 50 mg / kg of doxycycline daily throughout the trial period. Results: The results of the experiment showed significant changes (P less than 0.05) in all physiological and biochemical blood tests when compared with control group. There was a significant decrease in PCV, Hb, RBC, T.protein and body weights, while demonstrated a significant increase in WBC, Urea, Creatinine, ALT, AST and ALP, with distortions in liver and kidney of animals that treated with Castor beans. In contrast, the treatment with doxycycline and caster beans showed significant improvement reflected by a normal proportion in physiological tests and biochemical tests with improvement in the tissues when compared to control group. Conclusions: It can be concluded from this study that castor bean has high toxic and pathogenic effects that may be dangerous to the life of the organism. Therefore, it is advisable to be cautious of these pills and avoid exposure to them, also recommended to take high concentrations of doxycycline treatment when infected with castor bean poisoning.

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