scholarly journals Energy Reduction with Application of Shaft in Water Supply Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anujkumar Ghorpade ◽  
Abhishek kumar Sinha ◽  
Pradip Kalbar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
Hydraulic Principle ◽  
Water Transmission ◽  
The Impact

Abstract A Water Transmission Network (WTN) conveying raw water from a source to the Water Treatment Plant (WTP) is often pumped supply. Pumped supply-based networks have more energy consumption, water hammer, and high operation and maintenance compared to gravity systems. The present study reports the application of a Shaft in WTN for improving the efficiency of the pumping system. The Shaft is a hydraulic isolation structure based on a similar hydraulic principle as Break Pressure Tank (BPT). The benefits of using Shaft are quantified based on the two case studies from Maharashtra, India. The impact of Shaft on the WTN is reported using energy grade lines, energy performance indicators, and life cycle energy cost. In addition to the reduction in energy consumption, from the case studies, it is shown that the system’s carrying capacity could be increased by using the Shaft at an appropriate location in WTN. Overall, a Shaft provides operational flexibility to the operators, improving the efficiency of the system.

Pumping System Assessment in Water Treatment Plants: Case Study: Mexicali, Baja California, México

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita Gil Samaniego Ramos ◽  
Héctor Enrique Campbell Ramírez ◽  
Silvia Vanessa Medina León ◽  
Juan Ceballos Corral
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Baja California ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
Electrical Generation

Energy and hydraulic efficiency are important goals for the sustainable development of water supply systems. The objective of these systems is to guarantee the delivery of enough water with good quality to populations. Although in order to achieve that, energy for pumping is needed, representing the main cost for the companies to operate the systems, since the energy costs vary with the amount of pumped water and the daily energy tariff. Water and energy are critical resources that affect virtually all aspects of daily life. Ensuring these resources are available in sufficient quantities when and where society needs them entails significant investments in planning, infrastructure development, operations and maintenance bills. Ever-increasing utility costs reduce profits, erode capital and maintenance budgets, increase product costs, and reduce competitiveness. Pumping systems are critically important to the operations of a water treatment plant. The amount of energy consumed by many long-running pumping systems often results in a substantial addition to a plant’s annual operation costs. Therefore, these systems are a natural target to reduce energy consumption. Producers and users of pumps must design highly efficient pumping systems. The efficiency of these systems must be evaluated involving the multiple factors that often are difficult to understand for many users, consequently they overlook the energy costs and energy reduction potential on these systems. Methodologies that can maximize energy cost savings while satisfying system performance criteria should be sought for the design and management of the water distribution systems. This paper compares operating characteristic curves (OC curves) from a pump manufacturer with the curves obtained with field data, and evaluates the efficiency of the pumping system of raw water of a water treatment plant in Mexicali, Baja California, México, which consists on a group of parallel identical pumps. The assessment also analyses the potential savings in costs and emissions of GHG related to the energy consumption of the pumping system if the operation conditions were the optimal, with the objective of minimize negative effects to the sustainable development of the region. Measurements of hydraulic and electrical parameters of the pumping system were made and efficiencies calculated. Actual characteristic operation curves were plotted and compared to those from the pump’s manufacturer and up to 31% (average) difference in the efficiencies was found. Also emission factors of the electrical generation system of the state were applied to obtain the amounts of actual GHG emissions due to the operation of the pumps. The software PSAT was used to compute potential annual savings in MWh and costs and the results employed to calculate possible reduction in emissions.

Consumo de energia nos serviços urbanos de água em Portugal Continental. Resultados 2004-2017

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Catarina Silva ◽  
◽  
Dália Loureiro ◽  
Aisha Mamade ◽  
Manuel Marabuto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Water Abstraction ◽  
Energy Efficiency Improvement ◽  
Improvement Measures ◽  
The Impact

Nos serviços urbanos de água, os gastos com energia podem corresponder a 25-40 % dos gastos operacionais das entidades gestoras destes sistemas. O projeto AVALER+ pretende avaliar e melhorar o desempenho energético dos sistemas de abastecimento de água (SAA) e dos sistemas de águas residuais (SAR). A avaliação da situação de referência do consumo e eficiência energética é determinante para previsão da sua evolução, estabelecimento de metas e avaliação do impacto das medidas de melhoria. Este artigo apresenta a metodologia e os resultados do consumo e eficiência energética do setor urbano da água em Portugal, entre 2004 e 2017. Os dados analisados demonstram um aumento do consumo anual de energia no setor nos últimos 7 anos. Em 2017, o consumo total apurado foi de 1,1 TWh, 62 % nos SAA e 38 % nos SAR. Nos SAA, o principal consumo de energia ocorreu no bombeamento para captação, transporte e distribuição de água (89 % em média), que nos SAR representou, em média, 21 %. O desempenho energético das instalações elevatórias foi insatisfatório ou mediano, quer nos SAA (mediana variando entre 0,55 e 0,58 kWh/(m3.100 m) em 2012 e em 2015/2017, respetivamente; valor de referência máximo 0,54 kWh/(m3.100 m)), quer nos SAR (mediana variando entre 0,64 e 0,88kWh/(m3.100m) em 2012 e 2015, respetivamente; valor de referência máximo 0,68 kWh/(m3.100 m)). Os resultados evidenciam que existe um elevado potencial de melhoria de eficiência energética. In urban water services, the energy costs may correspond to 25-40 % of operational costs. AVALER+ project aims to assess and improve the energy performance of water supply systems (WSS) and wastewater systems (WWS). An assessment of the baseline of the energy consumption and efficiency is crucial for predicting its evolution, setting targets and assessing the impact of the improvement measures. This paper presents the methodology and the results of energy consumption and efficiency of the urban water sector in Portugal, between 2004 and 2017. The data analysed show an increase in annual energy consumption in the sector, in the last 7 years. In 2017, the total energy consumption was 1.1 TWh, 62 % in WSS and 38 % in WWS. In WSS, the main energy consumption was the pumping water abstraction, transport and distribution (89 % on average), which represented 21 % (on average) in WWS. The energy performance of pumping stations has been unsatisfactory or acceptable both in WSS (median ranging between 0.55 and 0.61 kWh/(m3.100 m) in 2012 and 2015/2017, respectively; maximum reference value 0.54 kWh/(m3.100 m)) and in WWS (median 0.64 to 0.88 kWh/(m3.100 m) in 2012 and 2015, respectively; maximum reference value 0.68 kWh/(m3.100 m)). The results show a high potential for energy efficiency improvement.

Impact of roof shading on building energy performance in warm & humid climatic places of India

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-64
Author(s):  
Kuladeep Kumar Sadevi ◽  
Avlokita Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
General Assumption ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Passive Cooling ◽  
Base Case ◽  
U Value ◽  
The Impact

With the rise in awareness of energy efficient buildings and adoption of mandatory energy conservation codes across the globe, significant change is being observed in the way the buildings are designed. With the launch of Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) in India, climate responsive designs and passive cooling techniques are being explored increasingly in building designs. Of all the building envelope components, roof surface has been identified as the most significant with respect to the heat gain due to the incident solar radiation on buildings, especially in tropical climatic conditions. Since ECBC specifies stringent U-Values for roof assembly, use of insulating materials is becoming popular. Along with insulation, the shading of the roof is also observed to be an important strategy for improving thermal performance of the building, especially in Warm and humid climatic conditions. This study intends to assess the impact of roof shading on building’s energy performance in comparison to that of exposed roof with insulation. A typical office building with specific geometry and schedules has been identified as base case model for this study. This building is simulated using energy modelling software ‘Design Builder’ with base case parameters as prescribed in ECBC. Further, the same building has been simulated parametrically adjusting the amount of roof insulation and roof shading simultaneously. The overall energy consumption and the envelope performance of the top floor are extracted for analysis. The results indicate that the roof shading is an effective passive cooling strategy for both naturally ventilated and air conditioned buildings in Warm and humid climates of India. It is also observed that a fully shaded roof outperforms the insulated roof as per ECBC prescription. Provision of shading over roof reduces the annual energy consumption of building in case of both insulated and uninsulated roofs. However, the impact is higher for uninsulated roofs (U-Value of 3.933 W/m2K), being 4.18% as compared to 0.59% for insulated roofs (U-Value of 0.33 W/m2K).While the general assumption is that roof insulation helps in reducing the energy consumption in tropical buildings, it is observed to be the other way when insulation is provided with roof shading. It is due to restricted heat loss during night.

Practical Guide to Determine the Impact of Radon and Other Radionuclides on Water Treatment Processes

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 1255-1264
Author(s):  
K. L. Martins
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Packed Tower ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Radioactivity Exposure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Percent Removal

During treatment of groundwater, radon is often coincidentally removed by processes typically used to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs)-for example, processes such as liquid-phase granular activated carbon (LGAC) adsorption and air stripping with vapor-phase carbon (VGAC). The removal of radon from drinking water is a positive benefit for the water user; however, the accumulation of radon on activated carbon may cause radiologic hazards for the water treatment plant operators and the spent carbon may be considered a low-level radioactive waste. To date, most literature on radon removal by water treatment processes was based on bench- or residential-scale systems. This paper addresses the impact of radon on municipal and industrial-scale applications. Available data have been used todevelop graphical methods of estimating the radioactivity exposure rates to facility operators and determine the fate of spent carbon. This paper will allow the reader to determine the potential for impact of radon on the system design and operation as follows.Estimate the percent removal of radon from water by LGAC adsorbers and packed tower air strippers. Also, a method to estimate the percent removal of radon by VGAC used for air stripper off-gas will be provided.Estimate if your local radon levels are such that the safety guidelines, suggested by USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), of 25 mR/yr (0.1 mR/day) for radioactivity exposure may or may not be exceeded.Estimate the disposal requirements of the waste carbon for LGAC systems and VGAC for air stripper “Off-Gas” systems. Options for dealing with high radon levels are presented.

scholarly journals Addressing the challenges in projects of water treatment plants and storage of potable water: a case studies of the water supply system in the state of Goiás, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Louise de Melo Dores ◽  
Felipe Corrêa Veloso dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water System ◽  
Treatment Phase ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Variation Curve

AbstractTo elaborate efficient and economical water supply systems is one of the main objectives in the sanitation companies water system projects. In order to address the challenges faced in reaching this objective, this study aims to identify, first, the relation between the percentage of non-conformed samples in treated water and the inefficiency of the filtering units installed in the water treatment plant, and second, if, by drawing the consumption variation curve it is the most efficient way to predict the storage tanks volume—comparing necessary capacity, determined by the consumption curve, and installed capacity, predict by the outdated Brazilian normative. In order to reach answers for these two questions, this study measured the operating efficiency of the treatment plant as well as have set a quantitative comparison between the two dimensioning criteria for storage tanks volume present in the literature. As a result, the analysis provided the authors to detect a focus of contamination in the single-layered filtering units, limited by the filtering capacity of 2–6 m3/(m2 day), whilst operating at 333.13 m3/(m2 day). As well as to detect by the drawing of the consumption variation curve an oversize of 68% and 60% in the dimensioning of the studied storage tanks. With the results provided by this analysis approach, it was possible to efficiently detect and correct critical impairments in the treatment phase and to conclude that a long-term analysis should be drawn in order to affirm if the consumption variation curve is the best design methodology for the reservoirs.

scholarly journals A Fundamental Study on the Development of New Energy Performance Index in Office Buildings

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2064
Author(s):  
Jin-Hee Kim ◽  
Seong-Koo Son ◽  
Gyeong-Seok Choi ◽  
Young-Tag Kim ◽  
Sung-Bum Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Light Transmittance ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Fundamental Study ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
U Value ◽  
The Impact

Recently, there have been significant concerns regarding excessive energy use in office buildings with a large window-to-wall ratio (WWR) because of the curtain wall structure. However, prior research has confirmed that the impact of the window area on energy consumption varies depending on building size. A newly proposed window-to-floor ratio (WFR) correlates better with energy consumption in the building. In this paper, we derived the correlation by analyzing a simulation using EnergyPlus, and the results are as follows. In the case of small buildings, the results of this study showed that the WWR and energy requirement increase proportionally, and the smaller the size is, the higher the energy sensitivity will be. However, results also confirmed that this correlation was not established for buildings approximately 3600 m2 or larger. Nevertheless, from analyzing the correlation between the WFR and the energy requirements, it could be deduced that energy required increased proportionally when the WFR was 0.1 or higher. On the other hand, the correlation between WWR, U-value, solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), and material property values of windows had little effect on energy when the WWR was 20%, and the highest effect was seen at a WWR of 100%. Further, with an SHGC below 0.3, the energy requirement decreased with an increasing WWR, regardless of U-value. In addition, we confirmed the need for in-depth research on the impact of the windows’ U-value, SHGC, and WWR, and this will be verified through future studies. In future studies on window performance, U-value, SHGC, visible light transmittance (VLT), wall U-value as sensitivity variables, and correlation between WFR and building size will be examined.

Assessing the impact of a landfill leachate on a Canadian waste water treatment plant

1996 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1179-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. J. Booth ◽  
Daniel Urfer ◽  
Gerard Pereira ◽  
Karl J. Caber
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Waste Water Treatment Plant ◽  
The Impact

Energy Use and Carbon Footprint for Potable Water Treatment in Haiderpur Water Treatment Plant, Delhi, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
S.K. Singh ◽  
Artika Sharma ◽  
Darshika Singh ◽  
Ritika Chopra
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Life Cycle Assessment Methodology ◽  
Engineering Project

With the advent of the environmentally conscious decision-making period, the carbon footprint of any engineering project becomes an important consideration. Despite this, the carbon footprint associated with water resource projects is often overlooked. Water production, its supply and treatment processes involve significant energy consumption and thus, are source of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) which contribute to global warming. The emissions are not direct but come as a by-product of burning of fossil fuels to produce electricity to carry out these processes. Since water demand is continuous and keeps on rising, the quantification of carbon footprint associated with the water industry is vital. This paper studies and attempts to quantify the carbon footprint of one such urban water system, that is the Haiderpur Water Treatment Plant in Delhi, capital region of India by using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology and evaluate its performance from the point of view of energy consumption and make suggestions.

scholarly journals Energy Conservation Potential of Economizer Controls Using Optimal Outdoor Air Fraction Based on Field Study

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 5038
Author(s):  
Goopyo Hong ◽  
Chul Kim ◽  
Jun Hong
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Temperature Control ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Outdoor Air ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Differential Enthalpy ◽  
The Impact

In commercial buildings, HVAC systems are becoming a primary driver of energy consumption, which already account for 45% of the total building energy consumption. In the previous literature, researchers have studied several energy conservation measures to reduce HVAC system energy consumption. One of the effective ways is an economizer in air-handling units. Therefore, this study quantified the impact of the outdoor air fraction by economizer control type in cooling system loads based on actual air-handling unit operation data in a hospital. The optimal outdoor air fraction and energy performance for economizer control types were calculated and analyzed. The result showed that economizer controls using optimal outdoor air fraction were up to 45% more efficient in cooling loads than existing HVAC operations in the hospital. The energy savings potential was 6–14% of the differential dry-bulb temperature control, 17–27% of the differential enthalpy control, 8–17% of the differential dry-bulb temperature and high-limit differential enthalpy control, and 16–27% of the differential enthalpy and high-limit differential dry-bulb temperature control compared to the no economizer control. The result of this study will contribute to providing a better understanding of economizer controls in the hospital when the building operates in hot-humid climate regions.

Assessing and maintaining membrane performance in a post-sedimentation ultrafiltration process

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher C. Boyd ◽  
Steven J. Duranceau
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Membrane Performance ◽  
Surface Water Treatment ◽  
Cleaning Agents ◽  
The Impact

A pilot test program was conducted to evaluate methods for maintaining the productivity of a hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane operating at constant flux values of 49.2 and 62.3 gallons/ft2-day. The ultrafiltration pilot filtered settled water from a conventional surface water treatment plant in Florida. The testing assessed the impact of different chemical maintenance protocols on UF membrane performance. Seasonal variations in water quality necessitated changes in the type and combination of cleaning agents used to maintain membrane performance. Sodium hypochlorite, citric acid and sodium hydroxide were used during pilot testing as the fouling characteristics of the water changed with time. Pilot results were used to develop alternative chemically enhanced backwash strategies that varied with seasonally-impacted changes in feed water quality. Citric acid, with a target pH of <3, was found to be effective in August and September; whereas, a combination of citric acid and high pH sodium hydroxide chemically enhanced backwashes successfully maintained performance between November, 2010 and May, 2011.

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