Impact of COVID-19 and Associated Preventive Measures on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in South Korea: An Observational Study

Abstract Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, people have been required to follow preventive measures such as social distancing or staying at home, which can lead to an unhealthy lifestyle. We investigated the effect of these preventive measures on metabolic parameters in individuals with cardiometabolic risk factors.Methods: Using data for patients who visited a tertiary hospital in South Korea at least twice a year for the past 4 years, changes in clinical and biochemical data from the COVID-19 pandemic (2019–2020) were compared with changes in the same data at the same annual time points during the three previous seasons of 2016–2019.Results: Among 7,094 patients, data for 1,485 were included. Systolic blood pressure increased by 2.6 ± 18.2 mmHg in the COVID-19 pandemic period compared with the 2018–2019, 2017–2018, and 2016–2017 seasons: –1.4 ± 16.5 mmHg, –2.8 ± 14.3 mmHg, and –0.7 ± 14.3 mmHg, respectively; all p < 0.05. The body mass index increased by 0.09 ± 1.16 kg/m2 in the 2019–2020 pandemic season whereas it changed by –0.39 ± 3.03 kg/m2 in 2018–2019 and by –0.34 ± 2.18 kg/m2 in 2017–2018 (both p <0.05). Total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels worsened in the pandemic season compared with the previous three. Fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels also showed increasing tendencies during the pandemic, but without significance. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of patients whose metabolic syndrome worsened increased significantly by 21% compared with the 2018–2019 season. The 10-year coronary heart disease risk calculated using the Framingham risk score also increased significantly.Conclusions: Comorbidity and mortality arising from cardiometabolic disorders as collateral damage during COVID-19 infections and preventive procedures could have major impacts on human health in the future. Nationwide strategies to reverse the aggravation of cardiometabolic health during a pandemic should be implemented in countries attempting to cope with it.

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Effects of Extreme Weight Loss on Cardiometabolic Health in Children With Metabolic Syndrome: A Metabolomic Study

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2021.731762 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Jingxin Liu ◽

Lin Zhu ◽

Jing Liao ◽

Xiaoguang Liu

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Body Composition ◽

Organic Acids ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

The Body ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Plasma Metabolites ◽

Cardiometabolic Health

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of extreme weight loss programs on circulating metabolites and their relationship with cardiometabolic health in children with metabolic syndrome.Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental design with a pretest and post-test. Thirty children with metabolic syndrome and aged 10–17years were recruited to an extreme weight loss program (i.e., exercise combined with diet control). The primary outcomes included plasma metabolites, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk factors. A total of 324 metabolites were quantitatively detected by an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry system, and the variable importance in the projection (VIP) value of each metabolite was calculated by the orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis. The fold change (FC) and p value of each metabolite were used to screen differential metabolites with the following values: VIP>1, p value<0.05, and |log2FC|>0.25. Pathway enrichment and correlation analyses between metabolites and cardiometabolic risk factors were also performed.Result: A large effect size was observed, presenting a weight loss of −8.9kg (Cohen’s d=1.00, p<0.001), body mass index reduction of −3.3kg/m2 (Cohen’s d=1.47, p<0.001), and body fat percent reduction of −4.1 (%) (Cohen’s d=1.22, p<0.001) after the intervention. Similar improvements were found in total cholesterol (Cohen’s d=2.65, p<0.001), triglycerides (Cohen’s d=2.59, p<0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Cohen’s d=2.81, p<0.001), glucose metabolism, and blood pressure. A total of 59 metabolites were changed after the intervention (e.g., aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; nitrogen metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis). The changes in metabolites (e.g., amino acids, fatty acids, organic acids, and carnitine) were related to lipid metabolism improvement (p<0.05). Organic acids and carnitines were associated with changes in the body composition (p<0.05).Conclusion: Exercise combined with dietary control improved the body composition and cardiometabolic health in children with metabolic syndrome, and these changes may be related to plasma metabolites.

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Nutritional Status and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Institutionalized Adults with Cerebral Palsy

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina55050157 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 55 (5) ◽

pp. 157 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aurora Norte ◽

Coral Alonso ◽

José Miguel Martínez-Sanz ◽

Ana Gutierrez-Hervas ◽

Isabel Sospedra

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

At Risk ◽

Cerebral Palsy ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Nutritional Assessment ◽

Mini Nutritional Assessment ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol

Background and Objectives: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a set of permanent disorders that limit physical activity and increase the risk of developing other diseases, such as metabolic syndrome (MS). Adequate nutrition can contribute to the prevention of associated symptoms. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the nutritional status and the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with CP and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels between IV and V. Materials and Methods: A sample of 41 adults with CP and GMFCS levels from IV to V were studied. The variables used in the study were age, sex, weight, height, mean age, and GMFCS level range. To evaluate nutritional status, body mass index and the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), a nutritional screening tool, were used. To assess cardiometabolic risk, data on obesity, central obesity, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were collected. Results: More than 80% of the population studied was malnourished or at risk of malnutrition, according to the MNA tool classification ranges, and around 35% of the studied population was within the underweight range. Regarding cardiometabolic risk factors, only one adult with CP was diagnosed with MS. Conclusions: The studied population of adults with CP and GMFCS levels between IV and V is not a population at risk of MS; however, the high prevalence of malnutrition, as well as some of the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors, should be taken into consideration.

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Association between eating habits, body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiometabolic risk factors in children

Revista de Nutrição ◽

10.1590/1678-9865202134e200116 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

Author(s):

Miguel Angelo dos Santos DUARTE JUNIOR ◽

Adroaldo Cezar Araujo GAYA ◽

Vanilson Batista LEMES ◽

Camila Felin FOCHESATTO ◽

Caroline BRAND ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Mass ◽

Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

The Body ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors

ABSTRACT Objective To verify the multivariate relationships between eating habits, cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index, and cardiometabolic risk factors in children. Methods This is a cross-sectional study developed in a public elementary school with 60 first- to sixth-graders. Their eating habits were assessed using the Food Frequency Survey, weight, height, and cardiorespiratory fitness, assessed according to the Projeto Esporte Brasil protocol. Moreover, the variables, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein, adiponectin, leptin, diastolic and systolic blood pressure were evaluated. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis and generalized estimation equations were used for the analysis of direct and indirect relations, in a multivariate analysis model with several simultaneous outcomes. Results It appears that the eating habits and cardiorespiratory fitness explain 20% of the body mass index. Cardiometabolic risk factors are explained by the relationship between eating habits, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body mass index, according to the following percentages: 29% (systolic blood pressure), 18% (diastolic blood pressure), 63% (leptin), 4% (adiponectin), 14% (C-reactive protein), 17% (insulin), 10% (high-density lipoprotein), 1% (low-density lipoprotein), 4% (glucose). It is also observed that the effects of the eating habits on cardiometabolic risk factors are indirect, that is, they are dependent on changes in the body mass index and cardiorespiratory fitness levels. Conclusions The relationship between eating habits and cardiometabolic risk factors in children is dependent on cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index. Thus, our findings suggest a multivariate relationship between these factors.

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Maternal prenatal anxiety and depression and trajectories of cardiometabolic risk factors across childhood and adolescence: a prospective cohort study

10.1101/2021.01.17.21249963 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Karen Matvienko-Sikar ◽

Kate N O’ Neill ◽

Abigail Fraser ◽

Catherine Hayes ◽

Laura D Howe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

High Density Lipoprotein ◽

Fat Mass ◽

High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Cardiometabolic Health ◽

Prenatal Anxiety

AbstractBackgroundQuantifying long-term offspring cardiometabolic health risks associated with maternal prenatal anxiety and depression can guide cardiometabolic risk prevention. This study examines associations between maternal prenatal anxiety and depression, and offspring cardiometabolic risk from birth to 18 years.MethodsParticipants were 526-8,606 mother-offspring pairs from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Exposures were anxiety (Crown-Crisp Inventory score) and depression (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score) measured at 18 and 32 weeks gestation. Outcomes were trajectories of offspring body mass index; fat mass; lean mass; pulse rate; glucose, diastolic and systolic blood pressure; triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and insulin from birth/early childhood to 18 years. Exposures were analysed categorically using clinically relevant, cut-offs and continuously to examine associations across the distribution of prenatal anxiety and depression.ResultsWe found no strong evidence of associations between maternal anxiety and depression, and offspring trajectories of any cardiometabolic risk factors, except for small, inconsistent associations with fat mass trajectories that attenuated upon confounder adjustment. For instance, in unadjusted analyses, anxiety at both 18 and 32 weeks was associated with a 1.8% (95% Confidence Interval (CI), 0.29,3.33) higher mean BMI, which spanned the null (difference (95% CI): 0.7% (−0.76,2.13) after adjustment for confounders.ConclusionsThis is the first examination of maternal prenatal anxiety and depression and trajectories of offspring cardiometabolic risk. Our findings suggest that prevention of maternal prenatal anxiety and depression may have limited impact on offspring cardiometabolic health across the first two decades of life.

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Prevalence of Selected Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in The Global ART-Naïve HIV Infected Population: A Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-868522/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Peter Vanes Ebasone ◽

Nasheeta Peer ◽

Anastase Dzudie ◽

Andre Pascal Kengne

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Cardiometabolic Diseases ◽

Increased Risk

Abstract Background People living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) are at increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases attributable to the effects of the virus, antiretroviral therapy (ART) and traditional risk factors found in the general population. Most studies have focused on assessing the effect of ART on cardiometabolic disease in PLHIV with fewer studies assessing the cardiometabolic risk profile prior to any exposure to ART. Therefore, this protocol is for a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the global prevalence of selected cardiometabolic risk factors in ART-naïve PLHIV and their association with HIV specific factors. Methods We shall conduct a systematic search of published literature for observational studies on the prevalence of obesity, hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia (high Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, high Total Cholesterol, high Triglyceride, low High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol) in ART-naïve PLHIV and their association with HIV specific characteristics. We will search PubMed-MEDLINE, CINAHL, SCOPUS, Academic Search Premier, Africa-Wide Information and Africa Journals Online databases to identify relevant studies published before March 2021. Two authors will independently screen, select studies, extract data and conduct risk of bias assessments. Disagreements between the two authors will be resolved by consensus or consulting a third reviewer. Data consistently reported across studies will be pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Heterogeneity will be evaluated using Cochrane’s Q statistic and quantified using I2 statistics. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 guidelines are used for the reporting of this systematic review protocol. Discussion This review will help determine the burden of selected cardiometabolic diseases in ART-naïve HIV-infected populations and the contribution of HIV infection, independent of ART, to cardiometabolic diseases in PLHIV. It will provide new information that can help orientate future research and potentially guide healthcare policy making. This is part of a thesis that will be submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, for the award of a PhD in Medicine with protocol ethical clearance number (UCT HREC 350/2021). Registration PROSPERO: CRD42021226001

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Waist circumference and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol as markers of cardiometabolic risk in Kenyan adults

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0247600 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. e0247600

Author(s):

Daniel Faurholt-Jepsen ◽

Henrik Friis ◽

David L. Mwaniki ◽

Michael K. Boit ◽

Lydia U. Kaduka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

High Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Hepatic Steatosis ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

High Density ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol

Background Abdominal obesity predict metabolic syndrome parameters at low levels of waist circumference (WC) in Africans. At the same time, the African lipid profile phenotype of low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol without concomitant elevated triglyceride levels renders high triglyceride levels detrimental to cardiometabolic health unsuitable for identifying cardiometabolic risk in black African populations. Objectives We aimed to identify simple clinical measures for cardiometabolic risk based on WC and HDL in an adult Kenyan population in order to determine which of the two predictors had the strongest impact. Methods We used linear regression analyses to assess the association between the two exposure variables WC and HDL with cardiometabolic risk factors including ultrasound-derived visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) accumulation, fasting and 2-h venous glucose, fasting insulin, fasting lipid profile, and blood pressure in adult Kenyans (n = 1 370), and a sub-population with hyperglycaemia (diabetes and pre-diabetes) (n = 196). The same analyses were performed with an interaction between WC and HDL to address potential effect modification. Ultrasound-based, semi-quantitative hepatic steatosis assessment was used as a high-risk measure of cardiometabolic disease. Results Mean age was 38.2 (SD 10.7) (range 17–68) years, mean body mass index was 22.3 (SD 4.5) (range 13.0–44.8) kg/m2, and 57.8% were women. Cardiometabolic risk was found in the association between both WC and HDL and all outcome variables (p<0.05) except for HDL and SAT, fasting and 2-h venous glucose. Additive cardiometabolic risk (WC and HDL interaction) was found for SAT, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. No differences in the association between WC and HDL and the outcome variables were found when comparing the full study population and the hyperglycaemia sub-population. Increase in WC and HDL were both associated with hepatic steatosis (OR 1.09, p<0.001, and OR 0.46, p = 0.031, respectively). Conclusion In adult Kenyans, increasing WC identified more cardiometabolic risk factors compared to HDL.

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Patterns of Weight Change One Year after Delivery Are Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors at Six Years Postpartum in Mexican Women

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12010170 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 170 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Diana C. Soria-Contreras ◽

Belem Trejo-Valdivia ◽

Alejandra Cantoral ◽

María Luisa Pizano-Zárate ◽

Andrea A. Baccarelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Weight Change ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Postpartum Weight ◽

One Year

Pregnancy is a contributor to the obesity epidemic in women, probably through postpartum weight retention (PPWR), weight gain (PPWG), or a combination of both (PPWR + WG). The contribution of these patterns of postpartum weight change to long-term maternal health remains understudied. In a secondary analysis of 361 women from the prospective cohort PROGRESS, we evaluated the associations between patterns of weight change one year after delivery and cardiometabolic risk factors at six years postpartum. Using principal component analysis, we grouped cardiometabolic risk factors into: (1) body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides (TG), and glucose; (2) systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP); and (3) low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol. Using path analysis, we studied direct (patterns of weight change-outcomes) and indirect associations through BMI at six years postpartum. Around 60% of women returned to their pregestational weight (reference) by one year postpartum, 6.6% experienced PPWR, 13.9% PPWG, and 19.9% PPWR + WG. Women with PPWR + WG, vs. the reference, had higher BMI and WC at six years (2.30 kg/m2, 95% CI [1.67, 2.93]; 3.38 cm [1.14, 5.62]). This was also observed in women with PPWR (1.80 kg/m2 [0.80, 2.79]; 3.15 cm [−0.35, 6.65]) and PPWG (1.22 kg/m2 [0.53, 1.92]; 3.32 cm [0.85, 5.78]). PPWR + WG had a direct association with HOMA-IR (0.21 units [0.04, 0.39]). The three patterns of weight change, vs. the reference, had significant indirect associations with HOMA-IR, glucose, TG, HDL-c, SBP, and DBP through BMI at six years. In conclusion, women with PPWR + WG are at high-risk for obesity and insulin resistance. Interventions targeting women during pregnancy and the first year postpartum may have implications for their long-term risk of obesity and cardiovascular disease.

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Effects of an Indoor Cycling Program on Cardiometabolic Factors in Women with Obesity vs. Normal Body Weight

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17238718 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (23) ◽

pp. 8718

Author(s):

Marzena Ratajczak ◽

Damian Skrypnik ◽

Piotr Krutki ◽

Joanna Karolkiewicz

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Body Weight ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Low Density ◽

Normal Body Weight

The study aimed to provide evidence on the impact of indoor cycling (IC) in reducing cardiometabolic risk factors. The study compares the effects of a 3 month IC program involving three 55 min sessions per week on women aged 40–60 years, with obesity (OW, n = 18) vs. women with normal body weight (NW, n = 8). At baseline and at the end of the study, anthropometric parameters, oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), and serum parameters: glucose, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG), insulin, human anti-oxidized low-density lipoprotein antibody (OLAb), total blood antioxidant capacity (TAC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), C-reactive protein (CRP), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA IR) were determined. Before the intervention, VO2 peak and HDL-C levels were significantly lower and levels of TG, LAP, insulin, HOMA-IR, and CRP were significantly higher in the OW group compared to those in the NW group. After the intervention, only the OW group saw a decrease in body mass, total cholesterol, OLAb, TBARS, and CRP concentration and an increase in total body skeletal muscle mass and HDL-C concentration. In response to the IC training, measured indicators in the OW group were seen to approach the recommended values, but all between-group differences remained significant. Our results demonstrate that IC shows promise for reducing cardiometabolic risk factors, especially dyslipidemia. After 12 weeks of regular IC, the metabolic function of the OW group adapted in many aspects to be more like that of the NW group.

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Prenatal Lead Exposure, Type 2 Diabetes, and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Mexican Children at Age 10–18 Years

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/clinem/dgz038 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 105 (1) ◽

pp. 210-218 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yun Liu ◽

Adrienne S Ettinger ◽

Martha Téllez-Rojo ◽

Brisa N Sánchez ◽

Zhenzhen Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Prenatal Exposure ◽

Lead Exposure ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Public Hospitals ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol

Abstract Context Several cross-sectional studies have assessed the association of lead exposure with type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults; however, studies of such associations in childhood are rare. Objective We assessed the prospective associations of prenatal exposure to lead with type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic risk factors in children. Design The Early Life Exposure in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants is a birth cohort study of pregnant women and their offspring. Setting Public hospitals in Mexico City. Patients or Other Participants Women were recruited during pregnancy; their offspring were recruited for a follow-up visit at age 10 to 18 years (n = 369). Main Outcome Measures We measured fasting serum markers of type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic risk factors in children, including fasting glucose, insulin, and lipids. The index of insulin resistance was calculated. Results The geometric mean of maternal blood lead levels (BLLs) during pregnancy was 4.3 µg/dL (95% confidence interval [CI]): 4.0-4.6 µg/dL) in the entire sample. In boys, those with maternal BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL (compared with those with BLLs < 5 µg/dL) had significantly lower z scores for total cholesterol (β = -0.41, 95% CI: -0.71, -0.12), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (β = -0.32, 95% CI: -0.59, -0.05), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (β = -0.52, 95% CI: -0.81, -0.22), adjusting for covariates. No associations were detected in girls. Conclusions In our study, we found that higher prenatal exposure to lead was associated with lower levels of cholesterol in children following a sex-specific pattern. Further studies with a larger sample size that examine whether sex is a potential modifier are needed to confirm our findings.

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