Comparison of household socioeconomic status classification methods and effects on risk estimation: Lessons from a natural experimental study, Kisumu, Western Kenya

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Were ◽  
Louise Foley ◽  
Eleanor Turner-Moss ◽  
Ebele Mogo ◽  
Pamela Wadende ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Risk Estimation ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Household Socioeconomic Status

Abstract IntroductionLow household socioeconomic status is associated with unhealthy behaviours including poor diet and adverse health outcomes. Different methods leading to variations in SES classification has the potential to generate spurious research findings or misinform policy. In low and middle-income countries, there are additional complexities in defining household SES, a need for fieldwork to be conducted efficiently, and a dearth of information on how [1]classification could impact estimation of disease risk. MethodsUsing cross-sectional data from 200 households in Kisumu County, Western Kenya, we compared three approaches of classifying households into low, middle, or high SES: fieldworkers (FWs), Community Health Volunteers (CHVs), and a Multiple Correspondence Analysis econometric model (MCA). We estimated the sensitivity, specificity, and inter-rater reliability and misclassification of the three methods using MCA as a comparator. We applied an unadjusted generalized linear model to determine prevalence ratios to assess the association of household SES status with a self-reported diagnosis of diabetes or hypertension for one household member. Results Compared with MCA, FWs successfully classified 21.7% (95%CI=14.4%-31.4%) of low SES households, 32.8% (95%CI=23.2-44.3) of middle SES households, and no high SES households. CHVs successfully classified 22.5% (95%CI=14.5%-33.1%) of low SES households, 32.8% (95%CI=23.2%-44.3%) of middle SES households, and no high SES households. The level of agreement in SES classification was similar between FWs and CHVs but poor compared to MCA, particularly for high SES. None of the three methods differed in estimating the risk of hypertension or diabetes. ConclusionsFW and CHV assessments are community-driven methods for SES classification. Compared to MCA, these approaches appeared biased towards low or middle household SES and not sensitive to high household SES. The three methods did not differ in risk estimation for diabetes and hypertension. A mix of approaches and further evaluation to refine SES classification methodology is recommended.

Associations of Quantity Smoked and Socioeconomic Status With Smoke-Free Homes and Cars Among Daily Smokers

2021 ◽  
pp. 109019812110104
Author(s):  
Annie Pelekanakis ◽  
Jennifer L. O’Loughlin ◽  
Katerina Maximova ◽  
Annie Montreuil ◽  
Jodi Kalubi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Telephone Survey ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Annual Household Income ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Shs Exposure ◽  
Independent Association

Introduction An association between socioeconomic status (SES) and smoke-free private spaces among smokers could be due to heavier smoking among low SES smokers. We assessed whether quantity smoked or SES are independently associated with smoke-free homes or cars in daily smokers. Method Data were drawn from a cross-sectional telephone survey (2011–2012) of 750 daily smokers age ≥18 years in Quebec, Canada (45% response). Multivariable logistic regression was used to model the independent association between (a) number of cigarettes smoked per day, and (b) each of educational attainment, annual household income, or active employment status and smoke-free homes or cars. Results Participants were 41.0 years old on average, 57% were female. Median (IQR) number of cigarettes smoked per day was 14 (10, 20). Forty-eight percent of participants reported smoke-free homes; 34% reported smoke-free cars. Quantity smoked was strongly associated with both smoke-free homes and cars. Income and education (but not actively employed) were associated with smoke-free homes. None of the SES indicators were associated with smoke-free cars. Conclusions Interventions targeting smokers to promote smoke-free homes and cars should incorporate components to help smokers reduce quantity smoked or preferably, to quit. Interventions targeting smoke-free homes will also need to address SES inequalities by education and income. Our data suggest that reduction in quantity smoked may help smokers reduce SHS exposure in cars, but that an inequality lens may not be relevant.

scholarly journals Knowledge of dietary habit and behavior-related determinants of non-communicable disease in women of urban setting of Eastern Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Dharanidhar Baral ◽  
Sailesh Bhattarai ◽  
Abha Shrestha ◽  
Nisha Manandhar ◽  
Nilambar Jha
Keyword(s):  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Dietary Habit ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income

Background: The non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are one of the leading causes of death globally which accounts for 68% out of world’s 56 million deaths in 2012. Around 82% of the premature deaths due to NCDs occur in the low-and middle-income countries and 40% of global NCD-related deaths take place before the age of 70. The study aimed to assess knowledge of dietary habits and behaviour-related determinants of NCD in urban Nepalese women of Eastern Nepal. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed by using interviewer-administered questionnaire regarding knowledge on NCD. The definitions used for the study adopted the WHO STEP wise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance (STEPS) survey. A total 706 women aged 20–59 years were selected randomly from Inaruwa Municipality of Eastern Nepal. Results: The overall knowledge scores was found to be 62.14% with standard deviation 14.93% and it build up that the diet- and behaviour-related causes (mean score 75.25%), diet quality (mean score 45.27%) fruit and vegetable link (mean score 30.02%), health consequences of obesity (mean score 76.82%), causes of cardiovascular disease (mean score 77.08%) and causes of certain cancers (mean score 36.10%) were calculated. The total score of knowledge regarding NCD was found to be significant with caste/ethnicity, education level, occupation, socioeconomic status, physical activity and fruit intake. Conclusions: Findings revealed the population had good overall knowledge concerning diet and nutrition related to NCD in the relatively new context of the obesity epidemic in urban set up of Nepal. However, there was poor knowledge of the benefit of eating fruit and vegetables and other preventable causes of certain cancers. Nutrition education messages need to be communicated within the general population of women. Education targeting the benefits of vegetables and fruit may have the positive impact on NCD prevention.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic status and pulmonary function, transition from childhood to adulthood: cross-sectional results from the polish part of the HAPIEE study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e022638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Polak ◽  
Krystyna Szafraniec ◽  
Magdalena Kozela ◽  
Renata Wolfshaut-Wolak ◽  
Martin Bobak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Lung Function ◽  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Downward Social Mobility

ObjectivePrevious studies have reported inverse associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and lung function, but less is known about whether pulmonary function is affected by SES changes. We aimed to describe the relationship of changes of SES between childhood and adulthood with pulmonary function.DesignCross-sectional study.ParticipantsThe study sample included 4104 men and women, aged 45–69 years, residents of Krakow, participating in the Polish part of the Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial Factors in Eastern Europe Project.Main outcomeForced expiratory volume (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were assessed by the standardised spirometry procedure. Participants were classified into three categories of SES (low, moderate or high) based on information on parent’s education, housing standard during childhood, own education, employment status, household amenities and financial status.ResultsThe adjusted difference in mean FVC between persons with low and high adulthood SES was 100 mL (p=0.005) in men and 100 mL (p<0.001) in women; the differences in mean FEV1were 103 mL (p<0.001) and 80 mL (p<0.001), respectively. Upward social mobility and moderate or high SES at both childhood and adulthood were related to significantly higher FEV1and FVC compared with low SES at both childhood and adulthood or downward social mobility.ConclusionsLow SES over a life course was associated with the lowest lung function. Downward social mobility was associated with a poorer pulmonary function, while upward mobility or life course and moderate or high SES were associated with a better pulmonary function.

scholarly journals ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BODY COMPOSITION, SOMATOTYPE AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS IN CHILEAN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS AT DIFFERENT SCHOOL LEVELS

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo A. Lizana ◽  
Sofia González ◽  
Lydia Lera ◽  
Bárbara Leyton
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
School Level ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryThis study examined the association between body composition, somatotype and socioeconomic status (SES) in Chilean children and adolescents by sex and school level (grade). The cross-sectional study was conducted on 1168 schoolchildren aged 6–18 years (572 males) from Valparaíso, Chile. Body composition, as assessed by percentage body fat (BF%) and somatotype, was evaluated using Ellis equations and the Heath–Carter method, respectively. The socioeconomic status of respondents was assessed using the ESOMAR survey. Obesity was defined as BF% ≥25 for boys and ≥30 for girls; ‘high endomorph’ somatotype was defined as a somatotype endomorph component (EC) of at least 5.5. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between high adiposity and SES, potential confounding factors and school level. In females, the results indicated that the groups with lower SES had higher EC. At the 1st(youngest) school level (1–4thgrades), males exhibited similar trends in their BF% and EC. High adiposity was associated with the female sex (BF%: OR=3.39; 95% CI 2.60, 4.41; high EC: OR=2.31; 95% CI 1.80, 2.98). In addition, low SES increased the risk of high adiposity compared with high SES (BF%: OR=2.25; 95% CI 1.40, 3.61; high EC: OR=2.19; 95% CI 1.37, 3.47). An association was observed between increased adiposity and lower SES, mainly in females, which indicates that females with low SES might be at greater risk of obesity.

scholarly journals Association of Household Socioeconomic Status, Neighborhood Support System and Adherence to Dietary Recommendation among Persons with T2DM, a Facility-based Cross-sectional Study in Ghana

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Be-Ikuu Doglikuu ◽  
Abubakari Abdulai ◽  
Mehdi Yaseri ◽  
Elham Shakibazadeh ◽  
Abolghassem Djazayery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Support System ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dietary Recommendation ◽  
Modifiable Factors ◽  
Social Support System ◽  
Household Socioeconomic Status

Abstract Background: Dietary recommendation help persons with diabetes adopt healthy eating habits to achieve optimal glycemic control. Socioeconomic-status and neighborhood support system could influence adherence to dietary recommendation. The purpose of our study is to assess the association of household-socioeconomic status and neighborhood-support system with adherence to dietary recommendation among persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Facility-based cross-sectional-survey was conducted among 530 individuals with T2DM in Brong Ahafo region, Ghana. Six hospitals were randomly selected and persons with T2DM consecutively recruited from the selected hospitals into the study. Structured-questionnaires were used to collect socio-demographic variables. Adherence to dietary recommendation was the outcome -variable, and was assessed using perceived dietary adherence questionnaire. Results: Age (years) (P-value=0.01), place of residence (P-value =0.01), educational level (P-value =0.01) and occupation (P-value =0.01) were significantly correlated with socioeconomic status (P-value 0.01). Age (years) regression coefficient (β) -0.089, 95%CI (-0.12, -0.001), Being married β0.103, 95%CI (0.002, 0.02), moderate and low-social support system β 0.309, 95%CI(0.17, 0.38) and β-0.192, 95%CI(-0.26, -0.06) respectively, and high-socioeconomic status β 0.197, 95%CI(0.06, 0.25) were significantly associated with adherence to dietary recommendation.Conclusion: We found that social-support system and socioeconomic-status could be associated with adherence to dietary recommendation. Therefore, health workers should consider that patients’ social support system and socioeconomic status could be modifiable factors for optimum adherence.

Association of Malnutrition and Socioeconomic Status in Dental Caries – A Cross Sectional Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
VC Punitha ◽  
P Sivaprakasam
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Middle Income Group

ABSTRACT The objective Of this study was to assess the association of nutritional status and socio economic status in dental caries among rural children. Methods Children of age 6 – 10 yrs (n = 120) from government schools in two villages of Kanchipuram district were the study subjects. The children's nutritional status was assessed by means of anthropometric measurements. Body Mass Index using weight and height of children was evaluated using the reference standard of the WHO 2007. The socioeconomic status was assessed based on education, occupation and material possession. The children's oral cavity was screened for decayed and filled teeth (dft index) Results Nutritional assessment showed that 66.7% were malnourished. Female children (71.7%) were more malnourished than males (62.2%) with no significant difference between them. Children belonging to the low income group were more malnourished (74.7%) than children of middle income group (53.3%) (p = 0.01). The prevalence of caries in this population was 60% with mean dft index score of 1.7. Caries occurrence was more in the low income group (61.3%) than middle income group (57.8%) with no significant difference between the two groups (p=0.70). Comparing the caries occurrence between the malnourished children and the normal weight children it was seen that the caries occurrence was less in the malnourished children (p=0.23) Conclusion This cross sectional study concludes that malnutrition is not associated with dental caries and socioeconomic status influences nutritional status of a child in this rural population.

scholarly journals Childhood poverty and abdominal obesity in adulthood: a systematic review

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (suppl 3) ◽  
pp. S427-S440 ◽  
Author(s):  
David González ◽  
Aydin Nazmi ◽  
Cesar G. Victora
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Middle Income Country ◽  
High Income ◽  
Socioeconomic Conditions ◽  
Hip Circumference ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Childhood Poverty

Adverse socioeconomic conditions in childhood can have lasting effects on health, but evidence is lacking from prospective studies concerning the effects of early poverty on abdominal obesity in adulthood. Cross-sectional studies in adults from middle and high-income countries show that current socioeconomic status is inversely related to obesity in women, but the pattern in men is not consistent. A systematic review was undertaken to assess the influence of early socioeconomic status on waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-hip ratio in adulthood. Thirteen relevant articles were located (five cross-sectional and eight cohort), including only one from a middle-income country and the remainder from high-income settings. In all the studies, childhood poverty was associated with higher levels of abdominal obesity in women. In men, the associations were weaker, and no clear pattern emerged.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document